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1.3
- 1. Human Anatomy and Physiology II Eastern WV Chapter 1 Section 1.3
- 2. 1.3 Requirements for Life Necessary Life Functions • Maintenance of life involves: – Maintaining boundaries – Movement – Responsiveness – Digestion – Metabolism – Excretion – Reproduction – Growth © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Necessary Life Functions • Maintaining boundaries – Separation between internal and external environments must exist • Plasma membranes separate cells • Skin separates organism from environment • Movement – Muscular system allows movement • Of body parts via skeletal muscles • Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination) • Contractility refers to movement at the cellular level © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Necessary Life Functions (cont.) • Responsiveness – Ability to sense and respond to stimuli • Withdrawal reflex prevents injury • Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities • Digestion – Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. Necessary Life Functions (cont.) • Metabolism – All chemical reactions that occur in body cells • Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules) • Excretion – Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion • Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Necessary Life Functions (cont.) • Reproduction – At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair – At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring • Growth – Increase in size of a body part or of organism © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. Necessary Life Functions (cont.) • Humans are multicellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive – Organ systems are designed to service the cells – All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs • There are 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. Figure 1.2 Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Blood Heart Interstitial fluid Nutrients Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Food O2 CO2 CO2 O2 Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine
- 9. Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Hair Skin Nails
- 10. Figure 1.3b The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones Joint Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Skeletal System
- 11. Figure 1.3c The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal muscles Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
- 12. Figure 1.3d The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Spinal cord Nerves Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
- 13. Figure 1.3e The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Pineal gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Pituitary gland Testis Ovary Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
- 14. Figure 1.3f The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Heart Blood vessels Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
- 15. Figure 1.3g The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
- 16. Figure 1.3h The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Bronchus Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
- 17. Figure 1.3i The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
- 18. Figure 1.3j The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
- 19. Figure 1.3k The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Prostate Penis Testis Ductus deferens Scrotum Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
- 20. Figure 1.3l The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammary glands (in breasts) Ovary Uterus Vagina Uterine tube Female Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
- 21. Survival Needs • Humans need several factors for survival that must be in the appropriate amounts; too much or too little can be harmful: – Nutrients – Oxygen – Water – Normal body temperature – Appropriate atmospheric pressure © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 22. Survival Needs (cont.) • Nutrients – Chemicals for energy and cell building • Carbohydrates: major source of energy • Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry • Fats: long-term energy storage • Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes • Oxygen – Essential for release of energy from foods • The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 23. Survival Needs (cont.) • Water – Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions • Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions • Normal body temperature – If body temp falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected • Appropriate atmospheric pressure – Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.