This document discusses investigating resistors in combination through setting up circuits and measuring potential difference and current. It provides:
- Instructions on setting up circuits with two 10Ω resistors in series and parallel and measuring potential difference and current values.
- Sample results tables and conclusions about the relationship between potential difference and current, and calculations of total resistance for resistors in series and parallel.
- Two extension circuits asking the reader to calculate total resistances.
Explaining about one of the popular theorems in electrical engineering, Thevenin's theorem. it gives direct idea about the theorem and its different cases of applicability. Some of easy tricks and facts are also included for convenience.
Explaining about one of the popular theorems in electrical engineering, Thevenin's theorem. it gives direct idea about the theorem and its different cases of applicability. Some of easy tricks and facts are also included for convenience.
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Page 1 of 4 Direct Current (DC) Circuits Introduct.docxbunyansaturnina
Page 1 of 4
Direct Current (DC) Circuits
Introduction
In this lab, we will get acquainted with various components of electrical circuits. We will learn:
how to make simple circuits using a battery (or power supply), light bulbs, resistors; draw the
circuit diagram; how to use color code to read the resistance of the resistor; how to use the
measuring tools like a digital multimeter – DMM; how to connect the DMM to measure the
resistance, voltage and current. We will learn how to simplify the circuit by replacing the circuit
diagram with an equivalent one. Text reference: Young and Freedman §§ 26.1, 26.3.
We will investigate the behavior of direct current (DC) electrical circuits. We will study the flow
of electrical current in a circuit from the battery or power supply, through the wires, and through
various combinations of light bulbs and/or resistors.
A simple electrical circuit usually has a power (energy) source such as a battery or power supply
and resistors such as a light bulb or a carbon resistor. Here are the symbols for some electrical
components you may see in circuit diagrams of the lab manuals of this lab course:
A closed circuit is a path along which current carriers (electrons in conductors) can flow. Current
does not flow in an open circuit. A circuit in which there is a single pathway is known as a series
circuit whereas a circuit that has multiple (more than one) possible paths is known as a parallel
circuit.
Resistors impede the flow of current in a circuit. We assume that connecting leads (conductors)
have negligible resistance, while the insulators have very large resistance. Many resistors obey
Ohm’s Law (V = IR), which states that the current I through a resistance R is proportional to the
voltage V across the resistor. We will study Ohm’s law in the next lab class experiment.
Part 1. Light Bulbs
1. Simple circuit
Make a simple circuit using a battery or DC power supply, a light bulb (in its holder), and some of
the connecting leads.
a) What happens to the light bulb when you close the circuit?
___________________________________________________________________
b) Draw a circuit diagram representing your circuit using the symbols from above:
Try to remember how brightly the bulb is shining in step 1.
Page 2 of 4
2. Light bulbs in Series
Now add a second identical bulb in series (you will need to disconnect your circuit first).
a) Draw a proper diagram representing your circuit. What do you observe about the light
intensity (brightness) in each bulb compared to a single bulb in the previous step?
__________________________________________________________________
b) What happens if you remove one of the light bulbs from its holder?
_________________________________________________________________
3. Light bulbs in Parallel
Disconnect the circuit from step 2 and add the second bulb in parallel to the first.
a) Draw a proper diagram repres.
Course Home - Lab Report CriteriaThe formal Lab Report is .docxvanesaburnand
Course Home - Lab Report Criteria
The formal Lab Report is written from the third person; in the passive
form, in the past tense. It includes the following parts:
Lab Report: 85 points
Expression of the experimental results is an integral part of science. The
lab report should have the following format:
• Cover page (10 points) - course name (PHY 132), title of the
experiment, your name (prominent), section number, TA’s name,
date of experiment, an abstract. An abstract (two paragraphs long)
is the place where you briefly summarize the experiment and cite
your main experimental results along with any associated errors
and units. Write the abstract after all the other sections are
completed.
The main body of the report will contain the following sections, each of
which must be clearly labeled:
• Objectives (5 points) - in one or two sentences describe the
purpose of the lab. What physical quantities are you measuring?
What physical principles/laws are you investigating?
• Procedure (5 points) - this section should contain
a brief description of the main steps and the significant details of
the experiment.
• Experimental data (15 points) - your data should be tabulated
neatly in this section. Your tables should have clear headings and
contain units. All the clearly labeled plots (Figure 1, etc.) produced
during lab must be attached to the report. The scales on the figures
should be chosen appropriately so that the data to be presented will
cover most part of the graph paper.
• Results (20 points) – you are required to show sample calculation of
the quantities you are looking for including formulas and all derived
equations used in your calculations. Provide all intermediate
quantities. Show the calculation of the uncertainties using the rules
of the error propagation. You may choose to type these
calculations, but neatly hand write will be acceptable. Please label
this page Sample Calculations and box your results. Your data
sheets that contain measurements generated during the lab are not
the results of the lab.
• Discussion and analysis (25 points) - here you analyze the data,
briefly summarize the basic idea of the experiment, and describe
the measurements you made. State the key results with
uncertainties and units. Interpret your graphs and discuss what
trends were observed, what was the relationship of the variables in
your experiment. An important part of any experimental result is a
quantification of error in the result. Describe what you learned
from your results. The answers to any questions posed to you in the
lab packet should be answered here.
• Conclusion (5 points) - Did you meet the stated objective of the
lab? You will need to supply reasoning in your answers to these
questions.
Overall, the lab report should to be about 5 pages long.
Each student should write his/her own laboratory report.
Duplicating reports will result in an "E" in y.
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1. FUNDAMENTAL Physics – Circuits: 3.6 Resistors in Combination
Investigating Resistors in Combination
Learning Outcomes
• I am more experienced in setting up and using a test circuit
• I understand the term Ohmic Resistor
• I know and can use the formula to calculate Resistance.
• I know what happens when resistors are in series
• I know what happens when resistors are in parallel
Practice using our TEST CIRCUT
Research Question – Extension 1
Use a test circuit to investigate the relationship between
Potential Difference and Current for two 10Ω resistors
in series. And by doing so find a value for the total
resistance of the two 10Ω resistors in series.
Method
1. Set up the circuit as shown
2. Select a potential difference on the powerpack to get the current close to
0.05A, then use the variable resistor to ‘fine tune’ the current to exactly 0.05A.
3. Measure and record the potential difference.
4. Continue for currents of 0.10A, 0.15A, 0.20A, 0.25A, 0.30A, 0.35A.
5. Repeat all readings once more
6. Record all readings in a table and calculate average potential difference
7. Plot a suitable graph to answer the research question.
1
Two 10Ω
Resistors
in series
A
V
Safety.
Careful with overheated
circuit. Keep current
below a max of 1A.
2. FUNDAMENTAL Physics – Circuits: 3.6 Resistors in Combination
Results (use excel or silly smelly mac excel)
Current Potential Difference Potential Difference Average Potential Difference
/ A Repeat 1 / V Repeat 2 / V / V
0.05 0.98 0.99 0.985
0.10 2.06 2.16 2.11
0.15 3.2 3.16 3.18
0.20 4.18 4.15 4.165
0.25 5.05 5.09 5.07
0.30 6.27 6.14 6.205
0.35 7.14 7.06 7.1
Graph
Conclusion
The graph of PD and current is a …linear line through the …origin.
PD and Current are …directly. …proportional…
The two fixed-value resistors in series are 10 Ω
I took this reading of PD and Current off my graph:
V = ………… V I = ……………. A
2
3. FUNDAMENTAL Physics – Circuits: 3.6 Resistors in Combination
R = V / I = ….. / ……. = ….. Ω
I conclude that for two resistors in series the total resistance is the …………… of
the individual resistances:
Specifically (not required by our syllabus):
Total RS = R1 + R2 etc…..
3
4. FUNDAMENTAL Physics – Circuits: 3.6 Resistors in Combination
Practice using our TEST CIRCUT
Research Question – Extension 2
Use a test circuit to investigate the relationship between Potential Difference and
Current for two 10Ω resistors in parallel. And by doing so find a value for the
resistance of the two 10Ω resistors in parallel.
Method
1. Set up the circuit as shown
2. Select a potential difference on the powerpack to get the current close to
0.10A, then use the variable resistor to ‘fine tune’ the current to exactly 0.10A.
3. Measure and record the potential difference.
4. Continue for currents of 0.20A, 0.30A, 0.40A, 0.50A, 0.60A, 0.70A.
5. Repeat all readings once more
6. Record all readings in a table and calculate average potential difference
7. Plot a suitable graph to answer the research question.
Results (use excel or silly smelly mac excel)
Current Potential Difference Potential Difference Average Potential Difference
/ A Repeat 1 / V Repeat 2 / V / V
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
4
Two 10Ω
Resistors
in
parallel
A
V
5. FUNDAMENTAL Physics – Circuits: 3.6 Resistors in Combination
Graph
Conclusion
The graph of PD and current is a ……… line through the ……….. .
PD and Current are …………….. …………………
The two fixed-value resistors in parallel are …………….
I took this reading of PD and Current off my graph:
V = ………… V I = ……………. A
R = V / I = ….. / ……. = ….. Ω
I conclude that for two resistors in parallel the total resistance ………...
Specifically (not required for our syllabus):
1/RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 …..
Homework – P 189 Q 1 - 3
5
6. FUNDAMENTAL Physics – Circuits: 3.6 Resistors in Combination
Extension Circuit 1.
Calculate the total resistance of the above circuit, given that each resistor
is 7Ω. You can do this without a calculator!
Extension Circuit 2.
34Ω
19Ω
21 Ω
Calculate the total resistance of this circuit, use a calculator this time!
6
7. FUNDAMENTAL Physics – Circuits: 3.6 Resistors in Combination
Extension Circuit 1.
Calculate the total resistance of the above circuit, given that each resistor
is 7Ω. You can do this without a calculator!
Extension Circuit 2.
34Ω
19Ω
21 Ω
Calculate the total resistance of this circuit, use a calculator this time!
6
