a thorough and precise presentation, covering all the general aspects of blood banking.

1. Fundamentals of Blood
Banking
Khaizran Siddique
Med. Lab. Technologist
Blood Bank

2. What is Blood Bank ?
• Blood banking refers to the process of
collecting, separating and storing of blood.
• The term “Blood Bank” typically is used for a
division of a hospital laboratory where the
storage of blood product occurs and proper
testing of blood is performed to reduce the
risk of transfusion related events.
• Now a days stand alone blood banks also
occur and can be a Govt. holding body or a
private body.

3. Requirements of blood bank
The main areas requiring attention are as:
• Premises
• Personnel
• Quality control of
– Blood product
– Reagents
– Equipments
• Manual of SOPs
• Documentation

4. • Premises
– Design and construction of blood transfusion
premises are important.
– There must be adequate space for work.
– Furnishing and lighting must be adequate.
• Personnel
– There must be adequate personnel with
appropriate educational qualification, training and
experience.

5. Quality control of blood product
• PRODUCT
• STORAGE
• VOLUME
• STERILITY
• COLOR
• W/B
• 2°c-6°c
• 21-35 days
• 450ml
• No Growth
• Red
• P/C
• 2°c-6°c
• 21-35 days
• 280ml
• No Growth
• Red
• PLATELET
• 20°c-24°c
• 5 days
• >40ml
• No Growth
• Colorless
• FFP
• -25°c to -30°c
• 12 months
• 220-250ml
• No Growth
• Yellowish
• CP
• -25°c to -30°c
• 12 months
• 10-20ml
• No Growth
• White
PRODUCT STORAGE VOLUME STERILITY COLOR
W/B 2°c-6°c
21-35 days
450ml No Growth Red
P/C 2°c-6°c
21-35 days
280ml No Growth Red
PLATELET 20°c-24°c
5 days
>40ml No Growth Colorless
FFP -25°c to -30°c
12 months
220-250ml No Growth Yellowish
CP -25°c to -30°c
12 months
10-20ml No Growth White

6. • Standard operating procedure
– Every blood bank should have its own SOPs.
– It includes detailed instruction about techniques
procedures and other activities.
– SOPs should be available at each working area.
• Documentation
– Blood bank must have a record keeping system.
– It could be manual, computerized or combination
of both.

7. Main functions of blood bank
The Blood Bank is one of the major components
of a hospital, concerned with various activities.
• Donor registration
• Collection of blood sample
• Blood processing (blood grouping + CBC +
cross matching)
• Donor screening
• Collection of blood donation

8. • Product formation
• Blood product storage
• Issuance of blood
• Transportation of blood
• Identification and analysis of blood
transfusion reactions
• Disposal of blood and related products

9. Donor registration
Donor selection criteria:
• Any donor, who is healthy, fit and not
suffering from any transmittable diseases can
donate blood.
• Age between 18-55 yrs
• Last donation should be more than three
months before
• Pulse: 60-100 beats/min

10. • Blood pressure
Systolic :110-150mmHg
Diastolic: 70-100mmHg
• Temperature ≤ 37.5°C
• Weight ≥50kg

11. Collection of blood samples
• If the donor fits into the selection criteria then
take the blood sample in two vials and label it
properly with the name and ID no.
– EDTA vial
– Gel vial

12. Blood processing
• First of all do the Blood group of donor`s
sample. Blood type of a person can be
determined on the basis of two major
systems:
– ABO system
– Rh system
• There are two methods of blood grouping i-e.
Forward blood grouping
Reverse blood grouping

13. • Now move to the next step which is CBC
– Hb must be ≥ 13gm/dl
– Hct between 38-45%
• The next step is Compatibility testing which is
also known as Cross match.
– Used to demonstrate ABO in-compatibility and
clinically significant antibodies to red cell antigen.

14. Donor screening
• This should be done to screen the donor`s
sample before collection of blood donation to
assure healthy and safe transfusion.
• Perform donor screening for HBV, HCV,HIV and
syphilis through ELISA technique. Additionally,
screen peripheral blood for Malarial Parasite
through ICT.

15. Collection of blood donation
• Blood is collected from the donor as per the
blood product request from the doctor
treating the recipient.
• For this purpose ,we use different types of
bags according to the product requirement.
– Single bag
– Double bag
– Triple bag
– Pediatric bag

16. Product formation
• After collection, blood products are made
according to the requirement.
– Whole blood
– Packed cell volume
– Fresh frozen plasma
– Platelets
– Cryoprecipitate

17. Platelet Apheresis
• The term specifically refers to the method of
collecting the platelets, performed by an
apparatus in blood bank that separates the
platelets and returns the other portions of
blood to the donor circulation.

18. Blood product storage
PRODUCT STORAGE
W/B 2°c-6°c
21-35 days
P/C 2°c-6°c
21-35 days
PLATELET 20°c-24°c
5 days
FFP -25°c to -30°c
12 months
CP -25°c to -30°c
12 months

19. Issuance of blood
• It is mandatory for blood bank staff to check
the following before issuing of blood.
– Blood bag no.
– Blood group
– Cross match compatibility
– Blood screening results
– Coll. Date and Exp. Date
– Visual inspection of bag

20. Transportation of blood
• Specially designed blood transport boxes
should be used to ensure the integrity of the
blood product during transportation.
• Appropriate materials and packing
arrangements are very necessary for this
purpose.

21. Identification and analysis of blood
transfusion reactions
• If any transfusion reaction gets registered to
your blood bank, following should be done.
– Obtain pre and post transfusion specimens of
recipient.
– Immediately perform tests of ATR investigation
profile.
– Obtain the sign and symptoms of ATR from the
hospital staff.
– Consult with hematologist and take advice for
identification of ATR.

22. Disposal of blood and related
products
• All those bags which meet the criteria of
expired blood and the empty bags returned
after successful transfusion should be
considered waste and disposed off.
• Record the data of blood bags before disposal.
• Put all the waste blood bags in bio hazard
waste bag (yellow bag).
• Seal the yellow bag.
• Finally dispose off to A.T waste management
company.