This document summarizes a study on entrepreneurial intentions among 275 college students in Portugal. It finds that entrepreneurial education is key to developing an entrepreneurial spirit in students. Specifically:
1) Having a family history of entrepreneurship, ambition to start a business, and having a great business idea were the main factors influencing students' entrepreneurial intentions.
2) Most respondents were female, between the ages of 20-24, and studied in polytechnic institutes in the northern region of Portugal. The most common fields of study were engineering and economics.
3) While 60% of students reported having a viable business idea, only 7% had taken steps to start a business, suggesting a gap between intentions
Brazil is among the most entrepreneurial countries in the world and there are several programs and institutions that encourage entrepreneurship in the population. Due to the relevance of the theme, this study analyzed the incentive to entrepreneurship in higher education in the city of Ribeirão Preto, which is an educational center. This study was carried out with the investigation of undergraduate courses in the area of social sciences applied that have methodologies that encourage entrepreneurship and in the courses that have this discipline in its curricular matrix was examined how this theme was being approached in the classes. In these institutions, interviews were conducted with the coordinators of the courses, teachers and students to know the perception and effectiveness of the methodologies used, through an exploratory case study with qualitative quantitative analysis. To analyze the entrepreneurial profile of the students and the skills involved in this function, validated instruments were used to relate the results obtained. The study concluded that there are few courses that foster entrepreneurial culture, and the subject is generally approached conceptually, evidencing a deficiency in the formation of new entrepreneurs. However, one of the institutions showed in the results that its methodologies are effective and positively perceived by students.
Entrepreneurship education on wholesale considerations on didactics and peda...Alexander Decker
This document discusses entrepreneurship education in Ghana and the problem of graduate unemployment. It presents entrepreneurship education as a way to address graduate unemployment by equipping students with skills needed in the job market. There is debate around whether entrepreneurship education should target all students or select groups. The key factors contributing to graduate unemployment are limited job opportunities, unemployability of graduates due to lacking practical skills valued by employers, and graduates' preference for paid employment over self-employment. The document argues that stakeholders should reach consensus on entrepreneurship education to help graduates develop employability skills and consider entrepreneurial careers to reduce unemployment.
Small–medium enterprise formation and nigerian economic growthYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and their relationship to economic growth in Nigeria. It provides background on SMEs in Nigeria, noting they account for a large share of employment and output but the country still faces high unemployment, poverty, and low human development. The paper reviews literature on the importance of SMEs in creating jobs, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It also discusses theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development. The purpose is to empirically examine the link between SME formation, employment, and economic growth in Nigeria using statistical techniques like error correction modeling and cointegration testing.
ENTREPRENEURIAL STUDIES IN NIGERIA: DEPTHS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGESIJESM JOURNAL
All economic advancements the world over is orchestrated by entrepreneurial learning, research and development. Consequently, the paper examines entrepreneurial studies, depths, trends and challenges in Nigeria. The paper conceptualizes entrepreneurship as anchored on generating ideas that are applicable, economic and commercial in nature in the entire gamut of human endeavor. It traces the entrepreneurial trends in Nigeria since its amalgamation, describes the role of the Nigerian government as a participant, regulator and facilitator, both legally and politically in the development of entrepreneurship studies and practice. The paper identifies lack of political will to implement national economic development policies, corruption and lack of team work among other variables as the major challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. The analytical tool adopted for this paper is descriptive method which centered on analyzing the different entrepreneurship policies of the government and drawing inferences from them. The paper concludes that entrepreneurship development in Nigeria could be facilitated if government and her agencies muster the will power to implement articulated national economic policies
The Role of IT in Supporting Vietnam Youth Entrepreneurshipijtsrd
This paper aimed to analyse the role of IT in supporting entrepreneurs in Vietnam. Our findings show that youth entrepreneurship in Vietnam face a number of hurdles in accessing IT services. Although a number of them have shown an interest in integrating IT into their business operations, however, most of them do not have enough resources to fully exploit IT opportunities. Other problems mentioned to confront youth entrepreneurship in their endeavour to access and use IT in their businesses is the lack of knowledge and skills on how to use computer, language and lack of time. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "The Role of IT in Supporting Vietnam Youth Entrepreneurship" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31503.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/31503/the-role-of-it-in-supporting-vietnam-youth-entrepreneurship/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
Entrepreneurial learning from failure a systematic reviewYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review on entrepreneurial learning from failure. It systematically collects and organizes relevant research according to Kolb's model of experiential learning, which includes four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The review finds that existing research provides insights into all stages of learning from failure. Areas that have received significant attention include the nature of failure, factors influencing reflection like emotions and attributions, the content of learning, and applying learning in new ventures. However, other topics remain underexplored, such as alternative recovery modes, personal characteristics' impact on reflection, cognitive processes underlying reflection, transforming observations into concepts, and applying learning outside of entrepreneurship. This
Cross Border Virtual Entrepreneurship: Design of Flexible Entrepreneurship Co...Waqas Tariq
Cross Border Virtual Entrepreneurship (CBVE) refers to a Multilateral European project, which has been co-funded by the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Commission. The objective of CBVE has been to improve the entrepreneurship competence of students through open and flexible, didactically-innovative and pedagogically-rich learning approaches. The project has aimed to strengthen structured entrepreneurial training opportunities and external network liaisons, in particular there where flexible learning approaches could be utilised to reach out to more diverse target groups. The CBVE project has resulted in an incubating (virtual) business-planning environment, as well as an off-campus Masterclass entrepreneurship in English, Hungarian, Estonian, Italian and Spanish. Apart from the Internet, the multilingual Masterclass has also been broadcasted through the (free-on-air) satellite infra-structure RAI NETTUNNO SAT1, across Western, Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean and across North America.
Key issues in the future of international business researchmlarmijo_logos
This document discusses key issues in the future of international business research. It examines the domain and level of analysis of international business. It briefly reviews past major topics in international business research from the post-WWII era to globalization. It suggests focusing research on a "big question" and issues around international business retaining its vibrancy. It also discusses the relationship between theory and observation in international business research.
Brazil is among the most entrepreneurial countries in the world and there are several programs and institutions that encourage entrepreneurship in the population. Due to the relevance of the theme, this study analyzed the incentive to entrepreneurship in higher education in the city of Ribeirão Preto, which is an educational center. This study was carried out with the investigation of undergraduate courses in the area of social sciences applied that have methodologies that encourage entrepreneurship and in the courses that have this discipline in its curricular matrix was examined how this theme was being approached in the classes. In these institutions, interviews were conducted with the coordinators of the courses, teachers and students to know the perception and effectiveness of the methodologies used, through an exploratory case study with qualitative quantitative analysis. To analyze the entrepreneurial profile of the students and the skills involved in this function, validated instruments were used to relate the results obtained. The study concluded that there are few courses that foster entrepreneurial culture, and the subject is generally approached conceptually, evidencing a deficiency in the formation of new entrepreneurs. However, one of the institutions showed in the results that its methodologies are effective and positively perceived by students.
Entrepreneurship education on wholesale considerations on didactics and peda...Alexander Decker
This document discusses entrepreneurship education in Ghana and the problem of graduate unemployment. It presents entrepreneurship education as a way to address graduate unemployment by equipping students with skills needed in the job market. There is debate around whether entrepreneurship education should target all students or select groups. The key factors contributing to graduate unemployment are limited job opportunities, unemployability of graduates due to lacking practical skills valued by employers, and graduates' preference for paid employment over self-employment. The document argues that stakeholders should reach consensus on entrepreneurship education to help graduates develop employability skills and consider entrepreneurial careers to reduce unemployment.
Small–medium enterprise formation and nigerian economic growthYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and their relationship to economic growth in Nigeria. It provides background on SMEs in Nigeria, noting they account for a large share of employment and output but the country still faces high unemployment, poverty, and low human development. The paper reviews literature on the importance of SMEs in creating jobs, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It also discusses theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development. The purpose is to empirically examine the link between SME formation, employment, and economic growth in Nigeria using statistical techniques like error correction modeling and cointegration testing.
ENTREPRENEURIAL STUDIES IN NIGERIA: DEPTHS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGESIJESM JOURNAL
All economic advancements the world over is orchestrated by entrepreneurial learning, research and development. Consequently, the paper examines entrepreneurial studies, depths, trends and challenges in Nigeria. The paper conceptualizes entrepreneurship as anchored on generating ideas that are applicable, economic and commercial in nature in the entire gamut of human endeavor. It traces the entrepreneurial trends in Nigeria since its amalgamation, describes the role of the Nigerian government as a participant, regulator and facilitator, both legally and politically in the development of entrepreneurship studies and practice. The paper identifies lack of political will to implement national economic development policies, corruption and lack of team work among other variables as the major challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. The analytical tool adopted for this paper is descriptive method which centered on analyzing the different entrepreneurship policies of the government and drawing inferences from them. The paper concludes that entrepreneurship development in Nigeria could be facilitated if government and her agencies muster the will power to implement articulated national economic policies
The Role of IT in Supporting Vietnam Youth Entrepreneurshipijtsrd
This paper aimed to analyse the role of IT in supporting entrepreneurs in Vietnam. Our findings show that youth entrepreneurship in Vietnam face a number of hurdles in accessing IT services. Although a number of them have shown an interest in integrating IT into their business operations, however, most of them do not have enough resources to fully exploit IT opportunities. Other problems mentioned to confront youth entrepreneurship in their endeavour to access and use IT in their businesses is the lack of knowledge and skills on how to use computer, language and lack of time. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "The Role of IT in Supporting Vietnam Youth Entrepreneurship" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31503.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/31503/the-role-of-it-in-supporting-vietnam-youth-entrepreneurship/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
Entrepreneurial learning from failure a systematic reviewYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review on entrepreneurial learning from failure. It systematically collects and organizes relevant research according to Kolb's model of experiential learning, which includes four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The review finds that existing research provides insights into all stages of learning from failure. Areas that have received significant attention include the nature of failure, factors influencing reflection like emotions and attributions, the content of learning, and applying learning in new ventures. However, other topics remain underexplored, such as alternative recovery modes, personal characteristics' impact on reflection, cognitive processes underlying reflection, transforming observations into concepts, and applying learning outside of entrepreneurship. This
Cross Border Virtual Entrepreneurship: Design of Flexible Entrepreneurship Co...Waqas Tariq
Cross Border Virtual Entrepreneurship (CBVE) refers to a Multilateral European project, which has been co-funded by the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Commission. The objective of CBVE has been to improve the entrepreneurship competence of students through open and flexible, didactically-innovative and pedagogically-rich learning approaches. The project has aimed to strengthen structured entrepreneurial training opportunities and external network liaisons, in particular there where flexible learning approaches could be utilised to reach out to more diverse target groups. The CBVE project has resulted in an incubating (virtual) business-planning environment, as well as an off-campus Masterclass entrepreneurship in English, Hungarian, Estonian, Italian and Spanish. Apart from the Internet, the multilingual Masterclass has also been broadcasted through the (free-on-air) satellite infra-structure RAI NETTUNNO SAT1, across Western, Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean and across North America.
Key issues in the future of international business researchmlarmijo_logos
This document discusses key issues in the future of international business research. It examines the domain and level of analysis of international business. It briefly reviews past major topics in international business research from the post-WWII era to globalization. It suggests focusing research on a "big question" and issues around international business retaining its vibrancy. It also discusses the relationship between theory and observation in international business research.
Key issues in the future of international business researchmlarmijo_logos
This paper examines key issues in future international business research. It discusses the disciplinary basis and level of analysis in international business. The paper reviews past topics in international business research and argues that focusing on a "big question" has been important to the field's success. However, there are challenges as other disciplines now directly address traditional international business issues. The paper suggests connectivity across issues and disciplines will be important for international business going forward.
The paper focus on entrepreneur skill through business education program to curb restiveness for
sustainable development. Need for entrepreneur skills acquisition were identified, business education program
and functions of entrepreneur were identified and sorted out as the types of entrepreneur in our present society.
Conclusion was drawn which include effort towards creating good initiatives in order to develop our dear
societies as it become the focus in 21st century. Therefore parents and business society should emulate a kind of
economy strategies like China, Germany, and America etc. in order to provide means of surviving strategies
among individuals in the entire nation.
This document analyzes diverging trends in human capital development in BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) from 2000-2011. It finds that while human capital played a key role in fast growth in China, India, and Brazil, Russia failed to capitalize on its initial human capital advantages, resulting in slower growth. The study uses statistical analysis of variables like literacy rates, education levels, employment rates, and FDI to evaluate how human capital policies influenced economic performance in these emerging economies.
Science & Technology Studies Framework for Bottom of the Pyramid Business Str...Vijit Sunder
This document presents a framework for using Science and Technology Studies (STS) concepts to assess business strategies targeting the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) market. It begins with background on the BoP market, noting it represents 4 billion low-income people or $5 trillion in purchasing power. The document then discusses misconceptions about the BoP market that have prevented businesses from seeing its potential. Finally, it outlines an STS framework that can help businesses critically evaluate their strategies for developing products for the BoP market in order to better realize opportunities while addressing social factors.
‘There is no barrier to be prosperous, but us’Albertina Navas
Michael Porter, considered the most influential business strategist over the last 30 years, gave a lecture on competitiveness and development in Trinidad and Tobago. In the lecture, he emphasized that governments should focus on facilitating private sector productivity rather than redistributing resources. He also stressed that competitiveness requires coordination between the public and private sectors. In an interview after, Porter discussed China's transition to an innovation-based economy, challenges facing Latin America, the concept of shared value between companies and society, and how the internet on its own is not a source of competitive advantage.
Nature of businees among african and asian owned business 1John Johari
Individuals who complete postgraduate education, such as an MBA, may be more likely to start their own business. A study analyzed 213 graduates of an online MBA program across 30 countries to understand the impact of the program on entrepreneurial intentions and activities. The study found that completing an MBA, coming from an entrepreneurial family, and believing in one's entrepreneurial skills increased the likelihood of pursuing entrepreneurship. The study also found some differences between men and women in these relationships. The results provide insights into how postgraduate education can help develop entrepreneurial mindsets and skills.
The most alluring future destination for foreign direct investments a case s...Alexander Decker
This document discusses India as an attractive destination for foreign direct investment. Some key points:
- India has seen two decades of economic liberalization and robust domestic demand, fueling strong GDP growth and transforming India into a top investment destination.
- Major cities like Bangalore, New Delhi, and Mumbai have attracted over 1,800 FDI projects between 2007-2011, creating hundreds of thousands of jobs.
- India has a large population and emerging middle class, young workforce, competitive costs, and talented labor pool making it appealing for foreign investment. It is transitioning to focus more on manufacturing which could further boost its economy.
- India has the 4th largest economy globally in terms of purchasing power parity
PIC - Collaboration on Entrepreneurship with African InstitutionsMark Street
This document summarizes an entrepreneurship training program offered by Promoting International Collaboration (PIC) to partner institutions. The program aims to provide tools and knowledge to help entrepreneurs succeed based on Israel's experience in innovation and startups. It covers topics like marketing, customer relations, leadership skills, and using the internet in business. Training modules range from 24-32 hours on topics such as entrepreneurship, marketing, search engine optimization, and analytics. PIC works with partners to provide these programs internationally through events, workshops and study tours to promote the partner's institution and development goals.
This document summarizes the challenges American companies face regarding organizational culture when operating in Serbia. It discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions and how Serbian and US cultures differ based on this framework. Specifically, Serbian culture scores higher in power distance and uncertainty avoidance, while the US scores higher in individualism. The paper also examines types of organizational culture and notes that hierarchies are most common in Serbian companies, while adhocracy cultures are rare. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural differences to help American businesses adjust their practices when operating abroad in Serbia.
Evolution of Entrepreneurship over decades AmeyaKshatriya
This presentation consists of the development and evolution of entrepreneurship over decades. Hope you will find it useful. Thank you !!!
You could also find this information on the link provided below.
https://www.vz.ae/blog/past-versus-present-how-has-entrepreneurship-evolved-with-the-times
The basic purpose of offering the Internship is to impart knowledge about the global business in the larger context of Macroeconomic environment. Aim is to provide the students with an integrated and practical approach to understand the concepts of Global/International Business Management and also to provoke critical thinking about various theories, guidelines and practices of Global Business Management.
This document discusses the importance and opportunities of international entrepreneurship from a global perspective. It begins by noting how globalization has increased opportunities for international business ventures as markets become more integrated. It then provides examples of companies producing goods internationally. The document emphasizes that international entrepreneurship combines aspects of business with other disciplines like culture and geography. It states international entrepreneurship involves conducting business across national borders in ways such as exporting, licensing, or advertising abroad. The key difference between international and domestic entrepreneurship is the greater complexity of international decisions due to uncontrollable economic, political, cultural and technological factors across countries.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the difference of attitudes towards entrepreneurial intention (EI) of Agricultural graduates in agribusiness, this cannot be realized without harnessing the quality human resource base of the youth, especially graduates from agricultural faculties, Pakistani and Chinese Agril students used to identify the possible differences between potential entrepreneurs from these distinct national contexts. The data includes a set of agrarian universities being a surveyed (n= 640) was collected in 2016. The descriptive and binary logistic regression was employed to analyze through SPSS 25.00 to examine the effect of individual’s attitude on EI in agribusiness, independent variables comprise individual’s entrepreneurial network, perceived capabilities, ability to recognize business opportunities, risk perceptions as well as a range of socio-cultural attitudes. The findings support the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and individual’s attitude. Individual’s capability, opportunity recognition, networks and range of socio-cultural perceptions all influence EI significantly also, age, gender, the educational background of students, media motivation, attention, to self-realization, status, practical agricultural experience and risks perception were found to have a significant influence on students’ intention to take up agribusiness as a source of future self-employment avenue upon graduation.
Internationalization Process of Chinese Enterprises (updated Sep 19, 2011)Hora Tjitra
Opening Keynote Speech at the 4th China Week for the Ohm Hochschule MBA Students in Hangzhou.
Internationalization Process of Chinese Enterprises - short introduction about China, (new) influences of China to the world, Chances and Challenges of Chinese Enterprises going Abroad.
Research and business innovation for sustainable developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses research and business innovation for sustainable development. It begins by outlining the objectives of the study, which are to determine the stages of the research process, identify some business problems, analyze the structure of output for various countries, and modify a systems model of the transform process of research and business innovation. It then reviews related literature on topics like the concept of development, research methodology, and a systems cybernetic model. The document presents data on the stages of the research process and some typical business problems. It aims to analyze this data and modify a model to better understand how research and business innovation can enhance sustainable development.
The PhD proposal examines the relationship between intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital, and relational capital) and financial and non-financial performance in the hotel industry in the English-speaking Caribbean. The motivation is that small Caribbean companies must now compete globally and need information on deploying resources competitively. The study aims to explore this relationship and develop an intellectual capital evaluation model for hotel chains. It will investigate how intellectual capital can be evaluated and the optimal mix of components. Prior research on defining and measuring intellectual capital is discussed, but little has examined the hotel industry or developing countries.
Application of entrepreneurship in small businesses.pdfKathryn Patel
This document summarizes a study on the application of entrepreneurship in small businesses. The study involved conducting interviews with 35 entrepreneurs at a popular trade market in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. The results found that most entrepreneurs were male, married, had completed high school education, and were between 21-40 years old. The entrepreneurs were generally satisfied with their businesses and were aware of support agencies available for small businesses. The study concluded that applying entrepreneurship as a business strategy can generate positive results for small businesses.
This article was prepared in order to investigate whether the teachers working in a Business Administration BA degree have an entrepreneurial profile, with the aim of finding whether such teachers are able to support the Pedagogical Proposal of the Institution to which they belong to in what concerns the requirement of the course and also the Pedagogical Proposal of the course itself. The methodological procedure adopted was the
Documentary Analysis, i.e., a study that is based on documents such as books, statistic maps, journal articles and the procedure of a Case Study. The data collection technique adopted was also the Documentary Analysis plus a
Survey-type questionnaire. As a result, the Research has shown that the teachers of said course do have an entrepreneurial profile that range from medium to medium-high, plus a good knowledge of Entrepreneurship Education, which can truly guarantee the Course Pedagogical Proposal
Key issues in the future of international business researchmlarmijo_logos
This paper examines key issues in future international business research. It discusses the disciplinary basis and level of analysis in international business. The paper reviews past topics in international business research and argues that focusing on a "big question" has been important to the field's success. However, there are challenges as other disciplines now directly address traditional international business issues. The paper suggests connectivity across issues and disciplines will be important for international business going forward.
The paper focus on entrepreneur skill through business education program to curb restiveness for
sustainable development. Need for entrepreneur skills acquisition were identified, business education program
and functions of entrepreneur were identified and sorted out as the types of entrepreneur in our present society.
Conclusion was drawn which include effort towards creating good initiatives in order to develop our dear
societies as it become the focus in 21st century. Therefore parents and business society should emulate a kind of
economy strategies like China, Germany, and America etc. in order to provide means of surviving strategies
among individuals in the entire nation.
This document analyzes diverging trends in human capital development in BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) from 2000-2011. It finds that while human capital played a key role in fast growth in China, India, and Brazil, Russia failed to capitalize on its initial human capital advantages, resulting in slower growth. The study uses statistical analysis of variables like literacy rates, education levels, employment rates, and FDI to evaluate how human capital policies influenced economic performance in these emerging economies.
Science & Technology Studies Framework for Bottom of the Pyramid Business Str...Vijit Sunder
This document presents a framework for using Science and Technology Studies (STS) concepts to assess business strategies targeting the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) market. It begins with background on the BoP market, noting it represents 4 billion low-income people or $5 trillion in purchasing power. The document then discusses misconceptions about the BoP market that have prevented businesses from seeing its potential. Finally, it outlines an STS framework that can help businesses critically evaluate their strategies for developing products for the BoP market in order to better realize opportunities while addressing social factors.
‘There is no barrier to be prosperous, but us’Albertina Navas
Michael Porter, considered the most influential business strategist over the last 30 years, gave a lecture on competitiveness and development in Trinidad and Tobago. In the lecture, he emphasized that governments should focus on facilitating private sector productivity rather than redistributing resources. He also stressed that competitiveness requires coordination between the public and private sectors. In an interview after, Porter discussed China's transition to an innovation-based economy, challenges facing Latin America, the concept of shared value between companies and society, and how the internet on its own is not a source of competitive advantage.
Nature of businees among african and asian owned business 1John Johari
Individuals who complete postgraduate education, such as an MBA, may be more likely to start their own business. A study analyzed 213 graduates of an online MBA program across 30 countries to understand the impact of the program on entrepreneurial intentions and activities. The study found that completing an MBA, coming from an entrepreneurial family, and believing in one's entrepreneurial skills increased the likelihood of pursuing entrepreneurship. The study also found some differences between men and women in these relationships. The results provide insights into how postgraduate education can help develop entrepreneurial mindsets and skills.
The most alluring future destination for foreign direct investments a case s...Alexander Decker
This document discusses India as an attractive destination for foreign direct investment. Some key points:
- India has seen two decades of economic liberalization and robust domestic demand, fueling strong GDP growth and transforming India into a top investment destination.
- Major cities like Bangalore, New Delhi, and Mumbai have attracted over 1,800 FDI projects between 2007-2011, creating hundreds of thousands of jobs.
- India has a large population and emerging middle class, young workforce, competitive costs, and talented labor pool making it appealing for foreign investment. It is transitioning to focus more on manufacturing which could further boost its economy.
- India has the 4th largest economy globally in terms of purchasing power parity
PIC - Collaboration on Entrepreneurship with African InstitutionsMark Street
This document summarizes an entrepreneurship training program offered by Promoting International Collaboration (PIC) to partner institutions. The program aims to provide tools and knowledge to help entrepreneurs succeed based on Israel's experience in innovation and startups. It covers topics like marketing, customer relations, leadership skills, and using the internet in business. Training modules range from 24-32 hours on topics such as entrepreneurship, marketing, search engine optimization, and analytics. PIC works with partners to provide these programs internationally through events, workshops and study tours to promote the partner's institution and development goals.
This document summarizes the challenges American companies face regarding organizational culture when operating in Serbia. It discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions and how Serbian and US cultures differ based on this framework. Specifically, Serbian culture scores higher in power distance and uncertainty avoidance, while the US scores higher in individualism. The paper also examines types of organizational culture and notes that hierarchies are most common in Serbian companies, while adhocracy cultures are rare. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural differences to help American businesses adjust their practices when operating abroad in Serbia.
Evolution of Entrepreneurship over decades AmeyaKshatriya
This presentation consists of the development and evolution of entrepreneurship over decades. Hope you will find it useful. Thank you !!!
You could also find this information on the link provided below.
https://www.vz.ae/blog/past-versus-present-how-has-entrepreneurship-evolved-with-the-times
The basic purpose of offering the Internship is to impart knowledge about the global business in the larger context of Macroeconomic environment. Aim is to provide the students with an integrated and practical approach to understand the concepts of Global/International Business Management and also to provoke critical thinking about various theories, guidelines and practices of Global Business Management.
This document discusses the importance and opportunities of international entrepreneurship from a global perspective. It begins by noting how globalization has increased opportunities for international business ventures as markets become more integrated. It then provides examples of companies producing goods internationally. The document emphasizes that international entrepreneurship combines aspects of business with other disciplines like culture and geography. It states international entrepreneurship involves conducting business across national borders in ways such as exporting, licensing, or advertising abroad. The key difference between international and domestic entrepreneurship is the greater complexity of international decisions due to uncontrollable economic, political, cultural and technological factors across countries.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the difference of attitudes towards entrepreneurial intention (EI) of Agricultural graduates in agribusiness, this cannot be realized without harnessing the quality human resource base of the youth, especially graduates from agricultural faculties, Pakistani and Chinese Agril students used to identify the possible differences between potential entrepreneurs from these distinct national contexts. The data includes a set of agrarian universities being a surveyed (n= 640) was collected in 2016. The descriptive and binary logistic regression was employed to analyze through SPSS 25.00 to examine the effect of individual’s attitude on EI in agribusiness, independent variables comprise individual’s entrepreneurial network, perceived capabilities, ability to recognize business opportunities, risk perceptions as well as a range of socio-cultural attitudes. The findings support the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and individual’s attitude. Individual’s capability, opportunity recognition, networks and range of socio-cultural perceptions all influence EI significantly also, age, gender, the educational background of students, media motivation, attention, to self-realization, status, practical agricultural experience and risks perception were found to have a significant influence on students’ intention to take up agribusiness as a source of future self-employment avenue upon graduation.
Internationalization Process of Chinese Enterprises (updated Sep 19, 2011)Hora Tjitra
Opening Keynote Speech at the 4th China Week for the Ohm Hochschule MBA Students in Hangzhou.
Internationalization Process of Chinese Enterprises - short introduction about China, (new) influences of China to the world, Chances and Challenges of Chinese Enterprises going Abroad.
Research and business innovation for sustainable developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses research and business innovation for sustainable development. It begins by outlining the objectives of the study, which are to determine the stages of the research process, identify some business problems, analyze the structure of output for various countries, and modify a systems model of the transform process of research and business innovation. It then reviews related literature on topics like the concept of development, research methodology, and a systems cybernetic model. The document presents data on the stages of the research process and some typical business problems. It aims to analyze this data and modify a model to better understand how research and business innovation can enhance sustainable development.
The PhD proposal examines the relationship between intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital, and relational capital) and financial and non-financial performance in the hotel industry in the English-speaking Caribbean. The motivation is that small Caribbean companies must now compete globally and need information on deploying resources competitively. The study aims to explore this relationship and develop an intellectual capital evaluation model for hotel chains. It will investigate how intellectual capital can be evaluated and the optimal mix of components. Prior research on defining and measuring intellectual capital is discussed, but little has examined the hotel industry or developing countries.
Application of entrepreneurship in small businesses.pdfKathryn Patel
This document summarizes a study on the application of entrepreneurship in small businesses. The study involved conducting interviews with 35 entrepreneurs at a popular trade market in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. The results found that most entrepreneurs were male, married, had completed high school education, and were between 21-40 years old. The entrepreneurs were generally satisfied with their businesses and were aware of support agencies available for small businesses. The study concluded that applying entrepreneurship as a business strategy can generate positive results for small businesses.
This article was prepared in order to investigate whether the teachers working in a Business Administration BA degree have an entrepreneurial profile, with the aim of finding whether such teachers are able to support the Pedagogical Proposal of the Institution to which they belong to in what concerns the requirement of the course and also the Pedagogical Proposal of the course itself. The methodological procedure adopted was the
Documentary Analysis, i.e., a study that is based on documents such as books, statistic maps, journal articles and the procedure of a Case Study. The data collection technique adopted was also the Documentary Analysis plus a
Survey-type questionnaire. As a result, the Research has shown that the teachers of said course do have an entrepreneurial profile that range from medium to medium-high, plus a good knowledge of Entrepreneurship Education, which can truly guarantee the Course Pedagogical Proposal
This document discusses a study that examines the main factors affecting creativity in startups and how those factors influence entrepreneurial initiative strategies. The study uses a structural equation modeling approach with partial least squares to analyze data from an online questionnaire completed by 50 individuals involved in startups in Spain. The model developed has strong predictive power and identifies internal factors like improving intellectual and attitudinal skills for identifying opportunities as important for creative business decision making. The study adds to the literature on the roles of different factors in startup creativity processes.
The Execution Plan For Hitachi Global InnovationEbony Bates
Hitachi is a large Japanese electronics company seeking to increase innovation and speed up its response to market demands. The document discusses Hitachi's culture and the need to facilitate a more sustainable and innovative culture through diversity, creative thinking, collaboration, and risk-taking. It suggests Hitachi cannot force change its subsidiaries' cultures but should draw on their strengths and promote cultural alignment through shared mission, values and goals under strong leadership. This will help improve Hitachi's innovation capabilities.
The Entrepreneurial Intentions among the Undergraduates Involved in Business ...ijtsrd
Universities play a major role in producing entrepreneurs. Until recently, fostering innovations and new product development through entrepreneurship has not been regarded as a primary task of universities. Although the graduates are given the education on entrepreneurship, it is reported that they have less willingness to start their own business. Lack of entrepreneurial intentions among the undergraduates impact adversely for the economic development of the country as entrepreneurship is a major source of employment generation and economic development. Thus, scholars emphasize more on investigating the factors stimulating the interest of undergraduates to become an entrepreneur. On the above backdrop, present study was undertaken to understand the factors affecting the entrepreneurial intentions of the undergraduates involved in Business Administration and Entrepreneurship courses in Sri Lankan Universities. D G M P M Gamage | R H G W P K Henegedara ""The Entrepreneurial Intentions among the Undergraduates Involved in Business Administration and Entrepreneurship Courses in Sri Lanka"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25175.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-administration/25175/the-entrepreneurial-intentions-among-the-undergraduates-involved-in-business-administration-and-entrepreneurship-courses-in-sri-lanka/d-g-m-p-m-gamage
Effects of the Entrepreneurial Environment on Tunisian Individuals’ Decision ...inventionjournals
This document analyzes the effects of the entrepreneurial environment on Tunisian individuals' decision to start a business. It reviews literature on motivational factors for entrepreneurship, including government policies, socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and financial/non-financial assistance. The study uses a questionnaire to survey 86 new Tunisian entrepreneurs. Factor analysis reveals that business creation is motivated by socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and access to assistance. The entrepreneurial environment significantly influences Tunisians' decisions to start their own ventures.
A Study on Impact of Startup Ecosystem on Student Innovationsijtsrd
This document discusses startup ecosystems in India and their role in promoting student innovation. It provides background on the growth of startups in India and initiatives by universities like IIMs, IITs, and other institutes to create startup incubation centers and environments. These incubation centers provide resources, funding, and networking opportunities to help students commercialize innovations and launch new companies. The document examines several successful startup incubation programs and stories of companies launched from these university programs. It analyzes the role of these startup ecosystems in fostering entrepreneurship among students and helping translate student innovation into new businesses.
The Impact of Higher Education on Entrepreneurship and the Innovation Ecosys...May Portuguez
Portuguez-Castro, M., Ross-Scheede, C., & Gómez-Zermeño, M. Georgina. (2019). The Impact of Higher Education on Entrepreneurship and the Innovation Ecosystem: A Case Study in Mexico. Sustainability, 11(20), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205597
This document discusses emerging trends in entrepreneurship in India. It notes that entrepreneurial activity has increased significantly over the last two decades. More business services are being outsourced across firm and national boundaries. The government has also introduced many programs and funding to support entrepreneurs, especially for technological startups and self-employment opportunities in rural areas. This is important as traditional large employers may not be able to sustain high employment levels in the future, so entrepreneurs will need to create new jobs and opportunities.
Media inattention for entrepreneurship in pakistanAlexander Decker
The document discusses media inattention for entrepreneurship in Pakistan. It analyzes data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor to show that while Pakistan has a large media sector, it pays relatively little attention to entrepreneurship compared to other countries. This low level of media attention is correlated with lower entrepreneurial intentions and fewer new businesses in Pakistan. The document argues that greater focus on entrepreneurs by Pakistani media could help foster an more entrepreneurial culture.
This document provides an overview of social entrepreneurship research. It discusses how social entrepreneurship research is still emerging but provides opportunities to challenge assumptions from other fields like management and business. The document defines social entrepreneurship as addressing social needs in a way that prioritizes social value over financial benefits. It also discusses how social entrepreneurship research can draw from theories in sociology and organizational studies. The document argues that clarifying concepts and definitions is important to advance social entrepreneurship as a field of research.
An Empirical Study of Human Capital Management on Organizational EffectivenessYogeshIJTSRD
In terms of philosophy and strategy, the concepts of human capital and strategic human resource management are extremely distinct in todays organizations. Human Capital is an important aspect of maximizing an organizations assets because it provides a long term competitive advantage and increases staff productivity. These individuals should have enough experience, data, creativity, and power to increase client satisfaction and create a competitive edge for the organization. As a result of a magnified economic process and market saturation as a result of the recent recession in various economies around the world, human capital is attracting increased attention. Human capital development is given greater priority in both developed and developing countries in order to speed up the economic process by allocating the necessary time and resources. The findings of the study endorse a strategy of investing in and dominating human resources in order to achieve a competitive edge at the organizational and national levels. To achieve a competitive advantage over rivals, companies have systematically put a high priority on human resources by introducing mandatory interventions such as fostering a data sharing culture, recruiting highly qualified workers, and developing new creative ideas. Dr. G. Balamurugan | A. Dhanvarsha "An Empirical Study of Human Capital Management on Organizational Effectiveness" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39947.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/39947/an-empirical-study-of-human-capital-management-on-organizational-effectiveness/dr-g-balamurugan
Assessment Of Entrepreneurship Education A Pilot StudyAndrea Porter
This document presents an assessment of an entrepreneurship education program using an Entrepreneurship Education Assessment Model (EEAM). The EEAM evaluates the program based on six constructs: program context, entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, business knowledge and skills, learning approaches, use of business plans, and the instructor. An in-depth case study application of the EEAM identified strengths and shortcomings of the program being assessed. The assessment found that the EEAM tool accurately measured the program's outcomes despite its unique context, and that the program covered the basic requirements for entrepreneurial education defined in the literature.
This document discusses three approaches to nurturing innovative startups in Sweden, France, and Finland. Each approach provides different combinations of financing, networking, and coaching support to startups throughout the stages of their lifecycle from initiation to growth. A literature review establishes that startups have changing needs for technology support, market support, financing, and networking as they progress from an idea to a growing business. The approaches in Sweden, France, and Finland are then compared in terms of how they address these changing needs through financing, networking, and coaching support.
Enhancement of critical thinking skills of vocational and adult education stu...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategies for enhancing critical thinking skills among vocational and adult education students in Nigeria. It finds that skills like analyzing, evaluating, and challenging assumptions are important. Some identified strategies include debate, group discussion, solving problems/puzzles, and capacity building programs for lecturers. The goal is to develop students' critical thinking to promote entrepreneurship and employability.
Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial SocietyDr Lendy Spires
This document introduces a special issue on financial and institutional reforms needed to transition Europe to a more entrepreneurial society. It summarizes the key findings and contributions of the 12 papers in the issue, which address different facets of Europe's entrepreneurial ecosystem including access to knowledge, financial resources, labor markets, and how institutions and entrepreneurship drive economic growth. The papers find that Europe needs more fundamental reforms to improve its entrepreneurial ecosystem compared to past approaches. Access to knowledge, financial resources, and labor are particularly important for supporting more startups and challengers that drive innovation and economic growth through creative destruction.
An Exploratory Study of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. With the objective to recognize opportunity and start a venture formation, SMEs must proactively involve in entrepreneurial activities from scratch. Founders of SMEs are likely perceived as entrepreneurs in the process of pursuing new business and profit which will lead to enterprise formation (DeTienne & Chandler, 2007; Gilmore, 2011). Approaching from the behavioral aspect of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial opportunity search includes knowledge, alertness, intuition, creativity and social interaction. By searching the pattern of adopted activities of owners, the process evolves into opportunity recognition. Since the more turbulent and complicated the marketplace is, the more opportunities entrepreneurs are granted; entrepreneurial opportunity recognition may also come into existence from a complex series of phenomena with different distinct parts such as innovative insight, idea exploration, informal evaluation and concept development (Webb, Ireland, Hitt, Kistruck, & Tihanyi, 2011). Or through the argument by Ardichvili, Cardozo, and Ray (2003), entrepreneurs undergo a process from observing underemployed resource or market need to disclosing a ‘match’ between specific market need and certain resources; then formulating a fresh ‘match’ between the need and resources in the specific context of their businesses. And the main determinants influencing the above processes as well as contributors to entrepreneurial opportunity recognition that are in need of further exploration include prior knowledge, entrepreneurial alertness, market analysis, creativity, network ties and situational elements.
Developing Sustainable Tourism through Social Entrepreneurshipijtsrd
The research was an effort to examine the relationship between social entrepreneurship SE and sustainable Tourism ST within the framework of India tourism. Thirdly, the study proposes a plan of motivating SEinside the industry. The methodology involves a case study mechanism or an approach that inculcates a systematic and comprehensive examination of associated literature to decide the situation of Indian tourism with reverence to sustainability. Findings revealed that there is inadequacy of SEprojects in context with India hospitality and tourism sector, lack of awareness is one of the major reasons for this. The learning has evaluated the circumstance in India and even though it was all inclusive within the environment of limited data accessibility. Further, the investigation makes three key commitments to the literature on sustainable hospitality and the tourism industry. First, It requires continues commitments of innovative social entrepreneurs, if the business is to turn out to be all the more extensively sustainable. Second, this research explores the degree of action needed in Indian tourism industry to understand whether its development and advantages are measurable. Manzoor Nabi Naikoo "Developing Sustainable Tourism through Social Entrepreneurship" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45189.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45189/developing-sustainable-tourism-through-social-entrepreneurship/manzoor-nabi-naikoo
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From Intentions to Actions: Entrepreneurial Education
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)
||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 9 ||Pages|| 26-36 || October 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 26
From Intentions to Actions: Entrepreneurial Education
Teresa Dieguez1
1
Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave & Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
-------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------
Entrepreneurship is an issue that causes a lot of controversy. Some people assert that becoming an
entrepreneur is a solution for young students; some others argue that this statement is not so obvious, since the
implementation of a business demands investment and requires capital, capital that is not easy to obtain. This
article looks at a sample of 275 college students in Portugal and seeks to investigate if there is any relationship
of entrepreneurial intentions of university students and some variables as training areas, higher education
institutions, gender, age and family influences. To achieve this goal, a survey was carried out to college
students, trying to understand how the training schools encouraged the creation of an entrepreneurial culture,
in what extent students were motivated to entrepreneurship and what are their intents for the future. The results
demonstrate that entrepreneurial education is the basis of cultivating the entrepreneurial spirit in college
students. The training areas, the ambition of having his/her/own business, having a great idea and having
family´s history of entrepreneurial characteristics are the main causes that influence entrepreneurial intentions
in college students.
KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Higher Education Students.
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Date of Submission: Date,24 September 2018 Date of Publication: Date 11. October 2018
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship is crucial for economic growth and development and more and more researchers, politics and
society are aware of its importance (Dieguez, 2018). The field greatly evolved, and at the same time, a constant
need to deal with real problems emerged, from firm creation to industrial growth, including firm strategy and
economic policy. Economic, sociological, and managerial academics began to devise a detailed and
interpretative framework for the study of entrepreneurship. Many researchers came from different fields, new
areas of investigation were embraced, thereby recognizing that powerful mechanisms are at work in
entrepreneurship and require systematic analysis. (Burger-Helmchen, 2012).
The impact of entrepreneurial activity and the creation of new businesses on the economic growth of a country
and the generation of jobs is recognized worldwide. The level to which a society stimulates entrepreneurial
activity, as opposed to stimulating an individual to select a career as an employee, differs among nations, and
within the different social groups of a nation. The reasons mentioned for these variations include cultural details
(e.g., Altinay & Basu, 2002), business environment reasons (Acs et al., 2005), psychological
explanations (e.g., Koh, 1996) or a mix of these. Demographic, family and professional history, training and
academic qualifications, attitudes, values and motivations are the most studied features on the economic
literature (Dinis e Ussman, 2006). If some of these characteristics are more objective, such as demographic,
family and professional background, training and qualification - since they are more descriptive in nature -
others such as motivation, attitudes and values, derive from the profile of the entrepreneur as an individual, and
therefore are more subjective, complementing themselves in the characterization of the entrepreneur (Castro &
Dieguez, 2014). The article is organized as follows: section 2 presents a review of the literature on the main
factors that explain entrepreneurial behaviour, the main competencies that characterize an entrepreneur and its
relationship with entrepreneurship education. In section 3., the methodology developed for data collection is
described. The results of the questionnaire surveys and the discussion of these for the performance of the
empirical work are dealt with in points 4 and 5. Finally, in point 6, the main points raised by this article are
discussed, their main points limitations and some clues are indicated for future research in this area.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Joseph Schumpeter (1985), entrepreneurship is being innovative to the point of creating the
conditions for a radical transformation of a particular sector, branch of activity or territory, where the
entrepreneur acts: a new cycle of growth capable of promoting a rupture in the continuous economic flow.
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An entrepreneur is a person responsible for economic development, for the introduction and implementation of
innovative ideas that lead to innovations in product, process, marketing and organizational innovations (Vieira,
2014). Given the current situation of Portugal, a country that places the graduates in a situation of difficult
access to the labor market, the creation of an entrepreneurial culture is assumed as a fundamental point in higher
education, as it promotes economic growth and wealth (Shane, 2004; Goldstein & Drucker, 2006; Kirchhoff et
al, 2007, Bramwell & Wolfe, 2008; Colombo et al, 2010; Etzkowitz, 2010; Uyarra, 2010; Caniëls & van den
Bosch, 2011; Garcia Estevez, 2013). There are many researchers who have been interested in the issue of
entrepreneurship (Schumpeter, 1934; Schumpeter, 1942, Drucker, 1969; Barreto, 1989; Drucker, 1985; Drucker,
1986; Filion, 1990; Bygrave and Hofer, 1991; Filion, 1995; Christensen, 1997; Brazeal & Herbert, 1999;
Dornelas, 2001; Christensen, 2003; Christensen, 2004; Hisrich et al, 2007; Carsud & Brännback, 2011; Castro
& Dieguez, 2014; Cruz et al, 2013; Pfeilstetter, 2013; Sarkar, 2014) and there are lots of articles related to
entrepreneurial intentions in university students (Hernandez-Gantes, 2004; Kwok-Yiu et al, 2012; Rosário,
2012; Sudharson, 2013; Mueller & Anderson, 2014; Stamboulis, 2014; Palmer et al, 2015; Saeed, 2015).
Among the studies carried out, one that has proved pertinent to address in this article focuses on the factors that
explain the entrepreneurial behavior in the individual. For Miziara and Carvalho (2008), the factors that
influence entrepreneurship in a more relevant way are the motivational factors, such as personal fulfillment, the
potential of new technologies, the desire for independence, the business opportunity and the more active search
for achieving their goals. Drucker (2006) argues that in addition to these psychological factors there are others
that prove to be relevant to have in mind such as creativity, self-efficacy, propensity to innovate, leadership,
ability to share and communicate, confidence, assumption of risks. ability to make decisions, to make sacrifices
and humility (G.N. & M.M., 2008). Individuals who hold examples of entrepreneurs in the family, have a better
perception of how to manage a personal business and how this may be a profitable source of acquiring income.
Based on Sing and Denoble (2003) and Laspita et. al (2012) entrepreneurial intentions may arise from genetic
factors predisposing individuals with a family history in the business areas to develop a business. However,
there are many entrepreneurs who have no family history in this area. (S., N., S., & H., 2012) Santos (2010)
presents a conceptual model developed based on the literature (figure 1), which addresses the issue of
psychological, social and managerial competencies, as well as the entrepreneurial motivations that, when
combined, empower a potential entrepreneur.
Figure 1. Conceptual model on competences that influence an entrepreneur
Font: adapted from Santos (2010)
If on the one hand there are psychological, social and managerial skills that are born with citizens and boost
their entrepreneurial attitude, on the other hand the European Commission in 2006 dictated that governments
should seek to instill in students skills such as creativity, innovation and active search problem solving through
the creation of entrepreneurial institutions or schools with the aim of training competent people with
entrepreneurial attitudes that would contribute positively to the development of a country (Imaginário, Cristo,
Jesus, & Morais, 2014).
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Timmons and Stevenson (1984) say that education for entrepreneurship begins with education and
“entrepreneurship is a lifelong learning where the best way to learn is to combine life experiences with formal
education” (Teixeira, 2012; Rauch & Hulsink, 2015; Bullough, 2015; Başçı & Alkan, 2015; Jansen et al, 2015;
Walter et al, 2015).
Based on Cláudia Teixeira (2012), the one who benefits from entrepreneurship education acquires and develops
entrepreneurial skills. Under this logic, the National Plan for Education for Entrepreneurship (PNEE) defines
three levels of action (elementary education, secondary education and higher education / vocational training),
highlighting the two first levels accordingly to its target audience. Elementary education concerns basic
education where teaching for entrepreneurship seeks to create personal qualities as a spirit of initiative,
creativity and autonomy, thus contributing to an entrepreneurial attitude that will become an asset in personal
life and in the development of professional activity. Higher education / Vocational education, related to
Secondary education, in addition to promoting the personal characteristics of students seeks to raise awareness
for the opening of personal business - that is, self-employment as a possible career to follow.
In this sense, it is possible to defend that the concept of education for entrepreneurship may be perceived as
following (figure 2):
Figure 2. Education for Entrepreneurship
Font: adapted from Teixeira (2012)
In terms of conclusion it is crucial to pose the following question: Can entrepreneurship be taught or is it part of
an individual's DNA? An article by Joaquim Junior and Marlos da Silva (2015) mentions a study done by
professors from the 15 best American universities that shows that 93% of the respondents agree that
entrepreneurship can be taught, affirming that the key to development promising process relies on education. By
increasing students' awareness of entrepreneurship, it facilitates and encourages the development of
entrepreneurial actions. However, at the heart of the question is the extent to which the education system can
promote the formation of an entrepreneurial culture (Joaquim Júnior, 2015).
III. METHODOLOGY
It was developed a specific questionnaire, published in social networks (facebook, twitter), shared by the email
contacts of the author, radio and by the students of the School of Industrial Studies and Engineering (ESEIG-
IPP), from the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. Assuming a sample of 275 university students, the
questionnaire called "Entrepreneurial Intentions in University Students" addresses issues that characterize the
person (gender, age, training area, among others), entrepreneurial intent (will to create a business,
entrepreneurial idea, relation of the area of formation with enterprising intention, among others), and finally a
set of questions of suggestive character. With this set of data, it is possible to establish relations that allow to
study if in its generality the university students have entrepreneurial intentions, or if in turn there is a very
specific niche that holds these intentions. Within this study we intend to verify if: i) gender and age; ii)
geographical location; iii) institution of higher education and iv) family interfere with the entrepreneurial
intentions of university students. For the treatment of data, we used the SPSS. The stepwise multiple regression
linear regression and ANOVA test was used.
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IV. RESULTS
A campaign was launched on Facebook (aimed at people aged between 17 and 64, residing in mainland
Portugal, who completed or attended higher education -postgraduate, bachelor, master's or doctoral). The
questionnaire was viewed by 2969 people, of which 26 interacted with the publication. In addition, the survey
link was shared in Facebook groups associated with universities and polytechnics from North to South of the
country, complemented by social networks such as Linkedin and Twitter for its dissemination. The
questionnaire was disseminated through the ESEIG-IPP e-mail platform and 1414 e-mails were sent to students
enrolled in ESEIG in the year 2015 / 2016 (from these 1414, 415 students opened the email). The survey was
viewed by about 5000 people. 365 of these people started the questionnaire response, but only 275 people
finished it (valid answers). 60% of the respondents are female (figure 3), a reason that can be explained by the
turning point given in 1986, where most university students stopped being male and began to be female, and this
difference has been growing along of time. Reaching in 2014, date of the last observations, a positive difference
of 25696 students female prevailed over men. On the other hand, a greater response of female respondents may
still be justified by the predisposition of both genders to participate in such actions (surveys, interviews,
symposia, among others) (DGEEC/MEC, 2015).
Figure 3. Gender of respondents
Regarding the age of the respondents (figure 4), 47% of the students who answered this survey are between the
ages of 20 and 24 years. 16% between the ages of 15 and 19 years. The third largest group with about 15% of
the answers concerns ages has between 25 and 29 years. The remaining 22% correspond to respondents aged
over 30 years. The occurrence of approximately 78% of the responses among people under the age of 30 can be
explained by the fact that today most students who complete compulsory schooling (12th grade) go directly to
college and continue their studies on higher education. This way of being is rooted in the mentality of the
current Portuguese society and is justified by the high rate of unemployment and the socio-economic situation.
In this sense, it is possible to affirm that the students of the secondary school choose to invest in its formation as
an opportunity to develop a race of easier form, justified by the facility to emigrate.
Figure 4. Age of respondents
Concerning the number of responses made according to the geographical area, it seems that the difference
between the North and the other regions is overwhelming, with 87% of the answers coming from students from
the Universities / Polytechnics of the North.
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The results obtained at the level of answers about the training area allow us to affirm that about 28% of the
respondents are in the engineering area, being this the largest area of answers obtained with the questionnaires.
24% of the respondents questioned are in economical sciences. The remaining answers are cantered in the areas
of social and technological sciences, education, literature and arts, among others (figure 5).
Figure 5. Geographical area of respondents
71% of the respondents studied in a Polytechnic Institute and 29% in a University (figure 6). 80.36% have all
the students have a bachelor's degree, 16% have master's degrees and the remaining doctoral and postgraduate
degrees.
Figure 6. Higher Institutions attended by the respondents
Regarding the question where the intention is to understand in which year the training of the interviewee was
completed we obtain that approximately 60% of the respondents finished the study of the degree in question in
the year 2015 or after. The remaining 40% of the respondents asked about the possibility of creating a business
(figure 7), 40% answered affirmatively. 42% are not yet sure whether business creation is the way forward, most
likely because of concerns about the risk associated with creating / opening a business of their own.
Figure 7. Ambition to create business
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60% of the respondents answered affirmatively about the possibility of having a viable idea that could result in a
business. However, only 7% of them indicated that they came forward with the idea and put it into practice. The
others 93% indicated that this had not happened yet (figure 8). This goes against the data above, regarding the
fear of people taking risks, which is something impossible to dissociate from entrepreneurship.
Figure 8. Percentage of the respondents who have realized the fantastic idea
We also wanted to understand how educational, social and family influences impact the entrepreneurial spirit of
respondents. When asked if the training area promotes entrepreneurial ideas, about 80% of the respondents
answered affirmatively against 20% of them, who consider that this is not associated (figure 9). Then, asked if
the institution where the training is/was obtained promotes entrepreneurial ideas, the answers were similar, and
74% answered affirmatively against 26% who do not share the same opinion. This shows that in fact Higher
Education is something that enhances entrepreneurship.
Figure 9. Training area empowering entrepreneurial ideas
When approached about the existence of family members with their own businesses, 60% of the respondents
gave positive answers, which shows that more than half of people have direct contact with an entrepreneur.
Regarding the influence that the sources of information have on the entrepreneurial spirit we obtained the
following results: Newspapers / magazines 10%; Television / Radio 14%; Social Networks 12%; Internet 19%,
Training Area 19%; Success stories 17%; Examples in Family 9% (figure 10). This leads us to conclude that, in
general, the sources of information have a positive influence on the entrepreneurial spirit, with the Internet
showing a greater weight, and the familiar examples a smaller weight.
Figure 10. Sources of information influence on the entrepreneurial spirit
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53% of respondents see themselves as people with an entrepreneurial spirit. 11% of the respondents gave
negative responses and 36% of the respondent’s don´t have opinion about it, which reveals that only a little
more than half of the respondents really consider having an entrepreneurial spirit, thus corroborating in a general
way the results obtained in the remaining questions (figure 11).
Figure 11. Percentage of respondents who see themselves as people with an entrepreneurial spirit
V. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Using the SPSS to perform a more detailed statistical treatment, a multiple linear regression model (stepwise)
was constructed to determine if the entrepreneurial spirit variable depends linearly on all other variables
questioned in our survey. This test was tested for a level of significance of 95%, considered the ideal test level
when there is no amplitude of the sample, and the results obtained are translated in tables 1, 2 and 3.
Table 1. Model Summary
Table 2. ANOVA
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Table 3. Coefficients
It can then be concluded that for our study, which aimed to evaluate entrepreneurial intentions in students of
higher education (entrepreneurship), the variables that depend linearly for the development of the
entrepreneurial spirit are the ambition to create a business of its own, previous fantastic ideas, to consider that
the training area promotes entrepreneurial ideas and the fact that they have a family history that has or had a
business of their own. These variables are those that most influence the entrepreneurial spirit of university
students, with a level of significance of 95%.
Thus, with this linear regression model, we obtain the linear regression equation that demonstrates the
previously mentioned premises:
Where, Y represents the Entrepreneurial Intention
Based on the bibliographical research carried out for this study, it can be verified that the obtained results
demonstrate that an entrepreneurial education empowers an entrepreneurial culture of the students. This
education is not only derived from higher education institutions, but also from the student’s family. There are
authors who say that the existence of a family member with a great entrepreneurial focus can significantly
influence the entrepreneurial spirit of the students. The authors of this article have also opted to test if the
training area influences the entrepreneurial culture of the students. To perform this test, they had to verify the
existence of normal data (table 4).
Table 4. Normality tests
For a 95% level of significance, observing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (for samples greater than 50 elements),
it was verified that there is no normality of the data, so a non-parametric test (table 5) was chosen.
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Table 5. Kruskal-Wallis test
To better understand the influence among the data, we used the Kruskal Wallis test, which can be applied when
there is no normal distribution of the data and, simultaneously, there are 3 or more independent samples and the
different populations assume an equal form. Analyzing the test results it was possible to conclude that there are
no significant differences between the entrepreneurial spirit and the training area. This result is interesting for
the authors, since there is no assumed tendency for any of the training areas that reveals that there is one that
assumes more predisposed to the entrepreneurial spirit. That is, for the respondents to be majors in engineering
or languages, among others, there is no difference between revealing themselves with entrepreneurial spirit.
However, the question, "Do you think your training area promotes entrepreneurial ideas?", most students said
yes. It can now be stated that regardless of the training area that each student attends, the important thing is that
in all areas the entrepreneurial spirit can be awakened, and the entrepreneurial culture depends very much on the
way in which it is educated. It is also important that for the open answer question, "what do you suggest so that
your institution can better cultivate the innovative spirit in students?", the study shows that most students wish
to have more subjects related to entrepreneurship (23%), as well as seminars and lectures (11%) and contact
with successful cases (11%). This means students would like to invest on a culture of education for the
development of the entrepreneurial character.
VI. CONCLUSION
The realization of this study allowed the authors to understand how university students in Portugal perceive
entrepreneurship and what their entrepreneurial intentions are. The formulation of the survey allowed us to
redirect the study to what is its objective. It can be concluded from this investigation that what most influences
students to have an entrepreneurial spirit is the ambition to create their own business, the fact that they already
had some fantastic idea (s) that they wish to developed, to consider that their area of formation has influence in
the development of an entrepreneurial culture, and finally the fact of having a family history with a strong
incidence in the entrepreneurial character. It is still relevant to affirm that the entrepreneurial culture depends
very much on a good entrepreneurial education. Through the analysis of respondents' responses, it is possible to
affirm that although the majority of the students is willing to create their own business and work on their own,
together with the large number of respondents who believe they have had a good idea that could result in a
successful business, very few succeed to go through with the idea or to create their own business. This reality
can arise from the lack of knowledge from the respondents in how to realize what they idealized, due to the fact
that the platforms of support to the creation of businesses and of development of ideas do not provide sufficient
information for each business. The bureaucratic effects associated with the creation of businesses together with
the lack of financial support for their implementation are also some of the obstacles encountered by the
population that intends to start an activity on their own. In fact, it is important to point out that, in addition to the
afore mentioned causes that may inhibit respondents to carry out their own business (or expansion) and realize
their idea, i tis not possible to circumvent one of the causes that will have the greatest and more direct impact in
inhibiting the idea presented. The political and financial instability that the country has undergone in recent
years, and which is still felt today, discourages others interested in expanding their business. The media reports
on existing companies and their high rates of group dismissal, as well as the number of companies closed in
recent years due to the lack of state support and the increase in the amount of legislation and bureaucracy that
must be met, make entrepreneurs ponder several times before putting their ideas into practice or move forward
with their business.
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As a conclusion, it is possible to affirm that despite trying to institutionalize an entrepreneurial culture in
university students through the insertion of curricular units related to entrepreneurship in the most diverse
courses and their own motivation to carry out the work, conditions in our country that allow us to foment this
kind of culture must be created so that we move from intentions to actions. This review is still ongoing. As such,
there are some issues that need to be answered in this final section. Firstly, it should be noted that the insertion
of curricular units related to entrepreneurship per si is not enough to create an entrepreneurial culture in Higher
Education Institutions (HEIs). Likewise, it will also be interesting to formulate how the success of the enterprise
will be dependent on the core competencies of the entrepreneurs and the support that they have of the HEIs.
Finally, it would be interesting to work on these issues at national level, with all HEIs and to understand what is
actually being done in this area of research and action.
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