The document discusses different programming paradigms, comparing imperative programming like C/C++ and Java which use statements that change program state, to declarative programming like functional programming with F#, Haskell, Scheme and OCaml and logic programming with Prolog. Functional programming uses mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. The object oriented paradigm is better for describing real world objects, while the functional paradigm is better for describing complicated algorithms. Functional programming features include stateless and immutable data, first-class functions, higher-order functions, pure functions, recursion instead of loops, and tail recursion. Benefits of functional programming include the declarative nature, easier parallelization due to lack of mutable data and locks, and pure functions being easier to maintain and

1. Автор: Матюкевич Сергей

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Imperative programming (С/C++, Java)
Declarative programming
◦ Functional programming (F#, Haskell, Scheme,
OCaml)
◦ Logic programming (Prolog, Clojure core.logic)
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IP = computation in terms of statements that
change a program state
FP = computation as the evaluation of
mathematical functions and avoids state and
mutable data

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Object oriented paradigm is better to
describe real world objects and their
relations.
Functional paradigm is better to describe
complicated algorithms.

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Stateless
Immutable data

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First-class functions
Higher-order functions
Pure functions

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No loops
Recursion
Tail recursion

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Declarative nature of function languages
Functional programs are easier to parallel (no
mutable data -> no need in locks)
Pure functions are easier to maintain and
understand