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Emotion and passion are the two most essential elements in understanding how people learn. Often, the initial response to security threats is throwing technology at the problem. But as we know, you can’t fix all of your security issues without understanding the role humans play in the process.
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- What really drives how employees learn
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Single-use plastic systems are being utilized more frequently especially for COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing. However, there are issues regarding standardization of quality information that limits implementation efficiencies. One of the challenges is the evaluation of leachables derived from a variety of different plastic components in a timely manner.
Since the USP <665> highlights a risk assessment approach with no typical pass/fail limit, approaches to decision-making based on the extractables data package will be reviewed. In addition, we will highlight legacy testing requirements which may not be necessary once USP <665> is implemented.
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The document discusses the Windows registry, which is a central database that contains settings for Windows, programs, hardware, and users. It contains keys like HKCR, HKCU, HKLM, and HKU that store information about file associations, the current user profile, system-wide settings, and user profiles. Important forensic information can be extracted from the registry, including the system configuration, devices, user names, web browsing activity, and recent files. This is demonstrated through reports generated using the RegRipper tool on registry hives like SYSTEM, SAM, and NTUSER.DAT.
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In this webinar, you will learn:
- how to measure filter performance and capacity,
- how to optimize filter virus removal capability,
- and avoid potential pit-falls
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This webinar will cover all aspects of parvovirus filtration best practices: process development/ optimization, pilot scale-up, and validation and explain the important connections between these activities. The rationale for the recommended best practices will be explained by discussing the underlying mechanisms that control filter performance.
The document discusses recent developments in video transformers. It summarizes several recent works that employ spatial backbones like ViT or ResNet combined with temporal transformers for video classification. Examples mentioned include VTN, TimeSformer, STAM, and ViViT. The document also discusses common practices in video transformer inference, like using multiple clips/crops and averaging predictions. Design choices covered include number of frames, spatial dimensions, and multi-view inference techniques.
A presentation on the "no new UNet" model, which attempts to automate hyper-parameter selection for medical image segmentation. The paper was accepted to Nature Methods.
Learning ≠ Education: How people really learn and what it means for security ...Infosec
Emotion and passion are the two most essential elements in understanding how people learn. Often, the initial response to security threats is throwing technology at the problem. But as we know, you can’t fix all of your security issues without understanding the role humans play in the process.
Join Nick Shackleton-Jones — 30-year learning and development vet, Former CLO at Deloitte UK and CEO and Founder of Shackleton Consulting — to better understand:
- The difference between learning and education
- What really drives how employees learn
- How to develop a growth mindset that truly changes employee behavior
Watch the full webcast here: https://www.infosecinstitute.com/webinar/adult-learning-security/
Upcoming USP 665 - Level of Characterization of Single-Use Systems Today and ...MilliporeSigma
Register for the interactive, on-demand webinar now: https://bit.ly/USP665
Single-use plastic systems are being utilized more frequently especially for COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing. However, there are issues regarding standardization of quality information that limits implementation efficiencies. One of the challenges is the evaluation of leachables derived from a variety of different plastic components in a timely manner.
Since the USP <665> highlights a risk assessment approach with no typical pass/fail limit, approaches to decision-making based on the extractables data package will be reviewed. In addition, we will highlight legacy testing requirements which may not be necessary once USP <665> is implemented.
In this webinar, we will discuss:
- Regulatory expectations of extractables and leachables assessment today and tomorrow
- The right criteria that need to be assessed to select the type and quality of plastic materials for use in biopharmaceutical manufacturing
The document discusses the Windows registry, which is a central database that contains settings for Windows, programs, hardware, and users. It contains keys like HKCR, HKCU, HKLM, and HKU that store information about file associations, the current user profile, system-wide settings, and user profiles. Important forensic information can be extracted from the registry, including the system configuration, devices, user names, web browsing activity, and recent files. This is demonstrated through reports generated using the RegRipper tool on registry hives like SYSTEM, SAM, and NTUSER.DAT.
Malware Detection Using Machine Learning TechniquesArshadRaja786
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In this webinar, you will learn:
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- and avoid potential pit-falls
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This webinar will cover all aspects of parvovirus filtration best practices: process development/ optimization, pilot scale-up, and validation and explain the important connections between these activities. The rationale for the recommended best practices will be explained by discussing the underlying mechanisms that control filter performance.
The document discusses recent developments in video transformers. It summarizes several recent works that employ spatial backbones like ViT or ResNet combined with temporal transformers for video classification. Examples mentioned include VTN, TimeSformer, STAM, and ViViT. The document also discusses common practices in video transformer inference, like using multiple clips/crops and averaging predictions. Design choices covered include number of frames, spatial dimensions, and multi-view inference techniques.
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DATA MINING IN EDUCATION : A REVIEW ON THE KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY PERSPECTIVEIJDKP
Knowledge Discovery in Databases is the process of finding knowledge in massive amount of data where
data mining is the core of this process. Data mining can be used to mine understandable meaningful patterns from large databases and these patterns may then be converted into knowledge.Data mining is the process of extracting the information and patterns derived by the KDD process which helps in crucial decision-making.Data mining works with data warehouse and the whole process is divded into action plan to be performed on data: Selection, transformation, mining and results interpretation. In this paper, we have reviewed Knowledge Discovery perspective in Data Mining and consolidated different areas of data
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The document discusses the process of knowledge discovery in databases (KDP). It provides the following key points:
1. KDP involves discovering useful information from data through steps like data cleaning, transformation, mining and pattern evaluation.
2. Several KDP models have been developed, including academic models with 9 steps, industrial models with 5-6 steps, and hybrid models combining aspects of both.
3. A widely used model is CRISP-DM, which stands for Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining and has 6 steps: business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation and deployment.
This document provides an overview of artificial neural networks and their application in data mining techniques. It discusses neural networks as a tool that can be used for data mining, though some practitioners are wary of them due to their opaque nature. The document also outlines the data mining process and some common data mining techniques like classification, clustering, regression, and association rule mining. It notes that neural networks, as a predictive modeling technique, can be useful for problems like classification and prediction.
Data mining involves extracting hidden patterns from large databases. It helps companies analyze important information in their data. Some applications of data mining include financial data analysis, retail industry analysis, telecommunications analysis, biological data analysis, scientific applications, and intrusion detection. Data mining uses techniques like classification, clustering, and prediction.
6 ijaems sept-2015-6-a review of data security primitives in data miningINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a review of 30 research papers on data security primitives in data mining. The review identified 9 key issues: spatial data handling, gaps between hidden patterns and business tools, decision making in heterogeneous databases, resource mining, visually interactive data mining, data cluster mining, load balancing and data fittability, privacy preservation, and mining complex patterns. For each issue, the document discusses solution approaches from the papers and identifies the best and worst approaches. Common findings are presented across the issues. The document concludes there is scope for future work integrating optimization techniques with neural networks for improved data mining and increasing system flexibility.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data mining techniques. It discusses how data mining is used to discover patterns, associations, and structures in large amounts of data in a semi-automatic way. The document outlines the typical data mining process, which includes understanding the problem domain, collecting and cleaning data, applying data mining algorithms like association rules, sequence mining, classification, and clustering, and then interpreting and evaluating the results. Several categories of data mining problems and techniques are described at a high level.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DATA MINING TECHNIQUES IN BANKINGcsijjournal
The aim of this study is to identify the extent of Data mining activities that are practiced by banks, Data mining is the ability to link structured and unstructured information with the changing rules by which people apply it. It is not a technology, but a solution that applies information technologies. Currently
several industries including like banking, finance, retail, insurance, publicity, database marketing, sales predict, etc are Data Mining tools for Customer . Leading banks are using Data Mining tools for customer segmentation and benefit, credit scoring and approval, predicting payment lapse, marketing, detecting illegal transactions, etc. The Banking is realizing that it is possible to gain competitive advantage deploy data mining. This article provides the effectiveness of Data mining technique in organized Banking. It also discusses standard tasks involved in data mining; evaluate various data mining applications in different
sectors
Introduction to Data Mining and Data WarehousingKamal Acharya
This document provides details about a course on data mining and data warehousing. The course objectives are to understand the foundational principles and techniques of data mining and data warehousing. The course description covers topics like data preprocessing, classification, association analysis, cluster analysis, and data warehouses. The course is divided into 10 units that cover concepts and algorithms for data mining techniques. Practical exercises are included to apply techniques to real-world data problems.
Data mining refers to extracting knowledge from large amounts of data and involves techniques from machine learning, statistics, and databases. A typical data mining system includes a database, data mining engine, pattern evaluation module, and graphical user interface. The knowledge discovery in data (KDD) process involves data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, evaluation, and presentation to extract useful patterns from data. KDD is the overall process while data mining is one step, applying algorithms to extract patterns for analysis.
Applications, Techniques and Trends of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Da...ijtsrd
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery is intended to be the best technical publication in the field providing a resource collecting relevant common methods and techniques. Traditionally, data mining and knowledge discovery was performed manually. As time passed, the amount of data in many systems grew to larger than terabyte size, and could no longer be maintained manually. Besides, for the successful existence of any business, discovering underlying patterns in data is considered essential. This paper proposed about applications, techniques and trends of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Database. Khin Sein Hlaing | Yin Myo Kay Khine Thaw "Applications, Techniques and Trends of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Database" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26733.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/data-miining/26733/applications-techniques-and-trends-of-data-mining-and-knowledge-discovery-database/khin-sein-hlaing
This document provides an overview of knowledge discovery and data mining in databases. It discusses how knowledge discovery in databases is the process of finding useful knowledge from large datasets, with data mining being the core step that extracts patterns from data. The document outlines the common steps in the knowledge discovery process, including data preparation, data mining algorithm selection and employment, pattern evaluation, and incorporating discovered knowledge. It also describes different data mining techniques such as prediction, classification, and clustering and their goals of extracting meaningful information from data.
The Survey of Data Mining Applications And Feature Scope IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper we have focused a variety of techniques, approaches and different areas of the research which
are helpful and marked as the important field of data mining Technologies. As we are aware that many MNC’s
and large organizations are operated in different places of the different countries. Each place of operation
may generate large volumes of data. Corporate decision makers require access from all such sources and
take strategic decisions .The data warehouse is used in the significant business value by improving the
effectiveness of managerial decision-making. In an uncertain and highly competitive business
environment, the value of strategic information systems such as these are easily recognized however in
today’s business environment, efficiency or speed is not the only key for competitiveness. This type of huge
amount of data’s are available in the form of tera- to peta-bytes which has drastically changed in the areas
of science and engineering. To analyze, manage and make a decision of such type of huge amount of data
we need techniques called the data mining which will transforming in many fields. This paper imparts more
number of applications of the data mining and also o focuses scope of the data mining which will helpful in
the further research.
IRJET- Fault Detection and Prediction of Failure using Vibration AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses fault detection and prediction of failures in rotating equipment using vibration analysis. It begins by introducing vibration analysis as a method to monitor machines and detect faults in rotating components that may cause failures. It then discusses how motor vibration is measured and analyzed using techniques like spectrum analysis to identify faults like unbalance, bearing issues, or broken rotor bars. The document proposes decomposing vibration signals using intrinsic mode functions and calculating the Gabor representation's frequency marginal to identify fault types using classifiers like support vector machines or random forests. It provides context on data mining techniques relevant to this type of fault prediction problem.
This document outlines the learning objectives and resources for a course on data mining and analytics. The course aims to:
1) Familiarize students with key concepts in data mining like association rule mining and classification algorithms.
2) Teach students to apply techniques like association rule mining, classification, cluster analysis, and outlier analysis.
3) Help students understand the importance of applying data mining concepts across different domains.
The primary textbook listed is "Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques" by Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber. Topics that will be covered include introduction to data mining, preprocessing, association rules, classification algorithms, cluster analysis, and applications.
CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM USING RANDOM CONCEPT ON A VERY LARGE DATA SET: A SURVEYEditor IJMTER
Data mining environment produces a large amount of data, that need to be
analyses, pattern have to be extracted from that to gain knowledge. In this new period with
rumble of data both ordered and unordered, by using traditional databases and architectures, it
has become difficult to process, manage and analyses patterns. To gain knowledge about the
Big Data a proper architecture should be understood. Classification is an important data mining
technique with broad applications to classify the various kinds of data used in nearly every
field of our life. Classification is used to classify the item according to the features of the item
with respect to the predefined set of classes. This paper provides an inclusive survey of
different classification algorithms and put a light on various classification algorithms including
j48, C4.5, k-nearest neighbor classifier, Naive Bayes, SVM etc., using random concept.
Different Classification Technique for Data mining in Insurance Industry usin...IOSRjournaljce
this paper addresses the issues and techniques for Property/Casualty actuaries applying data mining methods. Data mining means the effective unknown pattern discovery from a large amount database. It is an interactive knowledge discovery procedure which is includes data acquisition, data integration, data exploration, model building, and model validation. The paper provides an overview of the data discovery method and introduces some important data mining method for application to insurance concluding cluster discovery approaches.
This document discusses data mining and provides an overview of the topic. It begins by defining data mining as the process of analyzing large amounts of data to discover hidden patterns and rules. The goal is to analyze this data and summarize it into useful information that can be used to make decisions.
It then describes some common data mining techniques like decision trees, neural networks, and clustering. It also discusses the typical stages of a data mining project, including business understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation, and deployment.
Finally, it provides examples of applications for data mining, such as in healthcare to identify patterns in patient data, education to improve learning outcomes, and manufacturing to enhance product quality. In summary, the document outlines the
Data mining involves analyzing large amounts of data to discover patterns that can be used for purposes such as increasing sales, reducing costs, or detecting fraud. It allows companies to better understand customer behavior and develop more effective marketing strategies. Common data mining techniques used by retailers include loyalty programs to track purchasing patterns and target customers with personalized coupons. Data mining software uses techniques like classification, clustering, and prediction to analyze data from different perspectives and extract useful information and patterns.
Data Mining System and Applications: A Reviewijdpsjournal
In the Information Technology era information plays vital role in every sphere of the human life. It is very important to gather data from different data sources, store and maintain the data, generate information, generate knowledge and disseminate data, information and knowledge to every stakeholder. Due to vast use of computers and electronics devices and tremendous growth in computing power and storage capacity, there is explosive growth in data collection. The storing of the data in data warehouse enables entire enterprise to access a reliable current database. To analyze this vast amount of data and drawing fruitful conclusions and inferences it needs the special tools called data mining tools. This paper gives overview of the data mining systems and some of its applications.
An analysis and impact factors on Agriculture field using Data Mining Techniquesijcnes
In computing and information huge amount of data was provided in the storage. The task is to extract the specified data from the raw data. Data mining is one of the techniques that will extract the data. Data mining techniques are used in many places. The techniques like K-means, K nearest neighbor, support vector machine, bi clustering, navie bayes classifier, neural networks and fuzzy C-means are applied on agricultural data. There are many factors in agriculture. The main factors for the farmer are climate, soil and yield prediction. Farmer must know To improve their production select suitable crop for suitable climate. This paper provides the various concepts of Data mining, their applications and also discusses the research field in agriculture. This paper discusses the different types of factors that impact in the agriculture field.
This document provides an overview of key Salesforce platform development concepts including platform building blocks, data modeling, data management, formulas and validations, Apex programming basics, writing SOQL and SOSL queries, Apex triggers, and Apex testing. It describes how to create custom objects and relationships, import and export data, write formulas and validation rules, call Apex methods, perform DML operations, query related records, and build test classes and methods.
This document provides an overview of various Salesforce platform development basics including platform building blocks, data modeling, data management, formulas and validations, Apex programming, and writing SOQL and SOSL queries. It describes how to create custom objects and relationships, import and export data, write validation rules and formulas, execute SOQL queries in Apex and the developer console, and perform text searches across objects using SOSL. The document is intended as an introduction to key concepts for developing on the Salesforce platform.
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Knowledge Discovery in Databases is the process of finding knowledge in massive amount of data where
data mining is the core of this process. Data mining can be used to mine understandable meaningful patterns from large databases and these patterns may then be converted into knowledge.Data mining is the process of extracting the information and patterns derived by the KDD process which helps in crucial decision-making.Data mining works with data warehouse and the whole process is divded into action plan to be performed on data: Selection, transformation, mining and results interpretation. In this paper, we have reviewed Knowledge Discovery perspective in Data Mining and consolidated different areas of data
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1. KDP involves discovering useful information from data through steps like data cleaning, transformation, mining and pattern evaluation.
2. Several KDP models have been developed, including academic models with 9 steps, industrial models with 5-6 steps, and hybrid models combining aspects of both.
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This document summarizes a review of 30 research papers on data security primitives in data mining. The review identified 9 key issues: spatial data handling, gaps between hidden patterns and business tools, decision making in heterogeneous databases, resource mining, visually interactive data mining, data cluster mining, load balancing and data fittability, privacy preservation, and mining complex patterns. For each issue, the document discusses solution approaches from the papers and identifies the best and worst approaches. Common findings are presented across the issues. The document concludes there is scope for future work integrating optimization techniques with neural networks for improved data mining and increasing system flexibility.
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The aim of this study is to identify the extent of Data mining activities that are practiced by banks, Data mining is the ability to link structured and unstructured information with the changing rules by which people apply it. It is not a technology, but a solution that applies information technologies. Currently
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Data mining refers to extracting knowledge from large amounts of data and involves techniques from machine learning, statistics, and databases. A typical data mining system includes a database, data mining engine, pattern evaluation module, and graphical user interface. The knowledge discovery in data (KDD) process involves data cleaning, integration, selection, transformation, mining, evaluation, and presentation to extract useful patterns from data. KDD is the overall process while data mining is one step, applying algorithms to extract patterns for analysis.
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Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery is intended to be the best technical publication in the field providing a resource collecting relevant common methods and techniques. Traditionally, data mining and knowledge discovery was performed manually. As time passed, the amount of data in many systems grew to larger than terabyte size, and could no longer be maintained manually. Besides, for the successful existence of any business, discovering underlying patterns in data is considered essential. This paper proposed about applications, techniques and trends of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Database. Khin Sein Hlaing | Yin Myo Kay Khine Thaw "Applications, Techniques and Trends of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Database" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26733.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/data-miining/26733/applications-techniques-and-trends-of-data-mining-and-knowledge-discovery-database/khin-sein-hlaing
This document provides an overview of knowledge discovery and data mining in databases. It discusses how knowledge discovery in databases is the process of finding useful knowledge from large datasets, with data mining being the core step that extracts patterns from data. The document outlines the common steps in the knowledge discovery process, including data preparation, data mining algorithm selection and employment, pattern evaluation, and incorporating discovered knowledge. It also describes different data mining techniques such as prediction, classification, and clustering and their goals of extracting meaningful information from data.
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In this paper we have focused a variety of techniques, approaches and different areas of the research which
are helpful and marked as the important field of data mining Technologies. As we are aware that many MNC’s
and large organizations are operated in different places of the different countries. Each place of operation
may generate large volumes of data. Corporate decision makers require access from all such sources and
take strategic decisions .The data warehouse is used in the significant business value by improving the
effectiveness of managerial decision-making. In an uncertain and highly competitive business
environment, the value of strategic information systems such as these are easily recognized however in
today’s business environment, efficiency or speed is not the only key for competitiveness. This type of huge
amount of data’s are available in the form of tera- to peta-bytes which has drastically changed in the areas
of science and engineering. To analyze, manage and make a decision of such type of huge amount of data
we need techniques called the data mining which will transforming in many fields. This paper imparts more
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1) Familiarize students with key concepts in data mining like association rule mining and classification algorithms.
2) Teach students to apply techniques like association rule mining, classification, cluster analysis, and outlier analysis.
3) Help students understand the importance of applying data mining concepts across different domains.
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Data mining environment produces a large amount of data, that need to be
analyses, pattern have to be extracted from that to gain knowledge. In this new period with
rumble of data both ordered and unordered, by using traditional databases and architectures, it
has become difficult to process, manage and analyses patterns. To gain knowledge about the
Big Data a proper architecture should be understood. Classification is an important data mining
technique with broad applications to classify the various kinds of data used in nearly every
field of our life. Classification is used to classify the item according to the features of the item
with respect to the predefined set of classes. This paper provides an inclusive survey of
different classification algorithms and put a light on various classification algorithms including
j48, C4.5, k-nearest neighbor classifier, Naive Bayes, SVM etc., using random concept.
Different Classification Technique for Data mining in Insurance Industry usin...IOSRjournaljce
this paper addresses the issues and techniques for Property/Casualty actuaries applying data mining methods. Data mining means the effective unknown pattern discovery from a large amount database. It is an interactive knowledge discovery procedure which is includes data acquisition, data integration, data exploration, model building, and model validation. The paper provides an overview of the data discovery method and introduces some important data mining method for application to insurance concluding cluster discovery approaches.
This document discusses data mining and provides an overview of the topic. It begins by defining data mining as the process of analyzing large amounts of data to discover hidden patterns and rules. The goal is to analyze this data and summarize it into useful information that can be used to make decisions.
It then describes some common data mining techniques like decision trees, neural networks, and clustering. It also discusses the typical stages of a data mining project, including business understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation, and deployment.
Finally, it provides examples of applications for data mining, such as in healthcare to identify patterns in patient data, education to improve learning outcomes, and manufacturing to enhance product quality. In summary, the document outlines the
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In the Information Technology era information plays vital role in every sphere of the human life. It is very important to gather data from different data sources, store and maintain the data, generate information, generate knowledge and disseminate data, information and knowledge to every stakeholder. Due to vast use of computers and electronics devices and tremendous growth in computing power and storage capacity, there is explosive growth in data collection. The storing of the data in data warehouse enables entire enterprise to access a reliable current database. To analyze this vast amount of data and drawing fruitful conclusions and inferences it needs the special tools called data mining tools. This paper gives overview of the data mining systems and some of its applications.
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9
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2. Table of Content:
1. Introduction
2. Why Do We Need KD?
3. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in the Real World
4. Basic Definitions
5. The KD Process
6. The Data-Mining Step of the KD Process
1. Data Mining Methods
2. The Components of Data Mining Algorithms
2/4/2018 2
3. Contd...
7. Some Data-Mining Methods
1. Decision Trees and Rules
2. Nonlinear Regression and Classification Methods
3. Example-Based Methods
4. Probabilistic Graphic Dependency Models
8. Research and Application Challenges
9. Conclusion
2/4/2018 3
4. 1. Introduction
• Across a wide variety of fields, data are being collected and accumulated at a
dramatic pace
• There is urgent need on extracting useful information (knowledge) from the
rapidly growing volumes of digital data
• The Knowledge discovery (KD) field is concerned with the development of
methods and techniques for making sense of data
• KD process is mapping of low-level data into other forms that might be more
compact ,more abstract or more useful
2/4/2018 4
5. 5
2. Why Do We Need KD ?
• The traditional method of turning data into knowledge relies on manual analysis
and interpretation
• Eg. in the health-care industry
• Specialists periodically analyze current trends and changes in health-care data
• The specialists then provide a report detailing the analysis to the health-care
organization
• This report becomes the basis for future decision making and planning for
health-care management
• For these (and many other) applications, this form of manual probing of a data set
is slow, expensive, and highly subjective2/4/2018
6. 2/4/2018
Contd...
• As data volumes grow dramatically, this type of manual data analysis is becoming
completely impractical in many domains
• Computational techniques to unearth meaningful patterns and structures from the
massive volumes of data
• KD is an attempt to address a problem that the digital information era made a fact of
life for all of us: data overload
• Businesses use KD to gain competitive advantage, increase efficiency, and provide
more valuable services to customers
6
7. 7
3. Data Mining and KD in the Real World
• KD applications and have been deployed on large-scale real-world problems in
science and in business
• Eg. SKICAT, a system used by astronomers to perform image analysis, cataloging
and classification of sky objects from sky-survey images
• Used to process the 3 terabytes (1012 bytes) of image data
• It is estimated that on the order of 109 sky objects are detectable
• SKICAT can outperform humans and traditional computational techniques in
classifying faint sky objects
2/4/2018
8. 2/4/2018
Contd...
• KD application areas :
1. Marketing :
• Analyze customer databases to identify different customer groups and forecast
their behavior
• Eg. If customer bought X, he/she is also likely to buy Y and Z
2. Investment :
• Numerous companies use data mining for investment
• Eg. LBS Capital Management
• Its system uses expert systems, neural nets, and genetic algorithms to manage
portfolios totaling $600 million 8
9. 2/4/2018
Contd...
3. Fraud detection :
• HNC Falcon and Nestor PRISM systems are used for monitoring credit card
fraud, watching over millions of accounts
• The FAIS system, is used to identify financial transactions that might indicate
money laundering activity
4. Manufacturing :
• The CASSIOPEE troubleshooting system, used to diagnose and predict
problems for the Boeing 737
• Faults, clustering methods are used
• CASSIOPEE received the European first prize for innovative application
9
10. 2/4/2018
Contd...
5. Telecommunications :
• The telecommunications alarm-sequence analyzer (TASA) used a frequently
occurring alarm episodes from the alarm stream and presenting them as rules
6. Data cleaning :
• The MERGE-PURGE system was applied to the identification of duplicate
welfare claims
• IBM’s ADVANCED SCOUT, that helps National Basketball Association (NBA)
coaches organize and interpret data from NBA games
10
11. 2/4/2018 11
4. Basic Definitions
• KD is the nontrivial process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and
ultimately understandable patterns in data
• Data are a set of facts
• Pattern is an expression in some language describing a subset of the data or a
model applicable to the subset
• Process implies steps, like data preparation, search for patterns, knowledge
evaluation, and refinement etc.
• Data mining is a step in the KD process that consists of applying data analysis
and discovery algorithms that, to produce a patterns (or models) over the data
12. 2/4/2018 12
5. The KD Process
• The KDD process is interactive and iterative, involving numerous steps
1. Identifying the goal
• Understanding of the application domain
• Relevant prior knowledge
2. Creating a target data set
• Selecting a data set or data samples, on which discovery is to be performed
3. Data cleaning and preprocessing
• Removing noise if appropriate
• Deciding on strategies for handling missing data fields
13. 2/4/2018
Contd...
4. Data reduction and projection
• Finding useful features to represent the data depending on the goal of the task
• With dimensionality reduction methods, the effective number of variables
under consideration can be reduced Exploratory
5. Analysis and model and hypothesis selection
• Choosing the datamining algorithm(s) and selecting method(s) to be used for
searching for data patterns
6. Data Mining
• Searching for patterns of interest in a particular representational form
Implementation on KD
13
14. 2/4/2018
Contd...
7. Interpreting mined patterns
• visualization of the extracted patterns
8. Implementation
• Using the knowledge directly
• Incorporating the knowledge into another system for further action
• Simply documenting it
• Reporting it to interested parties
14
16. 6. The Data-Mining Step of the KD Process
• KD Goals :
1. Verification : The system is limited to verifying the user’s hypothesis
2. Discovery : The system autonomously finds new patterns
• Prediction : The system finds patterns for predicting the future
behavior of some entities
• Description : The system finds patterns for presentation to a user in a human-
understandable form
• Data mining involves fitting models to, or determining patterns from, observed data
2/4/2018 16
17. 6.1 Data-Mining Methods
• Primary Goals of Data Mining
1. Prediction : Uses some variables or fields in the database to predict unknown
or future values of other variables of interest
2. Description : Finds human-interpretable patterns describing the data
• Data-mining methods:
• Classification • Regression
• Clustering • Summarization
• Dependency Modeling • Change and deviation detection
2/4/2018 17
18. 2/4/2018
Contd...
1. Classification :
• It is learning a function that maps (classifies) a data item into one of several
predefined classes
• Fraud detection and credit risk applications are particularly well suited to this
type of analysis
• Types of classification models
1. Classification by decision tree induction
2. Bayesian Classification
3. Neural Networks
4. Support Vector Machines (SVM)
18
19. Contd...
Figure 2: A Simple Linear Classification Boundary for the Loan Data Set.The
shaped region denotes class no loan
2/4/2018 19
• x’s represent persons who have
defaulted on their loans
• o’s represent persons whose
loans are in good status with the
bank
20. 2/4/2018
Contd...
20
2. Regression :
• It is learning a function that maps a data item to a real-valued prediction variable
• It establishes a relationship between dependent variable (Y) and one or
more independent variables (X) using a best fit straight line
• It is represented by an equation Y=a+b*X + e
• a is intercept, b is slope of the line and e is error term
• This equation can be used to predict the value of target variable based on
given predictor variable(s)
21. Contd...
Figure 3: A Simple Linear Regression for the Weight and Height Data Set
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/wp content/uploads/2015/08/Linear_Regression1.png
2/4/2018 21
22. 2/4/2018
Contd...
• Eg.
1. Estimating the probability that a patient will survive given the results of a set
of diagnostic tests
2. Predicting the amount of biomass present in a forest given remotely sensed
microwave measurements
• Types of regression methods
1. Linear Regression
2. Multivariate Linear Regression
3. Nonlinear Regression
4. Multivariate Nonlinear Regression
22
23. 2/4/2018
Contd...
23
3. Clustering :
• Clustering can be said as identification of similar classes of objects
• Clustering can identify dense and sparse regions in object space and can
discover overall distribution pattern and correlations among data attributes
• Types of Clustering models
1. Partitioning Methods
2. Hierarchical Agglomerative (divisive) methods
3. Density based methods
4. Grid-based methods
5. Model-based methods
24. Contd...
Figure 4: A Simple Clustering of the Age and Purchase Power Data Set into Three Cluster
2/4/2018 24
25. 2/4/2018
Contd...
25
3. Summarization :
• It involves methods for finding a compact description for a subset of data
• Eg.
• Tabulating the mean and standard deviations for all fields
• Discovery of functional relationships between variables
• Summarization techniques are often applied to interactive exploratory data
analysis and automated report generation
4. Change and deviation detection:
• Focuses on discovering the most significant changes in the data from previously
measured or normative values
26. 2/4/2018
Contd...
26
5. Dependency modeling :
• Consists of finding a model that describes significant dependencies between
variables
• Dependency models exist at two levels :
• Structural level: specifies (often in graphic form) which variables are locally
dependent on each other
• Quantitative level: specifies the strengths of the dependencies using some
numeric scale
• Eg. Based on historical sale data, retailers might find out that customers always
buy cookies when they buy beers
27. 6.2 The Components of Data-Mining Algorithms
• Three primary components in any data-mining algorithm:
1. Model representation : It is the language used to describe discoverable patterns
2. Model-evaluation criteria : Estimates how well a particular pattern (a model
and its parameters) meet the criteria of the KD process
3. Search method : consists of two components
1. Parameter search :
• It searches for the parameters which optimize the model evaluation criteria
given observed data and a fixed model representation
2. Model search :
• It occurs as a loop over the parameter search method
• The model representation is changed so that a family of models are considered
2/4/2018 27
28. 7. Some Data-Mining Algorithms
1. Decision Trees and Rules :
• An internal node is a test on an attribute
• A branch represents an outcome of the test, e.g., Color=red
• A leaf node represents a class label or class label distribution
• At each node, one attribute is chosen to split training examples into distinct
classes as much as possible
• A new instance is classified by following a matching path to a leaf node
2/4/2018 28
29. 29 Figure 5: Weather Data
Outlook Temperature Humidity Windy Play?
sunny hot high false No
sunny hot high true No
overcast hot high false Yes
rain mild high false Yes
rain cool normal false Yes
rain cool normal true No
overcast cool normal true Yes
sunny mild high false No
sunny cool normal false Yes
rain mild normal false Yes
sunny mild normal true Yes
overcast mild high true Yes
overcast hot normal false Yes
rain mild high true No
Contd...
2/4/2018
31. 2. Nonlinear Regression and Classification Methods :
• It is a techniques for prediction that fit linear and nonlinear combinations of
basis functions to combinations of the input variables
• Eg. feedforward neural networks, adaptive spline methods, and projection
pursuit regression
2/4/2018 31
Contd...
32. 32
Figure 7:An Example of Classification Boundaries Learned by a Nonlinear
Classifier (Such as a Neural Network) for the Loan Data Set
Contd...
2/4/2018
33. 3. Example-Based Methods :
• Predictions on new examples are derived from the properties of similar examples
in the model whose prediction is known
• Eg. Nearest-neighbor classification and regression algorithms and case-based
reasoning systems
• Disadvantages:
• Well-defined distance metric for evaluating the distance between data points is
required
• Eg. If we used loan, sex, and profession, as variable then it would require more
effort to define a sensible metric
2/4/2018 33
Contd...
34. 34
Figure 8: Classification Boundaries for a Nearest-Neighbor
Classifier for the Loan Data Set
Contd...
2/4/2018
35. 4. Probabilistic Graphic Dependency Models :
• It specify probabilistic dependencies between variables using a graph structure
• These models were initially developed within the framework of probabilistic
expert systems
• Model-evaluation criteria are typically Bayesian in form
• parameter estimation can be a mixture of closed-form estimates and iterative
methods depending on whether a variable is directly observed or hidden
• Although still primarily in the research phase, the graphic form of the model
lends itself easily to human interpretation hence has huge impact on KD
2/4/2018 35
Contd...
36. 8. Research and Application Challenges
1. Larger Databases :
• Databases with hundreds of fields and tables and millions of records and of a
multi gigabyte size are beginning to appear
• Possible solutions :
• More efficient algorithms sampling, approximation, and massively parallel
processing
2. High Dimensionality :
• There can also be a large number of fields (attributes, variables) hence the
dimensionality of the problem is high
2/4/2018 36
37. • A high-dimensional data set creates problems in terms of increasing the size of
the search space for model
• It increases the chances that a data-mining algorithm will find spurious
patterns
3. Overfitting
• It is a modeling error which occurs when a function is too closely fit to a limited
set of data points
• It result in a poor performance of the model on test data
• Possible solutions :
• Cross-validation, regularization, and other sophisticated statistical strategies2/4/2018 37
Contd...
39. 4. Changing data and knowledge :
• Rapidly changing (nonstationary) data can make previously discovered patterns
invalid
• The variables measured in a given application database can be modified, deleted,
or augmented with new measurements over time
• Possible solutions
• Incremental methods for updating the patterns and
• Treating change as an opportunity for discovery by using it to cue the search
for patterns of change only
2/4/2018 39
Contd...
40. 5. Missing and noisy data :
• This problem is especially acute in business databases
• U.S. census data reportedly have error rates as great as 20 percent in some fields
• Important attributes can be missing if the database was not designed with
discovery in mind
• Possible solutions :
• More sophisticated statistical strategies to identify hidden variables and
dependencies
2/4/2018 40
Contd...
41. 2/4/2018
6. Understandability of patterns :
• It is important to make the discoveries more understandable by humans
• Possible solutions
• Graphic representations ,rule structuring, natural language generation, and
techniques for visualization of data and knowledge
• Rule-refinement strategies can be used to address a related problem
7. Complex relationships between fields :
• Data-mining algorithms have been developed for simple attribute-value records
• New techniques for deriving relations between variables are being developed
41
Contd...
42. 2/4/2018
• Hierarchically structured attributes or values, relations between attributes for
representing knowledge will require algorithms that can effectively use such
information
8. User interaction and prior knowledge
• Current KD methods and tools are not truly interactive
• It cannot easily incorporate prior knowledge about a problem except in simple
ways
• The use of domain knowledge is important in all the steps of the KD process
• Bayesian approaches use prior probabilities over data and distributions as one
form of encoding prior knowledge 42
Contd...
43. 2/4/2018
9. Integration with other systems :
• A standalone discovery system might not be very useful
• Integration with a database management system, spreadsheets and visualization
tools, and accommodating of real-time sensor readings
43
Contd...
44. 9. Conclusion
1. Some definitions of basic notions in the KD field was presented
2. The relation between knowledge discovery and data mining was clarified
3. A brief overview of the KD process and basic data-mining methods was provided
4. Although various algorithms and applications might appear quite different on the
surface, they share many common components
5. Understanding data mining and model induction at this component level makes it
easier for the user to understand its overall applicability to the KD process
6. A common framework for the common overall goals and methods used in KDD
was provided
2/4/2018 44