French Revolution
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Louis XVI summoned the Estates General to undertake fiscal reforms, leading to the French Revolution. He was convicted of treason and executed in 1793. The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and abolished the feudal system. The radical Jacobins led the Convention, which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic, and created the powerful Committee of Public Safety to enforce the revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory, crowned himself emperor, but was eventually exiled.
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The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing social and economic inequality between the three estates in French society. When Louis XVI became king in 1774, he inherited an empty treasury and faced tremendous debt, requiring increased taxes that dissatisfied the people. The population grew but grain demand could not be met, leading to subsistence crises where basic livelihoods were threatened. Meanwhile, Enlightenment ideas about individual rights and equality spread among the growing middle class and further fueled discontent with the old regime. The revolution removed the monarchy and established a republic, but the period was marked by instability and violence until Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in 1799.
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The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing social and economic inequality between the three estates in French society. When Louis XVI became king in 1774, he inherited an empty treasury and faced tremendous debt, requiring increased taxes that dissatisfied the people. The population grew but grain demand could not be met, leading to subsistence crises where basic livelihoods were threatened. Revolutionary ideas spread among the growing middle class and unrest mounted. Women actively participated in the revolution and fought for equal political rights, though it took until 1946 to win the right to vote in France. Napoleon later crowned himself emperor in 1804 but was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.
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The French Revolution began due to financial crisis and resentment from the Third Estate towards the unequal system dominated by the First and Second Estates. This led commoners to storm the Bastille and establish the National Assembly. The Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man, establishing a constitutional monarchy. However, as unrest grew, the monarchy was overthrown and the radical Reign of Terror installed, during which Robespierre had thousands executed. The Revolution ultimately gave way to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as leader of France.
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Influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that emerged during the eighteenth century in Europe, that advocated the use of reason against the old regime and advocated greater economic and political freedom, the people began to rebel and to fight for the equality of everybody before the law. They fought, among other things, the monarchical absolutism and the privileges of the nobility and clergy. Meanwhile, the French economy experienced an unprecedented crisis. The King Louis XVI tried to react, but the people remained united, taking over the streets. The slogan of the revolutionaries was "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity". On 14 July 1789 the people stormed and took the Bastille (prison) representing the absolute powers of the king, as it was there that were imprisoned political its enemies. This episode became known as "The fall of the Bastille".
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the french revolution notes (class- 9th)
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris by revolutionaries. French society was highly unequal, with the majority of the population (the third estate) facing heavy taxation while the nobility and clergy were largely exempt. This, combined with Enlightenment ideas of equality and natural rights, led to growing unrest among commoners and the middle class. The Revolution abolished the monarchy and feudal system of France, establishing a constitutional monarchy then a republic, with the execution of King Louis XVI. A period of violence known as the Reign of Terror followed, led by Robespierre, before a Directory government was established under Napoleon Bonaparte.
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French Revolution
- 1. Louis XVI • Summoned the Estates General to undertake fiscal reforms, an event that eventually led to the French Revolution. Was convicted of treason by the revolutionary government and executed in 1793.
- 2. Estates General • "Governing body" divided into three estates, the First Estate (comprised of the clergy), Second Estate (comprised of nobles), and the Third Estate (Peasants & Bourgeoisie)
- 3. Bourgeoisie • Middle Class in France
- 4. National Assembly • Composed of the Third Estate (France), adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, abolished feudal system, declared freedom of worship, established France as the first modern nation-state and as a constitutional monarchy.
- 5. The Convention • Led by radicals named Jacobins, the ruling body of France after the National Assembly, abolished the monarchy (and had him beheaded), proclaimed France a republic, threw out their constitution and created the Committee of Public Safety.
- 6. Declaration of the Rights of Man • Document recognizing natural rights and based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, the American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
- 7. Jacobins • Radicals that led the Convention during the French Revolution.
- 8. Committee of Public Safety • All-powerful enforcer of the French revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies, led by Jacobins and Maximilien Robespierre.
- 9. Napoleon Bonaparte • Overthrow the Directory, declared himself the First Consul, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, crowned himself emperor of his conquered territories and France, forced into exile, returned to attempt to return to power at Waterloo, but failed and was forced to permanent exile.
- 10. Napoleonic Codes • Developed by Napoleon Bonaparte, recognized the equality of French citizens and institutionalized some of the Enlightenment ideas, and based in part on ancient Roman law.
- 11. • Tried to erase the whole French Revolution and Napoleon from Europe and restore royal order. Created new kingdoms in Poland and the Netherlands, reaffirmed absolute rule, cut France's borders back to pre-Napoleon dimensions, and decreed a balance of power should be maintained among powers of Europe to prevent another Napoleon.