The document outlines the concepts of systems analysis and design (SAD), emphasizing the importance of understanding systems' characteristics, boundaries, and environments in business contexts. It defines a system as an organized relationship among components designed to achieve specific objectives, highlighting the interdependence of subsystems and the impact of external factors. Key elements include inputs, outputs, processors, control mechanisms, feedback, and the system's environment, all contributing to better business performance and growth.

1. List of Topics to be covered
▰ Introduction to System
▰ Implications of system
▰ Characteristics Of a system
▰ System Environment and Boundary
▰ Elements of a system

2. System Definition
▰ Systems Analysis and Design (SAD) is a broad term for describing
methodologies for developing high quality Information System which
combines Information Technology, people and Data to support business
requirement.
▰ In business, System Analysis and Design refers to the process of examining a
business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures
and methods. System analysis and design relates to shaping organizations,
improving performance and achieving objectives for profitability and growth.
The emphasis is on systems in action, the relationships among subsystems
and their contribution to meeting a common goal.
▰ Definition of System: The term system is derived form the Greek word
system, which means an organized relationship among functioning units or
components. A system exists because it is designed to achieve one or more
objectives.

3. Implications of system
The study of systems concepts has three basic implications:
1. A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective.
2. Interrelationships and interdependence must exist among the
components.
3. The objectives of the organization as a whole have a higher priority
than the objectives of its subsystems. For example, computerizing
personnel applications must conform to the organization’s policy on
privacy, confidentiality and security, as will as making selected data (e.g.
payroll) available to the accounting division on request.

4. Charecterstics of a system
▰ All systems consist of interrelated and interdependent elements or
components.
▰ No subsystem can work in isolation , input of one sub system depends the
output of other sub system.
▰ A system can be further divided into subsystems and subsystems can also
further sub divided.
▰ All systems have predetermine objectives. Different sub –subsystems interact
with each other to achieve the objective of system as whole.
▰ Interaction refers to the manner in which each component functions with other
components of the system.
▰ Integration refers to the holism of systems. Synthesis follows analysis to
achieve the central objective of the organization. Integration is concerned with
how a system is tied together. It means that parts of the system work together
within the system even though each part performs a unique function.

5. System Boundary and Environment
System Boundary:
▰ A system should be defined by its boundaries – the limits that identify
its components, processes and interrelationship when it interfaces
with another system. Each system has boundaries that determine its
sphere of influence and control.
▰ Systems analysis, knowledge of the boundaries of a given system is
crucial in determining the nature of its interface with other systems for
successful design.
System Environment :
▰ The environment is the “suprasystem” within which an organization
operates. It is the source of external elements that impinge on the
system. In fact, it often determines how a system must function. For
example, the organization’s environment, consisting of vendors,
competitors, and others, may provide constraints and, consequently,
influence the actual performance of the business.

6. Elements of System
1. Outputs and inputs: A major objective of a system is to produce an output that
has value to its user. A system feeds on input to produce output. Output is the
outcome of processed Inputs.
2. Processor(s):The processor is the element of a system that involves the actual
transformation of input into output. Processors may modify the input totally or partially,
depending on the specifications of the output.
3. Control: It is the decision – making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities
governing input, processing, and output.
4. Feedback: Control in a dynamic system is achieved by feedback. Feedback
measures output against a standard. Feedback may be positive or negative, routing or
informational. Positive feedback reinforces the performance of the system.
5. Environment: The environment is the “suprasystem” within which an organization
operates. It is the source of external elements that impinge on the system.
6. Boundaries and interface: A system should be defined by its boundaries – the
limits that identify its components, processes and interrelationship when it interfaces
with another system.