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1. The document discusses the challenges faced by Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) in replacing Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) and outlines concerns that LEPs may lack genuine powers, funding, and the ability to coordinate economic development at a regional level. 2. It argues that LEPs need the capacity to strategically address regional economic issues like skills, infrastructure, clusters and innovation to effectively use public money and not recentralize policy. 3. Lessons from past enterprise zones show they may have short-term impacts, so future zones need to encourage long-term business growth and related investment in skills and infrastructure.
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De-industrialization is the decline in importance of manufacturing industries and reduction in their percentage of the total workforce. Traditional heavy industries like shipbuilding, steel, and textiles in the UK have suffered, with shipbuilding declining in areas like South Wales and northeast England for many years. The closure of the steel industry in Consett, County Durham in 1980 due to economic reasons resulted in 4,000 job losses and 30% male unemployment. New manufacturing industries have developed in electronics and computing in the UK, attracted by a qualified labor force, university research, good communications, government incentives, and a pleasant work environment. Cambridge Science Park is the largest science park in the UK, home to over 700 hi-tech companies employing over 20
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTS
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 5, with questions and answers for chapter 5 Settlements. This is a test with 31 questions, 2 minutes each.
Managing Urban Change Revision
A presentation used in class to help revise some of the main points of the OCR (A) AS level unit: Managing Urban Change
L9. winners and losers of deindustruialisation
The closure of steel production in Redcar, Teeside after nearly 100 years has had severe economic and social impacts on the local area. Unemployment in Redcar constituency jumped 16.2% in the last year, the 7th highest increase in the UK. In addition to the 2,200 jobs lost at the plant, an estimated 900 supply chain jobs were also eliminated. Locally sourced steel production in the UK strengthened the economy. Socially, Redcar is described as a "ghost town" with charity shops struggling and former steelworkers facing significant pay cuts in new jobs. There are also environmental concerns as no land has been designated as contaminated but inactivity weighs on the community dealing with job losses.
Rebranding
Rebranding involves redeveloping and marketing places to give them a new identity to attract investors and visitors. It may include reimaging areas to counter negative perceptions by changing functions to retail, leisure and tourism. Regeneration is a long term process of reversing decline through social, economic and physical actions to create sustainable communities. From the 1970s, urban regeneration addressed problems of deindustrialization, unemployment and deprivation through government programs, but increasingly involves other agencies and community representation. Places now emphasize rebranding due to lack of benefits trickling down and increasing spatial differences within cities.
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
This document contains several anagrams, definitions of key terms related to place and regeneration, and information about classifying local economies and changes in UK employment by sector. It defines regeneration as long-term upgrading of existing places through more drastic schemes for residential, retail, industrial and commercial areas as well as rural areas, which is connected to rebranding and place marketing to give a place a new identity and tackle inequalities in places.
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
Regeneration is defined as long-term upgrading or drastic schemes to improve existing urban, rural, residential, retail, industrial, and commercial areas. It is connected to rebranding places and giving them new identities in order to make areas more economically productive and socially acceptable. Regeneration aims to tackle inequalities in places and link people more closely to places, which can vary along the rural-urban continuum and mean different things to different individuals depending on their dynamism.
Rebranding
This document provides an overview of a unit on rebranding places. It discusses what rebranding is, why places may need to rebrand due to economic, environmental or social issues, and different rebranding strategies. These strategies can involve re-imaging, re-imagining, and redevelopment to refresh identities, attract investment and encourage renewal. Fieldwork and research are important parts of understanding rebranding players and case studies in different locations.
List of case studies for each unit
The document provides a list of case studies for different units that students can use as topic summaries. It includes case studies on catastrophic events, impacts of climate change, sustainable corporations, urban transport solutions, rainforest extraction, effects of coastal processes like erosion and flooding, river management, tectonic examples, waste management schemes, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, economic change examples in different countries, population change case studies on policies and distribution, settlement change case studies on depopulation, counterurbanization, and redevelopment, and examples of tourism models and their impacts. The case studies are meant to summarize topics for different units of study.
Urban change in Birmingham
The document summarizes the urbanization and development of Birmingham, England from 1731 to the late 20th century. It describes how Birmingham grew from a town of 20,000 people in 1731 focused on metalworking, to a city of 400,000 people by 1880 with a diverse industrial base. Throughout the 19th century, infrastructure like canals, railways, sewers and piped water allowed the population to expand rapidly. In the mid-20th century, suburban growth accelerated as new housing and road links developed, though inner city slums remained an issue until clearance projects in the 1950s.
Economic change revision
De-industrialisation can have both benefits and costs for rural areas.
Benefits include:
- Derelict industrial sites can be regenerated for new uses, such as leisure facilities or business parks. For example, in Reading old gravel quarries were turned into lakes for recreation and science parks which provided new jobs.
- The environment can be improved by cleaning up pollution from closed industries. For example, polluted waterways around Reading were cleaned up.
- Rural unemployment may fall if suitable alternative employment is provided in new industries replacing old ones. For example, around 7,000 jobs were created at Green Park in Reading.
Costs include:
- High unemployment can result if few new jobs
the economy of UK
The United Kingdom has the sixth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It also has the second largest financial economy globally. The UK has a population of over 64 million and a services-based economy, with services accounting for nearly 78% of GDP. Major UK industries include aerospace, automotive, business/professional services, chemicals, construction, consumer goods, defense equipment, education, and electronics. The UK economy experienced significant growth during the Industrial Revolution but now relies more heavily on its large services sector, particularly financial services centered in London.
AQA Case Studies Geography
Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living in absolute poverty. It has experienced rapid population growth, doubling in size in less than 50 years to over 8 million people. This has resulted in high population density of 295 people per square kilometer and significant population pressure on the limited resources and fragile environment. Solutions that have been tried include family planning programs, education initiatives, and efforts to increase economic opportunities.
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Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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