The Napoleonic Code was one of Napoleon's greatest achievements. It established a single set of laws for France to replace the previous patchwork of local customs, privileges, and exemptions. The Code clarified and standardized French law, spreading influence across much of Europe as French rule expanded under Napoleon. It emphasized equality before the law while also restricting some individual rights. The Code remains influential in the legal systems of many European and Latin American countries today.
This is three units combined into one rather long slide show. It covers the basics behind France from 1815-1850, as well as German unification and Italian unification movements.
A high school World History presentation of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, Grand Army, France, Austerlitz, Waterloo, Elba, St. Helena, Congress of Vienna
This is three units combined into one rather long slide show. It covers the basics behind France from 1815-1850, as well as German unification and Italian unification movements.
A high school World History presentation of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, Grand Army, France, Austerlitz, Waterloo, Elba, St. Helena, Congress of Vienna
1. Explain in detail the bourgeois or moderate phase of the Fren.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Explain in detail the bourgeois or moderate phase of the French Revolution, focusing on why it happened, what bourgeois leaders wanted from the revolution and whether or not those goals were accomplished. Be sure to give specifics.
Bourgeois leaders convened to form the National Assembly, a legislative body independent of the General Estates that discussed France’s internal crises without the consent of the king. During the next few tumultuous months, the peasants of France became restless, and eventually cracked. The storming of the Bastille occurred on July 14, 1789. That day, almost a thousand Parisians burst into and captured the Bastille, a fortress that was notorious for its connection to the Old Regime.
Next, the agitated commoners, fearful of further economic woes in the future and a possible attempt by the nobles to attack them, began to burn down the nobles houses in what was known to be the Great Fear. Finally, in October 1789, the peasants grew tired of the lack of cheap food, so they marched to Versailles and compelled the king to go to Paris, where he would be less influential. This event would be known as the October Days.
With the onset of small rebellions like the ones described above, the bourgeois leaders of the National Assembly finalized reforms that were to be made to French government and society with the intentions of turning France into a constitutional monarchy. The August Decrees eliminated special privileges for the clergy and nobility, and one of the bourgeoisie’s greatest hindrances was finally removed. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen stated the basic rights of every human (and French citizen). The church was finally subordinate to the state rather than vice versa, and as a result even church lands were put up for sale to make a few extra dollars. Finally, a French constitution was enacted by the Assembly in 1791 which limited the powers of the king and guaranteed all French citizens equal treatment under the law.
By making all of the aforementioned reforms, the National Assembly, and the people of France, were quite successful in their ambitions. They also exercised the social contract: men form governments. Governments must respond to the needs of men. If a government does not respond to the needs of men, men have the right to change the government.
2. Explain in detail the radical or Jacobin phase of the French Revolution, focusing on why it happened, how the Jacobins tried to implement their plan and whether or not their goals were ultimately achieved.
The Radical Phase of the French Revolution occurred after the Moderate Phase. The increase of internal struggles from counterrevolutionaries (clergy members and nobles) and sans-culottes (wage-earners), and a foreign invasion were catalysts that helped jumpstart the phase. During this time (1792-1794), many people were killed by French leaders for fear that they would destabilize the country.
The Jacobins were the radical ruling part ...
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. English for Law
The Napoleonic Code
University lector: Ina Voloșciuc
Realised by: Mihai Ursu
Vladalina Verlan
2. – Napoleon Bonaparte
“My glory is not that I won forty battles and dictated the law to kings…
Waterloo wipes out the memory of all my victories… But what will be wiped
out by nothing and will live forever is my Civil Code.”
4. Napoleon set out to reform the French legal system in accordance with the ideas of the
French Revolution. Before the Napoleonic Code, France did not have a single set of
laws. Law consisted mainly of local customs, which had sometimes been officially
compiled in “customals.” There were also exemptions, privileges, and special charters
granted by the kings or other feudal lords.
5. The Code was complete by 1801 but not published until 1804.Napoleon participated
actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts of the new civil
code. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil
law legal system as it stressed clearly written and accessible law. Other codes were
commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law.
6. Praised for its clarity, the Code spread rapidly throughout Europe and the world and
marked the end of feudalism and the liberation of serfs where it took effect. The Code
recognized the principles of civil liberty, equality before the law (although not for
women in the same sense as for men), and the secular character of the state.
7. • Although the Napoleonic Code was not the first civil code and did not represent the
whole of Napoleon’s empire, it was one of the most influential. It was adopted in
many countries occupied by the French during the Napoleonic Wars. It formed the
basis of the law systems across most of continental Europe and has had a lasting
impact on civil law codes in other regions of the world, including the Middle East
where it has been combined with the Islamic law.
• The development of the Napoleonic Code was a fundamental change in the nature
of the civil law system, making laws clearer and more accessible. It also
superseded the former conflict between royal legislative power and, particularly in
the final years before the Revolution, protests by judges representing views and
privileges of the social classes to which they belonged.
9. Yhe Need for Codified Laws
France in the century before the French Revolution may have been a single country, but it
was far from a homogenous unit. As well as language and economic differences, there was
no single unified set of laws that covered the whole of France. Instead, there were large
geographic variations, from the Roman Law which dominated in the south, to a
Frankish/Germanic Customary Law which dominated in the north around Paris. Add to
this the canon law of the church which controlled some affairs, a mass of royal legislation
which had to be considered when looking at legal problems, and the effects of local laws
derived from "parlements" or appellate courts and trials, and there was a patchwork which
was very difficult to negotiate, and which stimulated a demand for a universal, equitable
set of laws. However, there were plenty of people in positions of local power, often in
venal offices, who worked to prevent any such codification, and all attempts to do so
before the revolution failed.
10. The Napoleonic Code - 1804
The Napoleonic Code, also known as the French civil code was established under
Napoléon I in 1804. This code was an attempt to abolish feudalism because they
thought that it was contradictory and confusing and also privileges or exemptions were
only granted by the king or feudal lords. but this code also introduced a concept of
universal set of laws since France did not have a single unified set of laws. The south of
France was dominated by Roman law and the north was dominated by common law.
Also, canon law of the church had some control over various affairs and laws differed
from town to town and were not always rational. During this period, many French
Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars occurred and resulted in a time where France
dominated over most of Europe. Due to this, the relevant culture during this time was
French culture.
11. The first book of the code deals with the law of persons: the enjoyment of civil rights,
the protection of personality, domicile, guardianship, tutorship, relations of parents and
children, marriage, personal relations of spouses, and the dissolution of marriage
by annulment or divorce. The code subordinated women to their fathers and husbands,
who controlled all family property, determined the fate of children, and were favoured
in divorce proceedings. Many of those provisions were reformed only in the second
half of the 20th century. The second book deals with the law of things: the regulation
of property rights—ownership, usufruct, and servitudes. The third book deals with the
methods of acquiring rights: by succession, donation, marriage settlement, and
obligations. In the last chapters, the code regulates a number of nominate contracts,
legal and conventional mortgages, limitations of actions, and prescriptions of rights.
12. Influence
The code was originally introduced into areas under French control in 1804:
Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of western Germany, northwestern Italy, Geneva, and Monaco.
It was later introduced into territories conquered by Napoleon: Italy, the Netherlands,
the Hanseatic lands, and much of the remainder of western Germany and Switzerland. The
code is still in use in Belgium, Luxembourg, and Monaco.
The influence of the Napoleonic Code was diminished at the turn of the century by the
introduction of the German Civil Code (1900) and the Swiss Civil Code (1912); the former
was adopted by Japan and the latter by Turkey. In the 20th century, codes
in Brazil, Mexico, Greece, and Peru were products of a comparative method, with ideas
borrowed from the German, French, and Swiss traditions.
13. Significance And Lasting Impact
Although the Napoleonic Code was not the first civil code and did not represent the
whole of Napoleon’s empire, it was one of the most influential. It was adopted in many
countries occupied by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and thus formed the
basis of the law systems of Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal (and their
former colonies), and Poland (1808–1946).
Thus, the civil law systems of the countries of modern continental Europe, with the
exception of Russia and the Scandinavian countries have, to different degrees, been
influenced by the Napoleonic Code. In the United States, whose legal system is largely
based on English common law, the state of Louisiana is unique in having a strong
influence from the Napoleonic Code and Spanish legal traditions on its civil code.
14. The impact
There were many things Napoleon considered a great triumph but there is one that is the greatest
and this is called the Napoleonic Code. The Napoleonic Code did a lot of good for the French,
the first good thing this code did for the French was it gave the country a set in stone, set of laws
and it also eliminated any injustices. But this actually promoted order and authority over
individual rights. An example of this is the freedom of speech, and press which was established
during the revolution. This made it restricted under the code. Another good but bad thing was
that the Napoleonic Code brought back slavery into the French colonies that were part of the
Caribbean. There are many reasons Napoleon decided to change the current feudal system of
laws and royal laws. Before the Napoleonic Code, there was no “Law” for the French to follow,
and the royal and rich were very much treated better and had more privileges so during the
revolution Napoleon decided that it would be the best to do away with the feudal laws. This was
the set of laws he would use, and some of these laws are still in place, in France today.