solar cell
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A solar cell is a p-n junction diode that generates current when exposed to sunlight. It can be modeled as a diode in parallel with a current source representing the photo-generated current. However, the real model includes additional resistances - series and shunt resistances - to account for internal resistance and leakage currents. Multiple solar cells are connected in series and parallel in solar panels and arrays to achieve higher output voltages and currents. The power output is affected by factors like solar irradiation level, temperature, and partial shading of cells. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are used to extract the maximum available power by adjusting the operating voltage through a DC-DC converter.
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Maximum power point tracking algorithms for solar(pv) systems
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Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are used to extract the maximum available power from photovoltaic modules by operating them at the voltage where power output is highest. This is done by periodically adjusting the module operating voltage to match the maximum power point, which varies based on solar irradiance and temperature. Common MPPT techniques include Perturb and Observe and Incremental Conductance methods, which use hill-climbing algorithms to track the maximum power point.
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Shunt Active Power Filter for reactive power compensation and harmonic mitigation by droop control method.
Solar PV system is a promising source of energy with great interest in clean and renewable energy sources.
The rising number of power electronics-based equipment is resulting in quality problems of electric power
supply. Both high power industrial loads and domestic loads cause many disturbances in the utility side
such as harmonics, imbalance, sags, swells, flickers and frequency variation. Power quality problems may
arise in the system or may be created by the consumer itself. In this paper, the proposed controller utilizing
power references shows some significant improvements in theory and a simple control topology. The PV
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685 calavia
This document compares three different Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategies applied to solar modules: three-point perturb and observe, fixed-step incremental conductance, and variable-step incremental conductance. It describes each method and simulates their performance under changing irradiance conditions and with measurement noise. The variable-step incremental conductance method tracks irradiance changes the fastest and is least affected by noise, while the three-point perturb and observe method has the slowest response time and is most impacted by noise.
control-of-dcdc-converters-for-solar-energy-system-with-maximum-.pdf
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
4_INFRARED REMOTE USED FOR 8
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- 1. A solar cell is a p-n junction so it is basically a diode but it is a special kind of diode. If there is no sunlight striking the cell, then it will behave exactly like a diode, allowing the current to flow only in one direction In sunlight, the cell would be modeled ideally by a diode connected in parallel with a current source. Solar Cell Model :
- 2. However, the real model consists of the following components ~~ Ipv is a current source that is analogous to the potential current the sunlight create. RS is the internal series resistance of the cell. Ideally RS=0 RSH is the shunt resistance. Some electron- hole pair will recombine across the junction. It is the resistance to the “current leak”. Ideally RSH=∞ Cell output current Cell output voltage
- 3. Applying KCL Diode/cell reverse saturation current Bolzmann’ s constant Charge of an electron n is the model parameter 1.5 for Si cell Putting the value of ID to the previous equation the cell output current (I) becomes
- 4. The equation for the cell/diode reverse saturation current Irs is Working temperature of the cell Reference temperature And the equation for the light generated or photon current Ipv is Cell saturation current at Tr Short circuit current of the cell Short circuit current temp. coefficient Solar irradiation (KW/sq.m)
- 5. But unfortunately the output power of a single PV cell is very small Due to the low voltage generated in a PV cell (around 0.5V), several PV cells are connected in series (for high voltage) and in parallel (for high current) to form a PV module for desired output.
- 6. Then the equation of the cell output current (I) becomes Number of cells in parallel Number of cells in series
- 7. Characteristic curve of PV array: Here I assume RS=0 & RSH=∞ For simplicity Output Voltage Vs output current curve Output Voltage Vs output power curve Those are for constant temperature & irradiation
- 8. Solar Irradiation Variation’s Effect Variation of Solar irradiation 100 mW/sq.cm 80 mW/sq.cm 60 mW/sq.cm 40 mW/sq.cm 20 mW/sq.cm
- 9. Temperature Variation’s Effect Variation of Temperature VI curve PV curve 28˚c 40˚c 50˚c 60˚c 70˚c
- 10. Influence of Partial Shadow : Ideally PV modules should be built using identical cells so to have a module with uniform characteristic. If irradiation cannot reach particular solar cell – due to shadowing, dirt, snow and leaves – then the photon current Iph of this particular solar cell is zero or very small. When connecting PV cells/modules in series, if one of the PV cells/modules has a much lower photo current Iph than others due to partial shading, dust or degradation, it operates as a load for other cells and is reversed biased. This cell/module will then dissipate energy rather than generate hence leading to a cell temperature rise and if the temperature is too high the cell/module can be damaged and affect the whole PV module/array is compromised The most common method to avoid this is to put a bypass diode across a PV string or modules
- 11. An array with 3 cells is considered Low illuminated panels however make no contribution to the load power as these are short circuited by the bypass diodes.
- 12. Why MPPT ?????? PV curve If the Panel always operate this voltage then we always can get the MAX. power This voltage can be achieved by step up or step down the panel output voltage. This can be done by DC-DC converter by varying Duty Cycle.
- 13. This is done by utilizing a DC-DC converter whose duty cycle is varied by using a mppt algorithm. Few of the many algorithms are: • Perturb and Observe method • Incremental Conductance method • Parasitic Capacitance method • Constant Voltage method • Constant Current method One of the most common is Perturb and Observe method. The operating voltage is sampled and the algorithm changes the operating voltage in the required direction and samples𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑. If 𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑 is positive, then the algorithm increases the voltage value towards the MPP until 𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑is negative. This iteration is continued until the algorithm finally reaches the MPP. The voltage never actually reaches an exact value but perturbs around the maximum power point (MPP). The system oscillates about the MPP if perturbation step size is large. The oscillation can be minimized by reducing the perturbation step size. But, a smaller perturbation size slows down the MPPT