The document discusses various principles of fraud including: 1) Definitions of fraud, corporate fraud, management fraud, and financial statement fraud. 2) The fraud triangle consisting of pressure/motivation, opportunity, and rationalization as the three elements common to every fraud. 3) Characteristics of typical fraudsters including that they are usually someone trusted and not initially suspected, and profiles of high-level and low-level thieves. 4) Taxonomies used to classify fraud including against customers/investors, criminal/civil, for/against the company, and internal/external fraud. 5) The "fraud tree" categorizing fraud into fraudulent statements, asset

1. II. Fraud Principles

2. 1. What is fraud? l
2. Classic fraud research
3. Fraud triangle and it`s scope
4. Profile of fraudsters
5. Who is victimised by fraud more often?
6. Fraud taxonomies
7. Fraud tree.
8. Evalution of a typical fraud

3. 1. What is fraud?
• Fraud as a crime. Fraud is a generic term, and embraces all the multifarious means that
human ingenuity can devise, which are resorted to by one individual, to get an advantage by
false means
• Corporate fraud. Corporate fraud is any fraud commited by, for, or against a business
corporation.
• Management fraud. Management fraud is the intentional misrepresentation of corporate or
unit performance levels
• The ACFE defines financial statement fraud as: ‘‘the deliberate misrepresentation of the
financial condition of an enterprise in order to deceive financial statement users.

4. 1. What is fraud
• The U.S. Supreme Court in 1887 provided a definition of fraud in the civil sense. The most
important point was the 4th: `That it was made with intent`
• The defendant can easily defend the claims with the ‘‘oops’’ theory that is, oops, I made a
mistake
• But, if at the beginning of the fraud investigation, the victim entity’s antifraud personnel take
the time to establish a pattern, even if that means allowing the fraudster to continue to steal
for awhile, then the victim can establish ‘‘forensic’’ evidence related to intent. The fraudster
might try the ‘‘oops defense,’’ but if the victim is able to produce dozen of instances, the
judge or jury will probably not believe it.

5. 2. Classis fraud research
• In order to commit fraud, a rationalization must exist for the individual to decide
fraud is worth committing
• The current term fraud was traditionally referred to as white-collar crime, and the
two are used synonymously here.
• Jaspan and Black tried to derive antifraud measures their book ` The Thief in the
White Collar `.
• Jaspan and Black advise employers to: (1) pay their employees fairly, (2) treat their
employees decently, and (3) listen to their employees problems, if they want to avoid
employee fraud.
• But to temper that bit of humanism with a little reality, they also suggest that
employers should never place full trust in either their employees or the security
personnel they hire to check on employees.

6. 2. Classis fraud research
• Hartung disagrees with Jaspan’s and Black’s generalizations and focuses on
the individual. He argues: Their criminality is learned in the process of
symbolic communication, dependent upon cultural sources.
• In reality, both Jaspan and Black, and Hartung appear to have been correct.
• Hartung noted that individuals are inevitably affected by their environment.
• Jaspan and Black suggestions to deter fraud say the same as modern efforts
do: Create an environment with few reasons and with few opportunities to
commit fraud.

7. 3. Fraud triangle
• Why a person in a position of trust would become a violator of that trust?

8. 3. Fraud triangle
• Cressey interviewed about 200 embezzlers in prison. One of the major conclusions of his
efforts was that every fraud had three things in common:
• (1) pressure (sometimes referred to as motivation). Sometimes an insatiable greed causes
relatively wealthy people to commit frauds. Motives to commit fraud in business usually are
rationalized by the old saying that all is fair in love and war—and in business, which is
amoral, anyway.
• (2) rationalization (of personal ethics). In an ACFE Report, 93 percent of the reported
fraudsters had no prior criminal convictions. E.g ‘‘I am just borrowing the money’’
• (3) knowledge and opportunity to commit the crime. This aspect of the triangle is the only
one that auditors can easily observe or control.

9. SCOPE OF FRAUD
• Research in the last 10 years has been able to reveal both the scope of fraud and the
most effective means of detecting frauds.
• Research by the ACFE reveals that the estimated level of fraud detected from 1996 to
2008 has been consistent in the U.S. economy—approximately 6 percent of annual
revenues.
• In 2009, KPMG released its fourth Fraud Survey. KPMG interviewed 204 executives
in companies with at least $250 million in revenues.
• 74 percent of employees reported they had personally observed wrongdoing in their
organization in the prior 12 months.
• The greatest concern was the potential loss of public trust, according to 71 percent of
the executives

10. 4. PROFILE OF FRAUDSTERS
• Who? The person is usually someone who was not suspected, oftentimes
least suspected.
• Are some people more prone to commit fraud than others? Gwynn Nettler,
in Lying, Cheating and Stealing, offers these insights on cheaters and deceivers:
• People who have experienced failure, who are disliked and who dislike
themselves, impulsive, distractible, ignorant people, people who have great
pressure to achieve important objectives.

11. 4. PROFILE OFonFRAUDSTERS
Why Do Employees Lie, Cheat, and Steal the Job?
• The employee believes he can get away with it, she desperately needs or desires the
money or articles stolen, feels frustrated or dissatisfied about some aspect of the job,
‘‘Everybody else steals, so why not me?’’, has no self-control, ‘‘They’re so big,
stealing a little bit won’t hurt them”, The employee was economically, socially, or
culturally deprived during childhood.
• Why is it that, despite the consequences of criminal behavior, it still occurs?
Apparently, it is because the rewards gained often exceed the risk of punishment.
• Many times, if not most, when a fraud is detected, the extent of punishment
regarding the perpetrator is to be fired, sometimes without even paying back the
fraud losses.

12. High-Level and Low-Level Thieves
• Hall and Singleton provide a similar profile like ACFE RTTN for a typical
fraudster in general. These criminals are: (a) in a key position in the
company, (b) are usually male, (c) are more than 50 years old, (d) are
married, and (e) are highly educated. This profile leads us to this overall
conclusion: A white-collar criminal does not look like a criminal!

13. High-Level and Low-Level Thieves
Most expensive frauds Most frequent frauds
• Have been with the firm for a long • Have been an employee for about the same
time amount of time as the high-level thieves
• Earn much less
• Earn a high income
• Could be either male or female (gender
• Are male doesn’t matter)
• Are over 60 years of age, • Are between the ages of 41 and 50
• Are well educated • Have finished high school
• Have never been charged with • Operate alone
anything criminal • And have usually not been charged with
any criminal behavior

14. 5. WHO IS VICTIMIZED BY FRAUD MOST
OFTEN?
• Fraud is therefore most prevalent in organizations that have no controls, no
trust, no ethical standards, no profits, and no future.
• Small businesses and organizations have a higher risk of fraud than any
other size entity, because they are more likely to have one accountant, no
segregation of duties, and no compensating control, and those factors are the
most common in fraud.

15. 6. FRAUD TAXONOMIES
We focus on frauds in financial statements and business transactions.
The following are some of the ways fraud has been classified.
• Fraud can be perpetrated against customers, creditors investors, suppliers, bankers, insurers, or
Consumer
and Investor government authorities (e.g., tax fraud)
Frauds
• Criminal fraud requires proof of an intentiona deception. Criminal fraud denotes a false representation of a material fact made by one party to
Criminal and
another party with the intent to deceive and induce the other party to justifiably rely on the fact to his/her detriment
Civil Fraud • Civil fraud requires that the victim suffer damages.
Fraud for
•Frauds directed against the company
and against
the Company
•Frauds that benefit the company
• Internal means all the ways used to fraud such asprice fixing, corporate tax evasion, violations of environmental laws, false advertising.
Internal
and • External fraud such as frauds committed by vendors, suppliers, and contractors who might overbill, double bill.
external
fraud
Management • Internal controls are measured by their effectiveness; they must be monitored constantly to ensure that they are functioning at the level designed
and and intended
nonmanage
ment fraud

16. 7. The fraud tree
• The three main categories are (1) fraudulent statements, (2) asset
misappropriation, and (3) corruption.

17. 8. Evolution of a typical fraud
3.Rationalization
2.Opportunity
Formulate intent without
1.Motivationa Knowledge and
self-incrimination; e.g., 4.Commit the fraud
Financial need, greed, ego. opportunity to commit the
‘‘just borrowing the
fraud.
money,’’

18. 8. Evolution of a typical fraud
6.Conceal the crime 8.Suspicion or discovery
discovery of variance
Use large 7. Red flags
or anomaly including a
5.Convert asset to cash volume accounts, rely on Red flags could sufficient analysis,
discrepancies, internal
apathy, alter documents, be a lifestyle change controls, internal audit,
destroy documents external audit, accident

19. 8. Evolution of a typical fraud
9.Predication determined 10.Fraud theory
11.Fraud investigation
A The fraud theory 12.Write a report
Identify and gather
fraud professional believes approach helps to identify Almost all fraud
forensic evidence, loss of
a fraud has occurred, is the most likely schemes investigations require a
assets confirmed, loss
occurring, or will occur and how they are being report at its conclusion
documented
because of circumstances perpetrated

20. 8. Evolution of a typical fraud
14.Trial
Presentation of facts and
testimony before trier of
13a.Disposition: Termination 13b.Disposition: Prosecution fact, use of expert witness,
presentation of forensic
evidence

21. Summary
• An understanding of the fraud principles is the foundation to any antifraud
activity, whether it is developing a fraud policy, investigating a fraud, or
designing antifraud controls.
• Therefore it is vitally important to know all one can about the fraud triangle,
fraud tree, scope of fraud (it can happen here), profile of a fraudster, and
other basic principles.