Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a technique that employs low-energy electrical pulses to stimulate muscle contractions via nerve activation. Its applications include rehabilitation for conditions such as strokes and spinal cord injuries, providing benefits like improved muscle strength and enhanced quality of life. Future developments in FES may lead to wireless and implantable systems useful for neuroprosthetics and wearable technology.

1. Functional Electrical Stimulation
(FES)
An Overview of Technology,
Applications, and Benefits

2. Introduction to FES
• FES is a technique that uses low-energy
electrical pulses to stimulate nerves in
muscles, causing muscle contractions.

3. How FES Works
• Electrodes are placed on the skin or
implanted, delivering electrical pulses to
motor neurons, prompting muscle movement.

4. Applications of FES
• FES is used in rehabilitation for stroke, spinal
cord injuries, and conditions where voluntary
muscle movement is impaired.

5. Benefits of FES
• Improves muscle strength, prevents atrophy,
aids in functional movements, and enhances
quality of life.

6. Challenges and Considerations
• Requires trained professionals, potential for
skin irritation, and correct electrode
placement is crucial for effectiveness.

7. Future of FES
• Emerging research focuses on wireless,
implantable FES systems, with potential
applications in neuroprosthetics and wearable
devices.