The document outlines the syllabus for the Packaging Technology elective course. It covers key topics related to packaging materials science, containers and closures, form-fill-seal technology, tamper resistant and child resistant packages, quality control and assurance of packaging materials, and legal and regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical packaging. Some main practical topics included are quality testing of packaging materials and containers, testing of child resistance and tamper evidence properties, and quality control tests as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The course aims to provide an overview of packaging technology and the regulatory standards for pharmaceutical products.
The aim of this presentation is to present the types of specifications and test to be performed in the specifications and how the specifications t be select during the development of products.
Preformulation studies characterize the physical and chemical properties of drug substances to aid in developing stable, safe, and effective drug formulations with high bioavailability. Key aspects of preformulation studies include characterizing the bulk properties, solubility, and stability of drugs. This involves investigating properties like crystallinity, polymorphism, particle size, density, and how these properties influence solubility, stability, and bioavailability when formulated into drug products. The goal is to obtain information early in development to guide decisions around formulation components, manufacturing processes, analytical methods, and dosage forms.
Photostability testing is performed to evaluate the stability of drug substances and products when exposed to light. It aims to identify necessary precautions to prevent unacceptable changes during manufacturing, formulation, or shelf life. The document discusses factors influencing photostability and provides examples. It outlines the process for photostability testing of both drug substances and products according to ICH guidelines, including presentation of samples, analysis, and judgement of results. Challenges in testing and solutions to ensure accurate light measurements and tight environmental control are also reviewed.
A seminar on applications of various analytical techniquePatel Parth
This document provides information on preformulation studies for new drug development. It discusses:
1. The purpose of preformulation studies is to understand the characteristics of drug components and optimize dosage form manufacturing.
2. Preformulation studies establish the identity, properties, and compatibility of new drug substances to support formulation development and regulatory filings.
3. A variety of analytical techniques are used in preformulation studies including spectroscopy, chromatography, and thermal analysis to characterize drug substances and excipients.
Practice school session: PreformulationNamdeo Shinde
This document discusses preformulation studies, which characterize a drug molecule's physical and chemical properties to develop a safe, effective, and stable dosage form. Preformulation helps assess a molecule's suitability for development and reduces risks. It provides data to screen lead compounds and guide appropriate dosage design. The objective is to select the right drug substance, excipients, and packaging to minimize issues in later development stages. Key preformulation study parameters include solubility, permeability, compatibility, and properties like pH and polymorphism. Preformulation assists both drug discovery and development.
This document discusses regulatory aspects of stability testing in Europe. It provides an overview of the objectives and requirements for stability testing of pharmaceutical ingredients and products containing them. The key points are:
1) Stability testing aims to establish appropriate storage conditions and shelf lives by evaluating how quality varies over time under different environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light.
2) Testing is required for both active ingredients and finished products to justify storage conditions, retest periods, and shelf lives. It involves evaluating physical, chemical, microbial, and other changes over time under various conditions.
3) Guidelines from the European CPMP and ICH specify design, conduct, evaluation, and reporting of stability studies to support regulatory submissions in
This document discusses the importance of preformulation studies in designing sustained release dosage forms. Preformulation studies provide important information about the drug substance that can be used to develop stable and bioavailable sustained release formulations. Key aspects of preformulation include determining solubility, pKa, partition coefficient, crystal properties, and compatibility with excipients. This information helps select appropriate formulation components, manufacturing processes, container closure systems and more. The overall goal of preformulation is to generate data to support the development of sustained release dosage forms that can be mass produced and provide a prolonged therapeutic effect.
The aim of this presentation is to present the types of specifications and test to be performed in the specifications and how the specifications t be select during the development of products.
Preformulation studies characterize the physical and chemical properties of drug substances to aid in developing stable, safe, and effective drug formulations with high bioavailability. Key aspects of preformulation studies include characterizing the bulk properties, solubility, and stability of drugs. This involves investigating properties like crystallinity, polymorphism, particle size, density, and how these properties influence solubility, stability, and bioavailability when formulated into drug products. The goal is to obtain information early in development to guide decisions around formulation components, manufacturing processes, analytical methods, and dosage forms.
Photostability testing is performed to evaluate the stability of drug substances and products when exposed to light. It aims to identify necessary precautions to prevent unacceptable changes during manufacturing, formulation, or shelf life. The document discusses factors influencing photostability and provides examples. It outlines the process for photostability testing of both drug substances and products according to ICH guidelines, including presentation of samples, analysis, and judgement of results. Challenges in testing and solutions to ensure accurate light measurements and tight environmental control are also reviewed.
A seminar on applications of various analytical techniquePatel Parth
This document provides information on preformulation studies for new drug development. It discusses:
1. The purpose of preformulation studies is to understand the characteristics of drug components and optimize dosage form manufacturing.
2. Preformulation studies establish the identity, properties, and compatibility of new drug substances to support formulation development and regulatory filings.
3. A variety of analytical techniques are used in preformulation studies including spectroscopy, chromatography, and thermal analysis to characterize drug substances and excipients.
Practice school session: PreformulationNamdeo Shinde
This document discusses preformulation studies, which characterize a drug molecule's physical and chemical properties to develop a safe, effective, and stable dosage form. Preformulation helps assess a molecule's suitability for development and reduces risks. It provides data to screen lead compounds and guide appropriate dosage design. The objective is to select the right drug substance, excipients, and packaging to minimize issues in later development stages. Key preformulation study parameters include solubility, permeability, compatibility, and properties like pH and polymorphism. Preformulation assists both drug discovery and development.
This document discusses regulatory aspects of stability testing in Europe. It provides an overview of the objectives and requirements for stability testing of pharmaceutical ingredients and products containing them. The key points are:
1) Stability testing aims to establish appropriate storage conditions and shelf lives by evaluating how quality varies over time under different environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light.
2) Testing is required for both active ingredients and finished products to justify storage conditions, retest periods, and shelf lives. It involves evaluating physical, chemical, microbial, and other changes over time under various conditions.
3) Guidelines from the European CPMP and ICH specify design, conduct, evaluation, and reporting of stability studies to support regulatory submissions in
This document discusses the importance of preformulation studies in designing sustained release dosage forms. Preformulation studies provide important information about the drug substance that can be used to develop stable and bioavailable sustained release formulations. Key aspects of preformulation include determining solubility, pKa, partition coefficient, crystal properties, and compatibility with excipients. This information helps select appropriate formulation components, manufacturing processes, container closure systems and more. The overall goal of preformulation is to generate data to support the development of sustained release dosage forms that can be mass produced and provide a prolonged therapeutic effect.
Introduction
Polymorphism arises when a solid compound present in two or more crystal forms. If polymorphic impurities or anything else other than the predicted crystalline forms are present in a drug substance of a pharmaceutical product, it may impact the performance, quality, safety, efficacy and stability of the drug product. Different polymorphic forms can have different melting points, spectral properties, and thermodynamic stability. Amorphous
Assessment of Risk to the Quality of Drug Substance and Drug Product
Polymorphs are one type of solid form. Other solid form types include solvates, hydrates, and amorphous forms. Many organic and inorganic compounds, including drug substances, can exist in multiple solid forms. In the manufacturing of drug substance, polymorphism of crystals must be strictly controlled, because it significantly affects the bio-availability of a drug Impurity is one of the important aspects in control of crystal polymorphism.
Polymorphism is regularly affected by a trace amount of impurities. Many drug substances are synthesized through many reactions. It is significant to know the impact of the impurities in presence of crystal polymorphs.
Dr.Lavanya.S.A - standardization of herbal drugsDr.Lavanya .S.A
The document discusses the standardization of herbal drugs. It begins by introducing the growth of herbal medicine and the need for standardization. It then defines herbs, herbal drugs, and what standardization of herbal drugs refers to. The document outlines some of the key procedures for standardizing herbal drugs, including authentication, physical and chemical analysis, and microbiological and residue testing. It also discusses identifying crude drugs through systematic study, microscopic identification of features like stomata and veins, and various quantitative studies that can be done on crude drugs. Overall, the document provides an overview of the importance and processes involved in standardizing herbal medicines.
This document outlines the key steps involved in the drug discovery process:
1. Target identification involves identifying protein targets through methods like sequence analysis and cDNA library generation.
2. Target validation confirms the drug will affect the specific target through techniques like chemogenomics and target gene disruption.
3. Lead identification screens compound libraries to find leads that are potent against the target using assays.
4. Lead optimization refines the leads using computer-aided drug design and de novo drug design.
5. Preclinical pharmacology involves testing the drugs on lab animals, human cells, and clinical trials with government approval.
Evaluation methods for drug excipients and container interactionSagar Savale
This document discusses drug-excipient interactions, including the types (drug-excipient, drug-drug, excipient-excipient, drug-container), mechanisms (physical, chemical, physiological), and methods of evaluation such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DSC is used to study thermal transitions like melting points and glass transition temperatures to detect interactions. XRPD provides information on crystalline structure and changes from interactions. FTIR detects changes in molecular vibrations from interactions. Together these methods help evaluate excipient compatibility and identify interactions.
Impurities ICH Q3 Guidelines Au Vivek JainVivek Jain
This document provides an overview of ICH Q3 guidelines for impurities in pharmaceutical products. It defines impurities and discusses the objectives of controlling impurities. It describes different types of impurities including organic, inorganic, and residual solvents. It outlines ICH Q3A-Q3D guidelines and definitions related to impurities and degradation products. It also discusses thresholds for identifying, reporting, and qualifying degradation products in new drug products.
This document provides guidelines for stability studies of drug products, including objectives, scope, design considerations, testing parameters, storage conditions, evaluation, and reporting requirements. Key aspects covered include testing at least three primary batches of new chemical entities and two batches of generics, analyzing physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes, storing products under various conditions like room temperature and refrigeration, evaluating data at multiple time points, and committing to a shelf life. The guidelines aim to ensure drug products maintain quality, safety and efficacy throughout their proposed shelf life.
Analytical tech in pre formulation 112070804009Patel Parth
This document provides an overview of preformulation studies for new drug development. It discusses the need for preformulation to understand drug properties and design stable dosage forms. The stages of preformulation studies are outlined. A wide range of analytical techniques and instruments used in preformulation are described, including spectroscopic, separation, and thermal methods. Regulatory requirements for preformulation related to IND/NDA submissions and cGMP are also reviewed.
This document provides guidelines for developing specifications for new drug substances and products according to ICH Q6A. It discusses universal and specific tests/criteria that should be included for drug substances and products, such as identification, description, assay, impurities, dissolution, disintegration, content uniformity, and microbial limits. The document gives acceptance criteria and justification for key tests like dissolution, discussing how to set Q values and limits based on biobatch results and BCS classification. It also provides guidance on other tests for oral liquids, parenterals and solid dosage forms.
1. The document discusses the stability of pharmaceutical products and factors that affect stability such as temperature, moisture, light, and packaging.
2. It covers different types of stability including chemical, physical, and microbiological stability. Regulatory requirements for stability studies and guidelines from organizations like ICH are also reviewed.
3. The major pathways for drug degradation are described as physical degradation, chemical degradation through oxidation, hydrolysis, and other reactions. Methods to protect against these degradation pathways are summarized.
This document discusses guidelines from the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) for stability testing of drug substances and products. It provides guidance on topics such as the need for harmonized stability testing, types of stability testing, selection of batches and storage conditions for testing, and evaluation of stability data. The guidelines aim to establish a systematic approach to stability testing to ensure quality, safety and efficacy over a product's shelf life and recommend conditions for testing drug substances intended for various storage conditions.
The document discusses extractables and leachables testing requirements for medical devices. It outlines two study designs: 1) For devices where leachables enter via a drug product, involving forced extraction of the device, validation of analytical methods to detect leachables in drugs, and assessment of drug compatibility and leachable levels. 2) For devices where direct tissue contact is the route of entry, involving exaggerated and simulated use extractions of the device to identify extractables/leachables. Both designs draw from ISO and FDA guidance to support 510(k) submissions for medical devices.
This document provides guidelines for the chemistry information required in applications for marketing authorization of new active substances used in medicinal products. It outlines 9 sections that should be included covering: 1) the identity of the active substance, 2) its manufacture process, 3) development chemistry research, 4) impurities, 5) specifications, 6) analytical methods, 7) batch analysis data, 8) reference standards, and 9) information on radiolabeled products if relevant. The guidelines describe the type of detailed chemical, manufacturing, and quality control information that should be submitted for the active substance to support its proposed use in medicinal products.
Considerations to Extractables and Leachables Testing SGS
How to organize Extractables Assessments? FDA continues to issue Warning Letters to companies that fail to properly complete Design Verification, Design Validation, and Process Validation, and recently to include failures of manufacturers in Risk Management. The evaluation of extractables and leachables has become an increasingly important aspect in the Quality by Design (QbD) initiative of the FDA in the area of drug product design, including materials used in the drug product production process and container and closure systems used for product packaging. This presentation provides general approaches and practical aspects in E&L testing.
This document provides guidance on reporting and controlling impurities in new drug substances produced through chemical synthesis. It defines impurities as any component that is not the defined drug substance and classifies them as organic, inorganic, or residual solvents. The document outlines classification of impurities, definitions of specified versus unspecified impurities, and thresholds for reporting, identifying, and qualifying impurities. It provides guidance on qualifying impurities not present or at low levels in clinical studies through genotoxicity and general toxicity studies.
This document discusses packaging and stability requirements for pharmaceuticals. It covers topics such as the purpose of pharmaceutical packaging in protecting drugs and ensuring stability. Various primary and secondary packaging materials are described, including glass, plastic and closures. The document also discusses packaging for different dosage forms like solids, liquids and medical devices. Key considerations for packaging include protection, compatibility, safety and performance. Packaging must meet regulations and standards to ensure drug quality and stability.
This document discusses extractables and leachables (E&L) analysis for drug products. It defines leachables and extractables, provides examples, and outlines the risks. It describes forced extraction studies to identify potential extractables/leachables and determine safety thresholds. It discusses developing validated analytical methods, including leachables analysis in stability studies. The document emphasizes that careful E&L analysis is important to evaluate the safety of drug products.
This document discusses guidelines for stability testing of pharmaceuticals according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). It describes the ICH guidelines for stability testing, including stability protocols, reports, and studies. The key points covered include stability testing procedures, factors affecting drug stability, types of stability studies, and organizations that regulate stability guidelines such as the ICH.
This document discusses preformulation stability studies. It outlines the key factors that affect drug stability like temperature, moisture, and light. The objectives of stability testing are to determine shelf life and provide better storage conditions. The main types of stability are chemical, physical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological. Various methods for stability testing include real-time testing, accelerated testing, and retained sample testing. Guidelines for long-term stability testing from ICH are presented. Common dosage forms that undergo stability testing are discussed.
The document describes the internship experience of working on the development of three generic pharmaceutical products (Products A, B, and C) at Xylopia, including carrying out tasks across multiple departments such as formulation development, analytical testing, process development, and regulatory compliance. Key activities involved project management, material sourcing and evaluation, manufacturing process development including granulation, milling, blending and compression, and analytical method development and validation.
This document outlines the syllabus for the final year B. Pharm course at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad, India. It includes 7 subjects in the theory portion, totaling 21 hours per week. The practical portion totals 15 hours per week.
One of the subjects covered is Dosage Form Design, which focuses on topics like preformulation, solubility, stability, package development, sustained release drug delivery systems, scale up techniques, optimization, and dosage form design. The practical portion involves experiments related to stability testing, micromeritics, solubility analysis, and preparation/evaluation of various drug delivery systems.
Roadmap for Drug Product Development and Manufacturing of Biologics.pptxChintan Kalsariya
The development of therapeutic biologics involves a streamlined approach for their formulation and drug product development from early stages to process validation and commercialization.
This roadmap is based on experience with approved products and aims to improve safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity profiles in human patients, as well as maintain consistently high quality, efficiency, and reduced cost.
The approach should be applicable across all biotherapeutic products.
Introduction
Polymorphism arises when a solid compound present in two or more crystal forms. If polymorphic impurities or anything else other than the predicted crystalline forms are present in a drug substance of a pharmaceutical product, it may impact the performance, quality, safety, efficacy and stability of the drug product. Different polymorphic forms can have different melting points, spectral properties, and thermodynamic stability. Amorphous
Assessment of Risk to the Quality of Drug Substance and Drug Product
Polymorphs are one type of solid form. Other solid form types include solvates, hydrates, and amorphous forms. Many organic and inorganic compounds, including drug substances, can exist in multiple solid forms. In the manufacturing of drug substance, polymorphism of crystals must be strictly controlled, because it significantly affects the bio-availability of a drug Impurity is one of the important aspects in control of crystal polymorphism.
Polymorphism is regularly affected by a trace amount of impurities. Many drug substances are synthesized through many reactions. It is significant to know the impact of the impurities in presence of crystal polymorphs.
Dr.Lavanya.S.A - standardization of herbal drugsDr.Lavanya .S.A
The document discusses the standardization of herbal drugs. It begins by introducing the growth of herbal medicine and the need for standardization. It then defines herbs, herbal drugs, and what standardization of herbal drugs refers to. The document outlines some of the key procedures for standardizing herbal drugs, including authentication, physical and chemical analysis, and microbiological and residue testing. It also discusses identifying crude drugs through systematic study, microscopic identification of features like stomata and veins, and various quantitative studies that can be done on crude drugs. Overall, the document provides an overview of the importance and processes involved in standardizing herbal medicines.
This document outlines the key steps involved in the drug discovery process:
1. Target identification involves identifying protein targets through methods like sequence analysis and cDNA library generation.
2. Target validation confirms the drug will affect the specific target through techniques like chemogenomics and target gene disruption.
3. Lead identification screens compound libraries to find leads that are potent against the target using assays.
4. Lead optimization refines the leads using computer-aided drug design and de novo drug design.
5. Preclinical pharmacology involves testing the drugs on lab animals, human cells, and clinical trials with government approval.
Evaluation methods for drug excipients and container interactionSagar Savale
This document discusses drug-excipient interactions, including the types (drug-excipient, drug-drug, excipient-excipient, drug-container), mechanisms (physical, chemical, physiological), and methods of evaluation such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DSC is used to study thermal transitions like melting points and glass transition temperatures to detect interactions. XRPD provides information on crystalline structure and changes from interactions. FTIR detects changes in molecular vibrations from interactions. Together these methods help evaluate excipient compatibility and identify interactions.
Impurities ICH Q3 Guidelines Au Vivek JainVivek Jain
This document provides an overview of ICH Q3 guidelines for impurities in pharmaceutical products. It defines impurities and discusses the objectives of controlling impurities. It describes different types of impurities including organic, inorganic, and residual solvents. It outlines ICH Q3A-Q3D guidelines and definitions related to impurities and degradation products. It also discusses thresholds for identifying, reporting, and qualifying degradation products in new drug products.
This document provides guidelines for stability studies of drug products, including objectives, scope, design considerations, testing parameters, storage conditions, evaluation, and reporting requirements. Key aspects covered include testing at least three primary batches of new chemical entities and two batches of generics, analyzing physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes, storing products under various conditions like room temperature and refrigeration, evaluating data at multiple time points, and committing to a shelf life. The guidelines aim to ensure drug products maintain quality, safety and efficacy throughout their proposed shelf life.
Analytical tech in pre formulation 112070804009Patel Parth
This document provides an overview of preformulation studies for new drug development. It discusses the need for preformulation to understand drug properties and design stable dosage forms. The stages of preformulation studies are outlined. A wide range of analytical techniques and instruments used in preformulation are described, including spectroscopic, separation, and thermal methods. Regulatory requirements for preformulation related to IND/NDA submissions and cGMP are also reviewed.
This document provides guidelines for developing specifications for new drug substances and products according to ICH Q6A. It discusses universal and specific tests/criteria that should be included for drug substances and products, such as identification, description, assay, impurities, dissolution, disintegration, content uniformity, and microbial limits. The document gives acceptance criteria and justification for key tests like dissolution, discussing how to set Q values and limits based on biobatch results and BCS classification. It also provides guidance on other tests for oral liquids, parenterals and solid dosage forms.
1. The document discusses the stability of pharmaceutical products and factors that affect stability such as temperature, moisture, light, and packaging.
2. It covers different types of stability including chemical, physical, and microbiological stability. Regulatory requirements for stability studies and guidelines from organizations like ICH are also reviewed.
3. The major pathways for drug degradation are described as physical degradation, chemical degradation through oxidation, hydrolysis, and other reactions. Methods to protect against these degradation pathways are summarized.
This document discusses guidelines from the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) for stability testing of drug substances and products. It provides guidance on topics such as the need for harmonized stability testing, types of stability testing, selection of batches and storage conditions for testing, and evaluation of stability data. The guidelines aim to establish a systematic approach to stability testing to ensure quality, safety and efficacy over a product's shelf life and recommend conditions for testing drug substances intended for various storage conditions.
The document discusses extractables and leachables testing requirements for medical devices. It outlines two study designs: 1) For devices where leachables enter via a drug product, involving forced extraction of the device, validation of analytical methods to detect leachables in drugs, and assessment of drug compatibility and leachable levels. 2) For devices where direct tissue contact is the route of entry, involving exaggerated and simulated use extractions of the device to identify extractables/leachables. Both designs draw from ISO and FDA guidance to support 510(k) submissions for medical devices.
This document provides guidelines for the chemistry information required in applications for marketing authorization of new active substances used in medicinal products. It outlines 9 sections that should be included covering: 1) the identity of the active substance, 2) its manufacture process, 3) development chemistry research, 4) impurities, 5) specifications, 6) analytical methods, 7) batch analysis data, 8) reference standards, and 9) information on radiolabeled products if relevant. The guidelines describe the type of detailed chemical, manufacturing, and quality control information that should be submitted for the active substance to support its proposed use in medicinal products.
Considerations to Extractables and Leachables Testing SGS
How to organize Extractables Assessments? FDA continues to issue Warning Letters to companies that fail to properly complete Design Verification, Design Validation, and Process Validation, and recently to include failures of manufacturers in Risk Management. The evaluation of extractables and leachables has become an increasingly important aspect in the Quality by Design (QbD) initiative of the FDA in the area of drug product design, including materials used in the drug product production process and container and closure systems used for product packaging. This presentation provides general approaches and practical aspects in E&L testing.
This document provides guidance on reporting and controlling impurities in new drug substances produced through chemical synthesis. It defines impurities as any component that is not the defined drug substance and classifies them as organic, inorganic, or residual solvents. The document outlines classification of impurities, definitions of specified versus unspecified impurities, and thresholds for reporting, identifying, and qualifying impurities. It provides guidance on qualifying impurities not present or at low levels in clinical studies through genotoxicity and general toxicity studies.
This document discusses packaging and stability requirements for pharmaceuticals. It covers topics such as the purpose of pharmaceutical packaging in protecting drugs and ensuring stability. Various primary and secondary packaging materials are described, including glass, plastic and closures. The document also discusses packaging for different dosage forms like solids, liquids and medical devices. Key considerations for packaging include protection, compatibility, safety and performance. Packaging must meet regulations and standards to ensure drug quality and stability.
This document discusses extractables and leachables (E&L) analysis for drug products. It defines leachables and extractables, provides examples, and outlines the risks. It describes forced extraction studies to identify potential extractables/leachables and determine safety thresholds. It discusses developing validated analytical methods, including leachables analysis in stability studies. The document emphasizes that careful E&L analysis is important to evaluate the safety of drug products.
This document discusses guidelines for stability testing of pharmaceuticals according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). It describes the ICH guidelines for stability testing, including stability protocols, reports, and studies. The key points covered include stability testing procedures, factors affecting drug stability, types of stability studies, and organizations that regulate stability guidelines such as the ICH.
This document discusses preformulation stability studies. It outlines the key factors that affect drug stability like temperature, moisture, and light. The objectives of stability testing are to determine shelf life and provide better storage conditions. The main types of stability are chemical, physical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological. Various methods for stability testing include real-time testing, accelerated testing, and retained sample testing. Guidelines for long-term stability testing from ICH are presented. Common dosage forms that undergo stability testing are discussed.
The document describes the internship experience of working on the development of three generic pharmaceutical products (Products A, B, and C) at Xylopia, including carrying out tasks across multiple departments such as formulation development, analytical testing, process development, and regulatory compliance. Key activities involved project management, material sourcing and evaluation, manufacturing process development including granulation, milling, blending and compression, and analytical method development and validation.
This document outlines the syllabus for the final year B. Pharm course at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad, India. It includes 7 subjects in the theory portion, totaling 21 hours per week. The practical portion totals 15 hours per week.
One of the subjects covered is Dosage Form Design, which focuses on topics like preformulation, solubility, stability, package development, sustained release drug delivery systems, scale up techniques, optimization, and dosage form design. The practical portion involves experiments related to stability testing, micromeritics, solubility analysis, and preparation/evaluation of various drug delivery systems.
Roadmap for Drug Product Development and Manufacturing of Biologics.pptxChintan Kalsariya
The development of therapeutic biologics involves a streamlined approach for their formulation and drug product development from early stages to process validation and commercialization.
This roadmap is based on experience with approved products and aims to improve safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity profiles in human patients, as well as maintain consistently high quality, efficiency, and reduced cost.
The approach should be applicable across all biotherapeutic products.
This document outlines the course content for a Pharmaceutical Technology course. It discusses topics like pre-formulation, dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, suspensions, emulsions, semisolids, suppositories, transdermal drug delivery systems, and case studies. Pre-formulation is described as investigating the physical and chemical properties of drug substances alone or with excipients to generate information for developing stable and bioavailable dosage forms. Key areas of pre-formulation research include solubility analysis, particle characterization, and stability analysis.
1.preformulation concept in Modern pharmaceutics.pptxPNMallikarjun
Preformulation is defined as the investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. The goal is to generate information to help formulators develop stable and safe dosage forms with good bioavailability. Some key tests include determining the drug's solubility, stability, and compatibility with various excipients using techniques like DSC, TLC, and HPLC. This provides critical data to guide the rational selection of dosage form and formulation components.
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for the GPAT exam covering topics in pharmaceutics, microbiology, pharmaceutical jurisprudence and ethics, community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, dosage forms, designing and evaluation, and unit operations in manufacturing. Some key areas covered include physical pharmacy concepts, microbiology, legislation, dispensing, community and hospital pharmacy operations, dosage forms like tablets and capsules, parenteral and surgical products, packaging, and pre-formulation studies for designing dosage forms. The syllabus aims to provide students with knowledge across various areas related to the practice of pharmacy.
This document outlines course content for several M.Pharm courses related to pharmaceutical sciences at Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur. The courses cover topics such as biostatistics, novel drug delivery systems, biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, and applications of computers. Specific topics include statistical analysis techniques, polymer applications in drug delivery, sustained and targeted release systems, drug absorption and pharmacokinetic modeling, and using computers for pharmacokinetic and biostatistical analysis. Practical courses involve experiments related to formulation, characterization, and evaluation of various drug delivery systems.
This document outlines the course syllabus for Pharmaceutics II (Pharmaceutical Technology) at the University of Zambia School of Medicine Department of Pharmacy. The course deals with the physical and chemical properties of pharmaceutical systems and their applications. It aims to understand the basic physicochemical properties and has 7 objectives including describing polymeric and colloidal systems, sterilization processes, preformulation, dosage forms, radiopharmacy, and pharmaceutical biotechnology. The course involves 110 contact hours over terms 1-4 and assessments include two tests, assignments, laboratory reports, and a final examination. It covers topics such as polymeric systems, colloidal systems, sterile systems, preformulation, pharmaceutical technology, radiopharmaceutical systems, and
Alternative methods to animal toxicity testingpriyachhikara1
This document discusses alternative methods to animal toxicity testing, including in silico computer simulation methods, in vitro cell culture techniques, using fewer animals, microdosing, and epidemiological and clinical studies. It provides details on regulatory agencies that promote alternative testing methods, as well as specific alternative tests that have been developed and validated according to OECD guidelines to replace or reduce animal use.
this presentation mainly based on the regulatory aspects of packaging and gives all significance about packaging regulations,help in pharma or biotechnology .
The document outlines the courses for Semester VII. It includes 10 theory courses and their corresponding practical courses. The courses cover subjects like Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, and Pharmaceutical Analysis. For each course, it provides information on the number of lecture and practical periods per week, as well as the evaluation scheme which includes components like class attendance, teacher assessment, sessional marks and end semester examination. The document also provides book recommendations for each course.
This document outlines courses for the first two semesters of a Hospital Pharmacy program. Semester I includes courses in modern analytical techniques, pharmacotherapeutics, hospital and community pharmacy, manufacturing pharmacy, and a practical. Semester II includes courses in quality use of medicines, additional pharmacotherapeutics, pharmaceutical formulation and control, pharmacoepidemiology, economics, and another practical. It then provides more detailed descriptions of the objectives and content of courses in analytical techniques, pharmacotherapeutics I, and hospital and community pharmacy.
Formulation and evaluation of folding film in a capsule for gastroretentive d...Bashant Kumar sah
This document describes research into developing a gastroretentive drug delivery system for losartan potassium using folding films enclosed in capsules. Sustained release films were prepared using polymers like HPMC and ethyl cellulose with polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer, through a solvent casting method. The films were evaluated for parameters like weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, drug content uniformity, surface pH and dissolution. A 2^3 factorial design was used to optimize the formulations, evaluating the effects of polymer amount, plasticizer amount, and coating solution concentration on drug release. The optimized formulations showed sustained drug release and remained stable over 30 days in accelerated stability studies.
The document discusses the key aspects of a hospital formulary system. It explains that a formulary is a continually revised list of pharmaceuticals and medicines used in a hospital, reflecting the current clinical judgement of medical staff. It provides guidelines for formulary development, including forming a Pharmacy and Therapeutics committee to determine content, format, and rules for adding or removing drugs. The main contents of the formulary are also summarized, such as drug product information, indexing systems, hospital policies and more. Selection criteria for including drugs in the formulary prioritizes clinical value and regulatory compliance.
1) The document provides guidance on in vitro and in vivo evaluation of drug products, including characterization of the drug substance and product through physicochemical properties and dissolution testing.
2) It outlines the types of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies that should be conducted to understand how the drug substance and product properties relate to clinical performance.
3) The document emphasizes that in vivo studies are generally needed to demonstrate bioequivalence, but in some cases in vitro studies may suffice, such as for BCS Class I drugs with rapid dissolution.
IND Data Requirements and US FDA Submission Process.pdfProRelixInfo
A clinical trial is a culmination of the several stages of a drug or medical device development program that begins with the discovery of a candidate molecule followed by preclinical toxicology studies in ex vivo, in vitro, and animal models. Once the candidate molecule shows promising results in these stages, the next step involves clinical studies on human subjects. Drug testing in humans is often the most lengthy and expensive phase of the drug development timeline, and therefore requires extensive effort and careful execution to maximize the candidate’s chances of success. In addition to scientific evaluation, clinical studies require approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), the regulatory authority in the United States to administer the experimental drug in humans as well as ship it across state lines. This approval comes in the form of an Investigational New Drug (IND FDA) application that is required to be submitted by sponsors, investigators, or research institutes to the FDA to commence studies on human participants. The following figure shows the various stages of the drug development program (Figure 1) marking IND submission on the timeline.
Regulatory requirements of BIOAVAILABLITY & BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES Megha bhise
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1. Grading System 2013-14
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
B. PHARM.-VIII SEMESTER
PY-801- Pharmaceutics –X (Pharmaceutical Technology –II)
Granulation technology: production of granules on large scale by various techniques,
evaluation of granules. Compression and consolidation of powdered solids. Heckel plots. Force
displacement (F-D) Curves.
Microencapsulation techniques: Coating of particles. Fluidized bed and air suspension coating.
Phase separation co-acervation, multiorifice centrifugal, spray drying, spray congealing,
polymerization complex emulsion techniques. Top bottom and tangential spray coating
machines. Evaluation of microcapsules.
Sustained and controlled drug delivery systems: concept of sustained release, designing of
sustained release products, zero order and first order approximation concept. Matrix and
reservoir based techniques. Product evaluation and testing.
Novel drug delivery systems: Transdermal drug delivery systems. Osmotic drug delivery
systems. Liposomes and implants.
Packaging of Pharmaceutical Products: Objective of packaging, packaging components, types,
functions, containers and closures, foil and blister packaging. Packaging equipment, legal and
official requirements for containers and closures. Package testing.
Pilot plant scale-up techniques: General considerations, personnel requirements, space
requirements, review of formula and raw materials. Processing equipments. Process evaluation.
GMP considerations.
Books & References Recommended:
1. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Liebermann and Joseph L.Kanig., The Theory and Practice of
Industrial Pharmacy.
2. Banker G.S. and Rhodes C.D., Modern Pharmaceutics.
3. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
4. Aulton M. E., The Science of Dosage Form Design.
2. Grading System 2013-14
List of Practicals :
1. To perform comparison of the tablet by HPMC and PGs Binders.
2. To perform the punching of tablet by slugging process.
3. To prepare and evaluate the floating tablet of paracetamol .
4. Perform and evaluate the fast deliver tablet of diclofenac sodium .
5. To prepare and evaluate diclofenac sodium emulgel formulation .
6. To study the effect of various suspending agents on CaCo3 suspension.
7. To perform the dissolution study of given tablet with curve fitting (zero & firest
order)
8. To prepare and microsphere by pan coating
9. Preparation And Characterization of Parcematmol Loaded Liposomes.
10. Preparation And Characterization of Parcematmol Loaded niosomes.
11. To prepare and submit waxes containing microsphere.
12. Preparation and Characterization of microsphere of any model drug by solvent
evaporation method
13. Preparation and Characterization of Eudragit Coated Microspheres.
14. To perform phase separation coacervation used for microencapsulation (polymer-
polymer interaction).
15. To prepare and submit Carbopol gel
16. Stability evaluation of various dosage forms and their expiration dating.
17. Formulation of oral S.R.Products & their evaluation by in-vitro dissolution profile
18. Evaluation of marketed parenteral suspension and emulsion for parameters like
particle size, sterility and rheological parameters.
19. Evaluation of given packaging material (Primary & tertiary packaging).
20. Preparation, filling, sealing, sterilization and evaluation of the injections.
21. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of given drug.
22. To prepare and study of TDDS using different polymer.
23. To prepare and submit buccal patches.
24. To prepare & evaluate gastroretentive floating matrix tablet of atenolol .
25. To prepare and evaluate multiple emulsion .
26. Design and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal film of paracetamol using
aluminium foil and mercury casting method.
27. Development of an osmotic pump system for controlled delivery of diclofenac
sodium.
28. Design and evaluation of diclofenac sodium ocusert.
3. Grading System 2013-14
PY -802- Pharmaceutics –XI (Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence)
Review of Indian regulatory legislations for drug and pharmaceutical industries, and
pharmaceutical education.
An eAn elaborated study of the following:
a. Pharmacy Act 1948
b. Drugs and Cosmetics Acts 1940 and Rules 1945
c. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955
d. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 and Rules
e. Patent Act 1970
f. Essential Commodities and Drug Price Control Order
g. Drugs and Magic Remedies Act (Objectionable Advertisement Act 1954)
A brief study of the following:
a. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 and Rules 1975
b. AICTE Act 1987
c. Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act 1960
d. Poison Act and rules
e. MRTP Act
f. Minimum Wages Act 1948
g. State Shops and Establishment Act and Rules
h. Factories Act 1948
i. Insecticides Act 1968.
Brief Study of various prescription and non-prescription products, medical and surgical accessories,
diagnostic aids and appliances marketed in India.
Books Recommended:
1. Jain N. K., A Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy.
2. Mittal, B.M., A Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy.
3. Malik V., Drug & Cosmetic Act.
4. The Gazette of India. The Drugs and Cosmetics act and rules.
5. The Gazette of India. The Patent act 1970 and its latest amendments.
4. Grading System 2013-14
PY-803- Pharmaceutical Analysis – III
Analytical method development: Development of new analytical methods for bulk drugs and
dosage forms using titrimetry, UV/visible spectrophotometry and HPLC. Development of
analytical methods for combination drug products, derivative spectrophotometric methods.
Development of stability indicating assay procedures. Drug analysis in biological fluids like blood
plasma and urine.
Validation of analytical methods: Parameters of validation, pharmacopoeial requirements of analytical
method validation.
Validation of analytical instruments: UV/visible spectrophotometer and HPLC as per Indian
Pharmacopoeia.
ICH guidelines for impurities in drug substances and drug products, Residual solvents.
Water analysis: Validation and qualification of water purification systems. Total organic carbon,
pH, and conductivity test. Moisture content analysis in drug and dosage forms.
Quality control testing: Dosage form evaluation as per monograph with special reference to Indian
Pharmacopoeia. Drug identification test, drug content and assay, content uniformity. Sampling
considerations.
Good laboratory practices.
Books and References recommended:
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia, 2007.
2. Current ICH guidelines.
3. Vogel’s, Quantitative Inorganic Analysis.
4. Beckett, Pharmaceutical Analysis.
List of Practicals :
1. To perform the validation of Analytical balance.
2. To perform the validation of UV instrument.
3. To perform the validation of HPLC instrument.
4. To perform assay of Paracetamol by single point estimation method, calibration
curve method and Absorptivity method. And compare them.
5. Grading System 2013-14
5. To perform assay of Nimesulide by single point estimation method, calibration
curve method and Absorptivity method. And compare them.
6. To perform assay of norfloxacin by single point estimation method, calibration
curve method and Absorptivity method. And compare them.
7. To perform assay of two component dosage forms by Dual wavelength method.
(combination of any two drugs)
8. To perform simultaneous determination of two components in dosage forms by
derivative spectroscopy. (combination of any two drugs)
9. To perform simultaneous determination of two component in dosage forms by
simultaneous equation method. (combination of any two drugs)
10.To perform simultaneous determination of two component in dosage forms by
isoabsorptive method. (combination of any two drugs)
11. To perform the spectrophotometric estimation of PCM and lomifloxacin by using
Q- analysis. (combination of any two drugs)
12. To perform the HPLC determination of given drugs.
13. To perform simultaneous HPLC determination of two drugs . (combination of any
two drugs)
14. To perform and interprate IR spectra of given drug. (minimum 4 drugs should be
studied)
15. To evaluate tablets as per IP.
16. To evaluate film coated tablet of given drug.
17. To evaluate hard gelatin capsule of given drugs (tetracycline etc.)
18. To evaluate uncoated tablet of given tablet (paracetamol etc.)
19. To perform the evaluation sustained release tablet.
20. To perform the evaluation of enteric coated tablet.
21. To find out diffusion rate of drug from diff. base by using egg membrane.
6. Grading System 2013-14
PY-804 (A) – Packaging Technology (Elective –I)
Packaging material science: Basic materials used in packaging, their properties, method
of manufacturing and applications-Paper, Plastics, Glass, Metal, and Elastomers.
Containers and closures: Introduction and applications of Glass containers, Plastic
containers, Collapsible tubes, Plastic tubes, Aerosol containers, Closures, Liners, and
Rubber stoppers.
Introduction and applications of Form-Fill-Seal (FFS) technology.
Tamper resistant and child resistant packages: Introduction, method of preparation, and
applications of Blister and Strip packs, Film Wrappers, Bubble packs, Shrink seals,
Sachet and Pouches, Tape seals, Breakable caps, Sealed tubes, Aerosol containers, etc.
Quality control and quality assurance of packaging materials: Detection of defects in
packaging materials, Quality testing of formed packs, Quality testing of containers and
closures, Testing of child resistance and temper evidence property of packaging materials.
Quality control tests for containers and closures as per Indian Pharmacopoeia.
Legal and regulatory requirements: Requirements of labels and labeling as per Drug &
Cosmetics act and rules. Product / patient information literatures. Regulatory aspects of
storage, handling and distribution of packaging materials with special emphasis on cGMP
and cGLP requirements.
Suggested Books:
1. Dean, D.A.; Evans, E.R.; and Hall I.H., Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology.
2. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman, Joseph L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice
of Industrial Pharmacy.
3. Drug and cosmetic Act and Rules.
7. Grading System 2013-14
PY-804 (B) – Drug Discovery and Development (Elective –I)
Drug discovery:
o Historical perspective
o Drug discovery without a lead like penicillin and Lead discovery
o Lead modification approaches.
Identification of the active part; Pharmacophore
Functional group modification
Privileged structure and drug like molecules
Structure modification to increase potency and therapeutic index.
Structure modification to increase Oral Bioavailability.
2. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship: Free Wilson analysis, Hansch
analysis, Physicochemical properties, Craig Plot, Application of Hansch analysis,
Statistical methods in QSAR
3. Drug receptor interactions, Theories of drug-receptor interactions, Membrane
and Receptor- Structure, Functions and the mechanism of drug action (Receptor
Response), Design of agonist and antagonists, Receptor theories, Models and their
types,
4. Computers Aided Drug design: Basic concept of Computational chemistry
like Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Mechanics, Force fields, Energy
minimization, Conformational search, Molecular dynamics, SBDD(Structure
Based Drug Design) LBDD (Ligand Based Drug Design), analog approach,
pharmacophore mapping, Molecular-modeling and Virtual screening.
5. Molecular Modeling Software: Introduction to molecular modeling software,
brief information on academic freeware and commercial software and their
applications in drug discovery.
6. Introduction to Bioinformatics and Structural Biology: Knowledge of
various databases and bioinformatics tools available at these resources, the major
content of the databases like Nucleic acid databases and Protein databases.
Current advancements in bioinformatics, introduction to system biology,
structural biology, structural bioinformatics. Applications of bioinformatics and
system biology in drug discovery.
8. Grading System 2013-14
References
1. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry Vol-I ( Hansch (1990) Pergamon pres.
2. Principle of Drug action-Goldstein.
3. Introduction to medicinal Chemistry, III Edn. Patrick (2001) Oxford
4. Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action. R.B.Silverman (1993)
Academic
5. Medicinal Chemistry Vol. I Burger.
6. Molecular Modeling, Principles and applications -Andrew Leach(Longman)
1998.
7. Statistical MethodS in Biology-Norman Bailey(1995) Cambridge.
8. A Text book of Drug design and development II nd Edn. Povl..Krogsgaard-
Larsen Tommy L. and U Madsen (1996) Harwood Acad. Publishers
9. Introduction to Bioinformatics by Aurther M lesk
9. Grading System 2013-14
PY-804 (C) – Food and Nutraceutical Technology (Elective –I)
Functional foods and nutraceuticals:
(a) Sources and role of Tocotrienols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sphingolipids, lecithin,
choline, terpenoids. Vegetables, Cereals, milk and dairy products as Functional foods.
(b) Nutritive and Non-nutritive food components with potential health effects. Effect of
processing on Nutrients. Soy proteins and soy isoflavones in human health; Functional foods
from wheat and rice and their health effects. Role of Dietary fibers and nuts in disease
prevention. General ideas about role of Probiotics and Prebiotics as nutraceuticals.
(c) Properties, structure and functions of various Nutraceuticals: Glucosamine, Octacosanol,
Lycopene, Carnitine, Melatonin and Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate. Use of proanthocyanidins,
grape products, flaxseed oil as Nutraceuticals.
Food processing and preservation:
(a) General principles and techniques of food processing and food preservation, shelf life of
food and nutraceutical products. Food stability: methods to enhance stability- freezing,
lyophilization, and air drying techniques.
(b) Contamination and microbial spoilage of food products: Milk and milk products, eggs and
poultry, fish, breads and cereals, meat, canned foods, vegetables and fruits. Food borne
infections and intoxications.
(c) Methods of food preservation, approved preservatives, Radiation and food preservation:
Role of radiation in food preservation. Principles underlying destruction of micro-organisms by
irradiation. Effect of irradiation on food constituents. Legal status of food irradiation.
Regulatory affairs:
(a) Regulatory aspects of food and nutraceutical products. The prevention of Food Adulteration
Act 1954, The Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006.
(b) Regulatory certifications: FPO regulations, Manufacturing guidelines, Manufacturing and
marketing licenses, AGMARK, Green Label certification, Organic food certifications.
Books recommended:
1. Essentials of Food and Nutrition by Swaminathan M., Ganesh and Co, 1985
2. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Edited by Robert E.C. Wildman,
Routledge Publishers.
3. Nutraceuticals by L. Rapport and B. Lockwood, Pharmaceutical Press.
4. Dietary Supplements of Plant Origin, M. Maffei (Ed.), Taylor & Francis, 2003.
5. Food packaging principals and practice, Gordon L. Robertson, Marcel and Dekker Inc.
New York. 1993.
10. Grading System 2013-14
PY-805 (A) – Perfumes and colours (Elective –II)
Perfumes:
Historical background & present scenario of perfumery industry.
Definition of odour, its classification. Definition of perfumes, attars, cologne, deodorants,
aromatic waters. Chemical classification of perfumes obtained from plant and animal
sources.
Essential oils: Introduction, study of various physical and chemical properties of essential
oils. Study of various isolation methods of essential oils.
Formulation of perfumes, formulation excipients, manufacturing methods of perfumes,
deodorants, colognes, and aromatic waters.
Regulatory considerations: Analysis & standardization of perfumes. Toxicological
aspects of use of perfumes, safety study of perfumes on naked skin including various
dermatological tests.
Application of perfumes in various cosmetic products like skin cosmetics, hair cosmetics,
men’s toiletries etc.
Colours:
Definition of colour, lake, dye, pigment. Theory of color formation at molecules level
including Hund’s Rule of multiplicity volume band approach & molecular orbital
approach to colour.
Detailed classification of colour obtained from natural sources like plant & animal
sources, colours obtained from mineral sources, synthesis colours, dyes & pigments.
FDA classification of colours. Various physiochemical properties of dyes & colours.
Manufacturing of colors: manufacturing methods of colours, dyes, lakes, and pigments.
Regulatory aspects of use of colours in drug and cosmetics as per schedule Q of Drug and
Cosmetic Act. Analysis of colours using instrumental methods & chromatographic
methods.
Applications of colours in various cosmetics like skin, nail, and hair cosmetics, etc.
Suggested Books:
1. Sagarine, Cosmetic Science and Technology, Vol. 1-4.
2. Harry’s Cosmetology.
3. The Chemistry and Manufacture & Cosmetics, Vol. IV - Mainson G. De. Nawarre.
4. Colour and Cosmetic colour material - New Cosmetic Science - Mitsui.
5. The Cosmetic Industry - edited by Norman Scientific & Regulatory foundation - F.
Estrin.
11. Grading System 2013-14
PY-805 (B) – Clinical Research (Elective –II)
Introduction: Clinical pharmacy, duties and activities of a clinical pharmacist in hospital,
monitoring of pharmacotherapy (patient chart review, medication counseling, clinical out put
review), ward round participation, patient relevant history (dieses and medication), prescriptions,
drug prescribing guidelines, therapeutic drug monitoring.
Patient data analysis: Introduction to common medical terminologies and abbreviation used in
clinical pharmacy. Patient case history & case history formats, use of case history in evaluation
of drug therapy.
Clinical laboratory tests: Interpretation of laboratory tests used in evaluation of disease state:
Tests for hormones, body organ function, blood, urine, microbial culture, etc.
Drug and poison information: Introduction to information resources and institutes, systemic
approach in answering drug information queries, preparation of reports. Detection and
assessment of adverse drug reactions and their documentation.
Clinical pharmacokinetic: Individualization of drug therapy, introduction to clinical
pharmacokinetics models, determination of drug clearance and volume of distribution, renal and
non-renal clearance, hepatic clearance.
Clinical trial: Designs of clinical trials, Good clinical practices (ICH & GCP guideline for safety
and efficacy), Institutional Ethical Committee and its function.
Various phases of clinical trials, introduction to monitoring and auditing of clinical trials. Basic
concepts of biostatistics.
Clinical research organization (CRO): Organizational structure, present status and future
prospects of clinical research organizations in India.
Books Recommended
1 Hefindal, E. T., Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics-. Williams & Wilkins.
2 Katzung, B., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publication, California
3 Laurence D.R. and Bennet, P.N., Clinical Pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone
4 Walker, R. & Edwards, C., Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Livingston
5 DiPiro, J.T. et.al., Pharmacotherapy a pathophysiological approach, McGraw-Hill
companies, Inc.
6 Green and Harris, Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists: A Basis for Clinical
Pharmacy Practice, Chapman and Hall Publications.
12. Grading System 2013-14
PY-805 (C) – Herbal Drug Technology (Elective –II)
Introduction: Definition, source of herbal raw materials, identification, authentication,
Collection and processing of herbal drugs. Seasonal & geographical variations, natural &
artificial drying methods. Packaging & labeling of herbal drugs prior to extraction.
Standardization techniques: WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicine.
Analysis of raw herbal extracts and their formulation using TLC, HPTLC, GC, HPLC,
UV& IR techniques.
Herbal Formulations: Principles of Ayurveda, Ayurvedic dosage forms and their
evaluation as per Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Formulation considerations of herbal
infusion, decoction, lotion, washers, insect repellents, tincture, syrups, compresses,
poultice, plasters, ointments, oils and salves, tablets and capsules.
Plant Tissue Culture Techniques & its Application in Pharmacy: Introduction, techniques
of initiation and maintenance of various types of cultures for industrial level production
of phyto-constituents. Immobilized cell techniques & biotransformation studies including
recent developments in production of biological active constituents in static, suspension
and hairy root cultures.
Brief account of plant based industries of India and world involved in R & D work on
medicinal and aromatic plants and manufacturing herbal medicine. Regulatory
requirements for herbal medicine industries: Infrastructure, Quality control, safety and
stability, import and export of herbal products. Analytical Pharmacognosy – drug
adulteration and detection.
Books Recommended:
1. Herbal Drug Technology by S.S. Agrawal & M. Paridhavi.
2. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis by Peach & Tracey
3. Biotechnology by S.S. Purohit.
4. Quality control of herbal drugs: an approach to evaluation of botanicals by Pulok
K. Mukherjee.
5. Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, A.P. Purohit and S.B. Gokhale
6. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India