Africa & Indian subcontinent
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The document summarizes key events and people related to apartheid in South Africa and decolonization in Africa and South Asia. It describes the Sharpeville Massacre that resulted in 67 deaths and led the ANC to support guerrilla warfare. It also mentions Nelson Mandela's role in the anti-apartheid movement and his later election as President. Other topics covered include the African National Congress, homelands policy, apartheid system, creation of Pakistan, Gandhi's non-violent resistance, Nasser overthrowing the Egyptian monarchy, the partition of India, and the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups in Rwanda.
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Indian independence and partition
The document discusses India's challenges after independence from British rule in 1947, including uniting the diverse new nation and establishing democracy. It also covers the partition of India that led to the creation of Pakistan, which caused immense suffering as borders were drawn and over 1.45 million people migrated between the two countries. Sardar Patel played a key role in diplomatically integrating over 500 princely states into India. The constitution was also framed during this period to govern the new republic of India.
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After World War 2, many African countries gained independence from European colonial rule. This included Congo gaining independence from Belgium in 1960 and Ghana becoming the first sub-Saharan country to gain independence in 1957. However, newly independent countries faced significant challenges, such as civil wars in Congo and Nigeria. Apartheid existed in South Africa until the early 1990s, denying equal rights to blacks. Genocide in Rwanda in 1994 and HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa have also had devastating impacts in recent decades. Pan-African movements have sought to promote greater unity and cooperation across the continent.
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The Sharpeville Massacre occurred in 1960 when South African police opened fire on a crowd of black protesters, killing 69 people and injuring over 130. The protesters had intended to peacefully demonstrate against the apartheid pass laws through civil disobedience by refusing to carry their passes. However, a scuffle broke out with police and without orders, police opened fire indiscriminately into the crowd, causing mass panic and deaths. The massacre drew international condemnation and further strengthened the anti-apartheid movement.
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This document provides an introduction and overview for a research paper assignment on influential individuals who have positively changed the world. It lists potential research subjects and provides brief biographies and historical contexts for some of them. The document discusses movements and events like the Abolitionist movement, Apartheid in South Africa, the Holocaust, the American Civil Rights movement, and more. It aims to help students choose a research subject and understand the time period and impact of their work.
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This document provides an introduction and overview for a research paper assignment on influential individuals who have positively changed the world. It lists potential research paper topics like Harriet Tubman, Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, and Jane Goodall. It then provides historical context on movements associated with these individuals, such as the Abolitionist Movement, Apartheid in South Africa, the American Civil Rights Movement, and more. Finally, it includes short biographies and impact summaries for some of the listed individuals to help guide further research.
Introduction to research paper
This document provides an introduction and overview for a research paper assignment on influential individuals who have positively changed the world. It lists potential research subjects and provides brief biographies and historical contexts for some of them. The document discusses movements and events like the Abolitionist movement, Apartheid in South Africa, the Holocaust, the American Civil Rights movement, and more. It aims to help students choose a research subject and understand the time period and impact of their work.
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Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It was established by the National Party to maintain political and economic power for white South Africans. Apartheid laws separated society and denied non-whites political rights, restricting where they could live, work, and attend school. The African National Congress and leaders like Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid through protests and campaigns. Apartheid officially ended in 1994 when South Africa held its first multiracial democratic elections and Nelson Mandela became the first black president.
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This document provides information on key people and events during and after the Russian Revolution through the early Soviet period:
- Czar Nicholas II ordering troops to fire on protesters, leading to Bloody Sunday. The Duma was created but frequently disbanded when critical of the Czar.
- Alexander Kerensky established a provisional government after the Czar but it proved ineffectual as it shared power with the soviets.
- Vladimir Lenin was the Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks and issued the April Theses demanding peace, land reform, and power to the soviets.
- Joseph Stalin later led the Soviet Union and imposed the authoritarian Five Year Plans and collectivization programs.
Israel or Palestine
The document outlines key terms related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including political factions like Fatah and Hamas, leaders such as Mahmoud Abbas and Yassir Aratat, peace plans like the "Roadmap to Peace", the Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's construction of a separation wall, and historical events like the Six Days War and Intifadas that have shaped the ongoing conflict over control of the land.
Intro to the Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union where the two superpowers competed for global influence and power without entering into direct military conflict.
Gotta Watch ya Bloc
The document outlines the key alliances and policies during the Cold War. The Soviet Bloc included Eastern European countries allied with the Soviet Union, while the Western Bloc comprised Western European allies of the United States. The Truman Doctrine of 1947 established the policy of US aid to countries threatened by communist takeovers, and containment was the overall Western strategy of containing the spread of communism. In response, the Eastern and Western Blocs each formed military alliances through the Warsaw Pact and NATO, respectively. The Iron Curtain divided Europe between Eastern and Western spheres of influence. Some non-aligned countries accepted investments from both sides. Later, treaties aimed to limit nuclear proliferation to five countries and establish inspections through the IAEA
Globalization & Post Cold War
The document defines and describes several international organizations and political groups including the World Health Organization, Green Revolution, Group of 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, Group of Six, G8, G7, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Eurozone, European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement, International Criminal Court, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, National Action Party of Mexico, Soviet and Russian leaders Lech Walesa, Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin, the African Union, and the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings.
Germ, 'Nam, Cuba
The document discusses key events and entities related to the division of Germany and Vietnam after WWII, as well as the Cuban Revolution. It describes conferences that divided Germany into Western and Soviet spheres of influence, leading to the construction of the Berlin Wall. In Vietnam, nationalists fought the French and a civil war broke out between communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. The document also outlines Castro's overthrow of the Batista dictatorship in Cuba and the failed Bay of Pigs invasion backed by the US.
Creepin' Facism
The document discusses key people and events related to fascism in Europe in the early 20th century. It describes Benito Mussolini founding the fascist party in Italy and becoming prime minister. It also discusses Adolf Hitler leading the Nazi party in Germany and instituting racist policies after becoming chancellor. Finally, it mentions appeasement policies by Britain and France in the late 1930s that failed to prevent German and Soviet expansionism.
Changin' China
The document summarizes key events and individuals in modern Chinese history, including the 1911 Chinese Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen that helped Westernize China; Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People that promoted nationalism, socialism, and democracy; the establishment of the Kuomindang political party by Sun Yat-sen and its rule under Chiang Kai-shek; the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomindang and Communists led by Mao Zedong, who went on to found the People's Republic of China; and major events and policies under Mao like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, as well as the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
Italy & Germany
The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 saw the major European powers carve up control of Africa, leaving only Ethiopia and Liberia independent. It was hosted by Otto von Bismarck, who as Prime Minister of Prussia had defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, formed the German Empire with Prussia at its head, and consolidated German states under Prussian leadership after winning the Franco-Prussian War against France. The conference aimed to establish political order as European countries colonized Africa and prevent conflict among themselves over territorial claims.
French Revolution
Louis XVI summoned the Estates General to undertake fiscal reforms, leading to the French Revolution. He was convicted of treason and executed in 1793. The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and abolished the feudal system. The radical Jacobins led the Convention, which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic, and created the powerful Committee of Public Safety to enforce the revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory, crowned himself emperor, but was eventually exiled.
Emerging (sorta) Asia
This document summarizes several important events and developments in late 19th century China and East Asia:
1) The Opium War was fought between China and Britain after China forbade the opium trade, leading to the unequal Treaty of Nanjing that expanded British trade rights in China.
2) Several rebellions broke out in China, including the White Lotus and Taiping Rebellions, reflecting frustration with taxes and corruption under the Manchu Dynasty.
3) China also lost wars against France and Japan, ceding control of Vietnam and Taiwan respectively and granting further trade concessions to foreign powers.
4) European powers divided China into spheres of influence while the US passed the Chinese Ex
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Africa & Indian subcontinent
- 1. Sharpeville Massacre • Blacks protesting a policy forcing them to carry passes to be in the cities in order to go to their jobs which resulted in 67 protesters being killed. This massacre resulted the ANC to start supporting guerrilla warfare.
- 2. Nelson Mandela • Leader of the African National Congress, that was imprisoned for his role in anti-apartheid violence, but was released decades later and elected President of South Africa in the first free and open election in the nation's history.
- 3. African National Congress • An African organization determined to abolish apartheid.
- 4. Homelands • Areas in South Africa that were "set aside" for Blacks/the worst parts of the country.
- 5. Apartheid • A system of separating Blacks and Whites in South Africa.
- 6. South Africa Act • Formed the Union of South Africa by combing two British colonies with two Dutch Boer republics. Gave British and Dutch colonists considerable rights, but not Blacks. A beautiful ‘Vee” <3
- 7. Muslim League • League created to increase the rights of Indians under colonial rule, and advance the causes of Islamic Indians. Pushed for the creation of a Muslim nation (Pakistan).
- 8. Mohandas Gandhi • Most important voice for the movement in India by adopting a philosophy of passive resistance (civil disobedience). Assassinated by a Hindu.
- 9. Gamal Nasser • An Egyptian general that overthrew the king and established a republic.
- 10. Muhammad Ali Jinnah • Led movement to partition the Indian subcontinent and form a separate Muslim nation in the northern region.
- 11. Tutsi • The minority group in Rwanda blamed assassinating Hutu leader Juvenal Habyarimana and led to an ethnic genocide.
- 12. Hutu • The majority group in Rwanda that revolted against Tutsi leadership, replaced them in government control, and blamed Tutsi for assassinating Hutu leader Juvenal Habyarimana.