Types of Fraud While there are many types of fraud, the most com.docx

Types of Fraud
While there are many types of fraud, the most common fraud
schemes that organizations must prevent include employee
embezzlement, vendor fraud, customer fraud and financial
statement fraud. Of these four types, employee embezzlement is
the most common type of fraud. Employee embezzlement is the
process where employees intentionally deceive their employers
and take company assets. Examples of employee embezzlement
include company workers who intentionally take cash,
inventory, tools or other supplies from the organization.Vendor
fraud , on the other hand, is the process by which vendors, or
suppliers, take advantage of the firm. Vendor fraud often results
in an overcharge for purchased goods, the shipment of inferior
goods or the nonshipment of goods even though payment has
been made. The United States government has often been in the
news because major government vendors such as defense and
other government contractors have significantly overcharged for
goods and services. For example, United States suppliers have
been accused of charging more than $20 for a single nail. Often
vendor fraud is perpetrated through collusion between buyers
and vendors. Once these vendors have overcharged for goods,
they will often kickback , or return, a portion of the fraudulent
funds to a purchasing agent who represents the organization.
When customer fraud takes place, customers either do not pay
for goods purchased or get something for nothing. For example,
in one case, a bank customer walked into a branch of a large
bank and convinced the branch manager to give her a $525,000
cashier's check, even though she had only $13,000 in her bank
account. The manager believed she was a very wealthy customer
and didn't want to lose her business. Unfortunately for the bank,
she proceeded to defraud the bank of over $500,000. Financial
Statement Fraud , also often referred to as management fraud ,
involves situations where company management intentionally
makes the company appear more profitable than it actually is.

For example, over the last two decades, management teams at
Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat, Adelphia, Waste Management and
a number of other companies have intentionally manipulated the
financial statements to deceive the public into believing that
their respective organizations were more successful than they
actually were. These executives engaged in financial statement
fraud to increase the company's stock price, which increased
their own net worth (as a result of stock options that each
executive possessed). In each of these situations, executives
were manipulating the financial statements on behalf of the
organization instead of directly stealing from the organization.
Fraud Perpetrators
Those customers, employees and vendors who engage in fraud
are often referred to as fraud perpetrators. Unfortunately,
research suggests that anyone can commit fraud and become a
fraud perpetrator. In fact, most fraud perpetrators are good
people who, because of a series of bad decisions, find
themselves engaging in fraudulent behavior.
In one situation, for example, a woman named Suzzyiv had
worked for National Security Bank for 34 years and was an
honest and trusted employee. Prior to her retirement, however,
her granddaughter was born and Suzzy became addicted to the
home shopping network where she would buy countless gifts for
her new granddaughter. In just three years time, Suzzy
embezzled over $600,000 from the bank to support this
addictive habit. When the bank discovered the fraud, the bank
took possession of Suzzy's home and retirement account. Her
husband, who had no knowledge of the fraud, voluntarily
contributed the proceeds of his retirement account to the bank
as well. The bank took possession of virtually every asset the
couple owned. In addition, Suzzy still owes the bank over
$200,000 and has entered into a restitution agreement to pay the
bank that money as well. Suzzy was convicted and incarcerated
for one year. All of Suzzy's friends and family members,

including her children, know that she is a convicted felon.
When Suzzy was released from prison, she was ordered by the
judge to seek active employment so she could start making
restitution payments. If she fails to make the payments, she
violates her parole agreement and must return to jail. Because
of the laws governing banks, the bank was required to submit a
criminal referral form to the Office of the Controller of the
Currency (OCC) who, by law, was required to submit a copy of
the referral to the FBI and the IRS. Because Suzzy did not pay
any taxes on any of the stolen funds, the IRS levied fines,
penalties, interest, and back taxes on Suzzy. Finally, after all of
Suzzy's suffering, including nearly a year in jail, Suzzy's
husband informed her that he could not handle the situation
anymore and that he was filing for a divorce.
As can be seen in the previous example, when fraud occurs
everyone loses. The fraud perpetrator suffers humiliation,
financial consequences, possible jail time and job loss. The
victim organization suffers negative publicity, lower employee
moral, and a decrease in financial resources. Researchv suggests
that fraud perpetrators can't be distinguished from other people
on the basis of demographic or psychological characteristics. In
fact, in order for perpetrators to be successful, they must be
able to deceive their victims. As such, most fraud perpetrators
have profiles that look like most other honest peoplevi. Fraud
perpetrators often have traits that organizations seek for when
hiring new employees, seeking out new clients, and selecting
vendors. Fraud perpetrators are typically hard-working, well-
dressed, easy-to-get along with, professional individuals.
Because of this, when fraud does occur, the most common
reaction by those around the fraud is denial as victims cannot
believe that trusted colleagues have been dishonest.
Fraud Triangle
All frauds include the following elements: 1) A perceived
pressure, 2) A perceived opportunity, and 3) Some way to
rationalize the fraud as acceptable. These three elements are

often referred to as the fraud triangle .
Figure 12-1: Fraud Triangle
Pressures
Every fraud perpetrator faces some kind of perceived pressure.
Most pressures typically involve a financial need, although
nonfinancial pressures, such as the need to report financial
results better than actual performance, frustration with work, or
even a challenge to beat the system can also motivate fraud.
Common financial pressures that victims face include greed,
living beyond one's means, high bills, personal debt, poor
credit, personal financial losses and unexpected financial needs.
Each of these pressures has been associated with numerous
frauds. Often, fraud perpetrators live lifestyles far beyond that
of their peers. For example, when one perpetrator was caught
stealing $1.3 million from his employer, it was discovered that
he had spent the money on monogrammed shirts and gold cuff
links, two Mercedes-Benz vehicles, an expensive suburban
home, a beachfront condominium, furs, rings, and other jewelry
for his wife, a new car for his father-in-law, and a country club
membership. Financial pressures can occur suddenly or be long
term. The fact that an employee has been an "honest" employee
for a long time seems to make no difference when severe
financial pressures occur or an individual perceives that such
pressures exists.
Closely related to financial pressures are motivations created by
vices such as gambling, drugs, alcohol, and expensive
extramarital relationships. Vices are the worst kinds of
pressures to commit fraud. Examples include female employees
who embezzled because their children were on drugs and they
couldn't stand to see them go through withdrawal pains and
"successful" managers who, in addition to embezzling from
their companies, burglarized homes and engaged in other types
of theft to support their drug habits. Finally, work related
pressures often influence individuals to engage in fraud. These

work related pressures include getting little recognition for job
performance, having a feeling of job dissatisfaction, the fear of
losing one's job, being overlooked for a job promotion, and
feeling underpaid.
Opportunity
A perceived opportunity to commit fraud, conceal it, and avoid
being punished is the second element of the fraud triangle. If
fraud perpetrators don't have an opportunity to commit fraud
then fraud will never occur. Fraud often occurs because
company management will allow one individual to have too
much authorization over one function of the organization (in the
form of writing checks, authorizing accounts, and/or providing
access to sensitive company information). Organizations can
decrease opportunities for fraud by creating an effective
internal audit department, conducting control activities,
engaging in segregation of duties and consistently using a
system of authorization.
An internal audit department is a formal organizational
department with the responsibility to audit various divisions of
the organization. While internal auditors only discover about
one fourth of all frauds (most frauds are discovered through
tips, alert employees, or by accident), the presence of internal
auditors provides a significant deterrent effect. Internal auditors
also provide independent checks and cause perpetrators to
question whether they can commit fraud and not be caught.
Another way that organizations can limit their susceptibility to
fraud is to periodically perform a series of control
activities. Control activities , or procedures, includes the
process of routinely checking for errors in any area of the
organization. Routinely inspecting the accounts payable ledger,
indicating who has been paid over the last few weeks, would be
a good example of a control activity. An individual who owns
his or her own business and is the sole employee probably does
not need many control procedures since he or she would have no
incentive to engage in fraud. An owner wouldn't steal from him

or herself, and an owner would never want to treat customers
poorly. However, organizations that involve many employees
must have control procedures so that the actions of employees
will be congruent with the goals of management and the
organization. Furthermore, with control activities, opportunities
to commit and/or conceal frauds are eliminated or minimized.
Good fraud detection and prevention efforts involve matching
the most effective control activities with the various risks of
fraud.
Segregation of duties involves dividing a task into two parts so
that one person does not have complete control of the task. This
form of control, like most preventive controls, is most often
used when cash is involved. For example, when cash is received
by an organization, one employee should record the cash and
another employee should handle the cash. If one person did both
jobs, then the employee could easily steal the cash and then
record that a refund was given to a customer. However, when
two employees perform these functions, such fraudulent activity
is minimized.
A proper system of authorization ensures that only authorized
personnel have access to sensitive company information. For
example, computer passwords should be used on all company
computers. Furthermore, signature cards and other protective
devices should be required to access safe deposit boxes, to cash
checks, and to perform other functions at financial institutions.
Spending limits should also be placed on all employees so that
employees are only able to spend what is in their approved
budget.
Rationalization
Even though most fraud perpetrators have a history of engaging
in dishonest acts, fraud perpetrators actually consider
themselves to be honest individuals. Because fraud perpetrators
consider themselves to be honest, they must rationalize away
the dishonesty of their acts. Common rationalizations include
statements like, "The organization owes me", "Nobody will get

hurt", "I deserve more" and "It's for a good purpose."
Unfortunately, fraud perpetrators aren't the only ones who
engage in rationalization. For example, many college students
rationalize excessive drinking, driving over the speed limit
and/or the use of credit card spending among other activities.
The difference is that fraud perpetrators engage in
rationalization in order to take advantage of others.
It is interesting to note that most fraud perpetrators, when
interviewed, say things like, "I intended to pay the money back.
I really did." They are sincere. In the mind of the perpetrator,
he or she really intended to repay the money, and since
perpetrators judge themselves by their intentions, instead of
their actions, they do not see themselves as criminals.
One of the most publicized white-collar criminals of the early
2000s was Dr. Sam Waksal, CEO of ImClone. Waksal was one
of Wall Street's men of the moment. As CEO of ImClone, he
had just sold an interest in a new cancer drug called Erbitux to
Bristol-Myers for roughly $2 billion. Everyone expected that
the Food and Drug Administration would soon approve the drug.
Shortly thereafter, however, Waksal learned from a Bristol-
Myers executive that the drug wouldn't be approved. The FDA
was refusing to consider the Erbitux application - not because
the drug didn't work, but because there was insufficient data to
approve its use. New clinical trials would have to be conducted,
and the price of ImClone stock was going to plummet. Based on
this insider information, Sam Waskal told his daughter to sell
her shares, thinking that the price was going to go down. He
also tried to sell 79,000 of his own shares (roughly $5 million).
Later on, when explaining his actions Waksal said the
following: "I could sit there at the same time thinking I was the
most honest CEO that ever lived. And, at the same time, I could
glibly do something and rationalize it because I cut a corner,
because I didn't think I was going to get caught. And who
cared? Look at me. I'm doing 'X,' so what difference does it
make that I do a couple of things that aren't exactly kosher?" In
fact, Waksal's rationalization had allowed him to have a long

history of ethical lapses, reckless behavior, and embellishing
the truth. He had been dismissed from a number of academic
and research positions for questionable conduct. One former
colleague said, "Cutting corners for Sam was like substance
abuse. He did it in every aspect of his life, throughout his entire
life."
Detecting Fraud
While most managers understand the detrimental effects that
fraud has on the organization, most managers are not aware that
they can actually prevent fraud from occurring. In fact, most
managers simply assume that internal controls and/or internal or
external auditors will detect fraud and prosecute fraud
perpetrators. However, research suggests that fraud is most
often discovered through tips and complaints from colleagues
and/or other employees. As such, managers are in the best
position to detect fraud. It is the manager, not the auditors, who
can easily identify when an employee's behavior changes, when
an employee's lifestyle changes and/or when an employee
engages in unethical behavior. Furthermore, if a co-worker
notices dishonest activity happening within the organization,
that employee will most likely contact the manager. If the
manager simply dismisses the tip, then other employees will be
less likely to inform the manager when dishonesty is occurring
within the organization. As a result, a manager's behavior and
attitude towards honesty and dishonesty will have a large
influence on the organization and the amount of fraud that
occurs. Whenever managers do receive tips or complaints, they
must treat the tip and/or complaint with care. Individuals should
always be considered innocent until proven guilty and should
not be unjustly suspected or indicted.
Extravagant Lifestyles
Nearly all individuals who engage in fraud are under some type
of financial pressure. Typically, these financial pressures are
real. However, at times, these financial pressures are created

through a series of bad decisions. Most fraud perpetrators will
begin to steal from their employers in order to pay off these
financial pressures. For example, a fraud perpetrator may steal
from his or her employer in order to pay off large sums of credit
card debt. The majority of fraud perpetrators will truly intend to
pay back the stolen funds, although perpetrators never do pay
the funds back.
Once an individual begins to steal from his or her employer, the
perpetrator will almost never quit stealing. In fact, research
suggests that once perpetrators pay off their immediate financial
needs, they will continue to steal funds to pay for other, non-
necessary goods in order to improve their lifestyle. These
perpetrators will begin to buy expensive toys (such as cars and
boats), remodel their homes, buy expensive jewelry, take
expensive vacations, purchase a vacation home, and even buy
expensive CDs, music, art and clothing. Very few, if any, fraud
perpetrators actually save what they steal. As the perpetrator
becomes more and more confident in the fraud scheme, he or
she will continue to steal larger and larger amounts. This trend
will continue until the fraud becomes so large that it is
eventually discovered.
Research indicates that fraud perpetrators are people who take
shortcuts to appear successful. The same motivation that
motivates an individual to engage in stealing is the same
motivation that compels perpetrators to seek immediate
gratification. People who can delay gratification and spending
are much less likely to possess the motivation to be dishonest.
In order to better understand how an otherwise honest
individual can engage in fraud, consider the below confession
from Dennis Greer who engaged in a fraud scheme known as
kiting. Note: Kiting is a somewhat advanced fraud scheme
where an individual continually writes checks from one bank
account to cover spending in another bank account and vice-
versa. In other words, kiting uses the float time between bank
accounts to give the impression that there is money in both bank
accounts. While understanding the specifics of kiting is not

important, it is important to notice how the fraud became larger
and larger until it was eventually discovered. Also, notice how
Dennis's spending habits increased as the fraud continued.
"I, Dennis Greer, am making this statement on my own, without
threat or promises, as to my activities in regard to the activity
of kiting between Bank A and Bank B. As of May 20XX, I was
having extreme emotional and financial difficulties. For
religious reasons, I was required without notice to move out of
where I was living, and I had no place to go. Also, my
grandmother--the only family member I was close to--was
dying. I had to live out of my car for 3 weeks. At the end of this
time, my grandmother died. She lived in Ohio; I went to the
funeral and returned with a $1,000 inheritance. I used this
money to secure an apartment. The entire sum was used up for
the first month's rent, deposit, and application fee. From that
time, mid- June, until the first part of August, I was supporting
myself on my minimum-wage job at the nursery. I had no
furniture or a bed. I was barely making it. I was feeling very
distraught over the loss of my grandmother and problems my
parents and brother were having. I felt all alone.
The first part of August arrived, and my rent was due. I did not
have the full amount to pay it. This same week, I opened a
checking account at Bank B. I intended to close my Bank A
account because of a lack of ATMs, branches, and
misunderstanding. As I said, my rent was due, and I did not
know how to meet it. On an impulse, I wrote the apartment
manager a check for the amount due. I did not have the funds to
cover it. I thought I could borrow it, but I could not. During the
time I was trying to come up with the money, I wrote a check
from my Bank B account to cover the rent check and put it into
Bank A. I did not know it was illegal. I knew it was unethical,
but I thought since the checks were made out to me that it
wasn't illegal.
This went on for about a week--back and forth between banks. I
thought I could get the money to cover this debt, but I never
did. My grandmother's estate had been quite large, and I

expected more money, but it was not to happen. After a week of
nothing being said to me by the banks, I began to make other
purchases via this method. I needed something to sleep on and a
blanket and other items for the apartment. I bought a sleeper
sofa, a desk, a modular shelf/bookcase, and dishes and also paid
off my other outstanding debts--college loans, dentist bill, and
credit. I was acting foolishly. No one had questioned me at the
banks about any of this. I usually made deposits at different
branches to try to avoid suspicion, but when I was in my own
branches, no one said a thing. I thought maybe what I was doing
wasn't wrong after all. So I decided to purchase a new car,
stereo, and a new computer to use at home for work. Still, I did
not have a problem making deposits at the banks. But, I was
feeling very guilty. I knew I needed to start downsizing the
"debt" and clear it up. I began to look for a better-paying job.
Finally, last week I got a call from Bank B while I was at work.
They had discovered a problem with my account.
I realized then that the banks had found out. Later that day, I
got another call from Bank A. They told me that what I had
been doing was illegal and a felony. I was in shock. I didn't
know it was that bad. I realize now how wrong what I did was.
From the start, I knew it was unethical, but I didn't know it was
indeed a crime until now. I have had to do a lot of thinking,
praying, and talking to those close to me about this. I am truly
sorry for what I have done, and I don't EVER plan to do it
again. All I want now is to make amends with the banks. I do
not have the money to pay back either bank right now. I realize
this hurts them. I want to try to set this right, whether I go to
prison or not. I am prepared to work however long it takes to
pay the banks back in full with reasonable interest from a
garnishment of my wages from now until the full amount is paid
and settled.
I committed this act because I was feeling desperate. I was
emotionally a wreck and physically tired. I felt I didn't have a
choice but to do what I did or return to living in my car. I know
now that what I did was wrong, and I am very sorry for it. I am

attempting to seek psychological counseling to help me deal
with and resolve why I did this. I feel I have a lot to offer
society, once I am able to clean up my own life and get it
straightened out. I pray the bank employees and officers will
forgive me on a personal level for the hardship my actions have
caused them, and I want to make full restitution. I have done
wrong, and I must now face the consequences. This statement
has been made in my own words, by myself, without threat or
promise, and written by my own hand."
- Dennis Greer
A change in an employee's lifestyle is one of the biggest
indications that fraud may be occurring. While changes in an
employee's lifestyle only provide circumstantial evidence of
fraud (Indeed, lifestyle changes may be the result of
inheritance, a change in a spouse's employment, the lottery,
etc), it should still send a red flag to the manager that
something might be amiss.
Unusual Behaviors
Research in psychology suggests that when an individual
engages in fraud (especially first-time offenders) they often go
through a series of emotions, including fear and guilt. Such
emotions will often create additional stress in the life of the
perpetrator and this additional stress is often seen by colleagues
and co-workers. While no particular behavior will indicate
fraud, co-workers will immediately notice a change in behavior.
Someone that was nice and pleasant will become irritable and
confrontational. A co-worker who is loud and boisterous will
become shy and reserved (or vice-versa). Even perpetrators will
notice their behavioral changes. For example, a woman who
stole over $400,000 said, "I had to be giving off signals. I could
not look anyone in the eye." A man who took over $150,000
from his employer stated, "Sometimes I would be so wound up I
would work for 12 or 14 hours a day, often standing up. Other
times, I would be so despondent I could not get off the couch
for over a week at a time". It should be noted that just because a

colleague engages in unusual behaviors doesn't necessary
indicate that he or she is committing fraud. In fact, changes in
behavior can be caused by a number of factors such as changes
in sleep patterns, a new child, a divorce or marriage, a parent
who is sick, or a number of other factors. The important thing to
remember, however, is that both unusual behaviors and
extravagant lifestyles should signal to managers that something
might be wrong. Before a manager confronts any person about
lifestyle changes, unusual behaviors, or any other indications of
fraud, both legal and human resources should be identified so
that the matter is handled in an ethical and legal manner.
1
Parking Issues at Beihang University
Yiling Zhang
11/6/2017
Dr.Pezzoli
Abstract
Traffic safety, management, and parking issues are major
concerns of large universities. The
number of students, native and international students and
faculty’s use of vehicles make it

difficult for university management to tackle the growing
demand for parking lots. Therefore, the
present study will focus the Beihang University of China as a
case study to pinpoint its parking
issues, the solution proposed by public and recommended
solution based on both literature and
participants of the study. Data will gather through a subjective
questionnaire and analyze through
descriptive statistics, discrete choice model and GIS.
2
Introduction
Universities can be considered as a small and growing town
which binds the planners and
policymakers to provide community facilities to each member of
a community. Transportation
facilities are basic needs of each member and it becomes more
dynamic and complex due to the
contribution of different factors. These include growing
numbers of vehicles, for example, staff
members, students, visitors and staff members who live near the
campus area. Little attention has

been given to university traffic issues, policies of universities,
and planning of parking lots.
This unique combination of transportation land, its use, and
planning provides us an ample
opportunity to examine existing transportation policies and
management process and propose
recommendations to improve the existing transportation system
while analyzing its outcomes.
The matter of the fact is that land use refers the space which is
used for transportation facilities
within the campus of universities. In simple words, land use of
parking lots, pedestrians,
vehicular access roads and buildings consisting of
administrative buildings, boarding and athlete
buildings (Kuo 2015).
The relationship between transportation land and campus is that
if the campus provides a
convenient and easy transport, it increases the use of vehicle
within campus area. Therefore,
people take off the use of the alternative i.e. local transportation
system. In the case of use of
local transport system, and is left for auditoriums and additional
buildings to accommodate other
facilities in the campus. In the case of universities,

transportation system requires proper
planning, accurate estimation of demand and supply of
transportation and provision of
alternatives (Tahani Y. Al Hanaei 2007).
3
Commonly little attention to given to campus parking issues
and transportation management
system. It is important to give attention to campus area’s
transportation planning because issues
or mess in campus area has potential to affect the nearby town.
The purpose of this research
proposal is to identify the issues of parking and transportation
fee and local transportation
facilities available at Beihang University, Beijing, China.
Beihang University established in 1952 and enjoy the status of
the first university offering
aerospace technological education in the country. The
university offers graduate, undergraduate
and doctoral programs in areas of aeronautics, astronautics, and
informatics. Roughly 10,282
students are enrolled in postgraduate programs, 12,523 in

graduate programs and total 3,359 staff
members. On the other hand, 49 fields offer doctoral programs,
144 programs for postgraduates
and bachelors’ program consist of total 48 fields. On the other
hand, the university offers high-
quality laboratories and libraries which have the status of
China's top laboratories and libraries
(BUAA.Edu.CN 2017).
The transportation system of the university is convenient and
easy to access for local and
international students as well. Different subways, railroads, and
bus lines link the university with
a different section of the city. Thus, for the present study, we
aim to examine the parking
behaviors of drivers, the duration of their parking, balance
between demand and supply of
parking vehicles, and their relationship with the parking
management policies of the university.
Additionally, this study will propose alternative transportation
techniques and strategies to
increase revenues (Boamahb 2016).

4
Framework of the Study
Traffic safety, management, and parking issues are major
concerns of large universities. The
number of students, native and international students and
faculty’s use of vehicles make it
difficult for university management to tackle the growing
demand for parking lots. Although,
universities have a large area the increasing numbers of
disciplines, research centers and
buildings for sports and alumni etc. make it impossible for
university management to create new
parking space in the existing area. Further, the crowd of traffic
also becomes an important issue.
This situation requires additional security as well managerial
concerns (Boamahb 2016).
In the case of Beihang University, the transportation issues
required more attention and care to
handle them because of its central location in the city and
facilities of research and mutual
partnerships with government level institutions. A research
study conducted at the Sharjah
University of America, to investigate the issues of parking and
alternative structures for meeting

the parking needs of people. Further, this study examined the
role of increased cost to meet the
requirement of people. For achieving these goals, a survey study
is conducted to investigate
perceptions of people who use parking.
Results indicate that multi-level parking structure is not a good
alternative. It has great impacts
on surroundings including a mess of traffic, noise, and waste.
Further, results indicated that
university should plan and execute a comprehensive
transportation plan which complies with the
demand and supply of traffic in the campus area (Tahani Y. Al
Hanaei 2007). This study
recommends the importance of growing need for education and
training programs to describe
give awareness to the public about different modes of
transportation available at the university
5
campus. Moreover, the growing numbers of institutions and
buildings required more place and a
strategic planning to tackle issues in the university.

There exist other factors a well which contributes to campus
traffic. These include staff residence
and involvement of university in different projects with the
private and public sector. The matter
of the fact is that campus transportation becomes a great issue
for the present time and future as
well. an empirical study conducted at Beihang university
indicate that growing numbers of
buildings and new blocks, lowered the capacity of parking place
and results are a shortage of
parking space. For this purpose, researchers also gathered and
analyzed drivers’ behaviors and
attitude to parking duration and they're in an on-going time
(aijun 2007).
A study conducted by Barat, Cruz and Ferreira, (2011)
discussed problems and solutions of the
traffic problems in campus areas. Results indicated low parking
price and over crowdedness. On
the basis of these results, it an integrated parking management
policies are suggested. These
policies will encounter a logical use of parking space, initiate
charges to increase revenues, and
balances demand and supply of vehicles. It is also suggested
that university management must

attract people towards alternative parking and traffic solutions.
Public transportation as an
alternative approach may have positive impacts on traffic issues
(Eduardo Barata 2011).
Related literature reveals that parking issue is the biggest
problem in large-scale universities. The
important point to note that literature related to parking issues
does not examine the mode of
transportation as an active variable. Thus, the study by Riggs,
(2014) examined the mode of
transportation as an active variable which may have positive
role to tackle transport related
issues. Therefore, this research study studied the impacts of
travelers’ information system,
parking price reforms and incentives affect the people’s attitude
towards a public transport and
6
non-motorized modes for both faculties, students and other
clerical staff. Survey results indicated
that many social factors and incentive programs have positive
influence to provoke people to use

public transportation facilities. Thus, the campus should also
benchmark a desirable behavior
which people intend to follow (WilliamRiggs 2014).
In the same manner, further research in the area focuses the
phenomenon of construction of new
parking lots. It was observed that construction of new parking
lots is not cost effective as
compared to the expansion of existing parking lots. Therefore,
in 2013, the university has
initiated to develop new parking lots but turned its focus
towards outreach mode-shift to review
the driving patterns of affected drivers. During the study,
researchers analyze a shift in commute
patterns of drivers.
This can be done because of a marketing campaign and but at
the same time provided guidance
about the alternative routes. This also indicated that one to one
interaction with people also
brought change in their commuting patterns. Results showed
that people did not drive alone
when they knew their targeted outreach. Thus, the research
showed that this kind of programs
proved effective and useful for urban cities universities
campuses (Kuo 2015).

Literature reveals that increasing demand for parking is the
major and increasing issue for the
urban universities campuses. There exist much cause of this
problem. Here, the most important
point is to highlight the causes and attributes to park a vehicle
in a certain place highly affected
by social factors like reasons of visits, arrival and departure
time are major factors to influence
parking choices. For this purpose, a survey was conducted to
assemble driver’s views who
parked their cars, on regular basis. Analysis through discrete
choice technique and binary logic
model illustrated that along with these factors, parking fee,
security and available parking
7
facilities were important factors which should be kept in mind
to prepare a parking plan for
urban university campus (AMPANSIRIRAT 2011).
Review of the above research studies indicated that universities
located at the center of an urban
area require a sophisticated, integrated and strategic planning.

There are numbers of reasons
which imbalance the demand and supply of parking lots.
Moreover, this continuous imbalance of
two forces allows university management to take steps for
solving these issues. Further, many
strategies like alternative approaches, targeted outreach, and
public awareness are recommended.
The matter of the fact is these studies examine parking
problems according to policy
perspectives, review consumer’s thoughts but not include them
while proposing a solution.
Thus, the main purpose of this study is to highlight the issues of
parking and other traffic issues
on the university campus of Beihang University. This study will
adopt a research approach
which incorporates consumers or drivers to point out the issues,
they face in routine. Further,
they will also suggest some potential recommendations to
improve the parking conditions of the
university. This new approach will give way to further
developments on the campus. The matter
of the facts is drivers’ involvement in the identification of
problems and recommendations for
improvements will provide a new and creative insight into the

issues.
Research Question
Following will be the research questions of the current study;
1. What are common issues, drivers face while parking at
Beihang University?
2. What are their proposed solutions to parking issues at
Beihang University?
3. What will be the possible solutions to parking issues at
Beihang University?
8
Methodology
Parking Structure of Beihang University
Beihang University occupied Xueyuan Road, the China’s heart
of Silicon Valley. The campus
can be divided into four components; staff residency zone,
teaching area, students’ dormitory
area and buildings for public activities. The matter of the fact is
that as compared to teaching
area, the residency area and public activity area have to face the
main responsibility of traffic.

The public area covers banks, shops, museum, playground, post
offices, and hospitals. Thus, 442
parking lots are available in public areas and 662 in residents’
area. These parking lots provide
parking facilities to outsiders as well. Thus, the case study
mainly focuses the public area
parking lots, their issues as explained by drivers, prospective
solutions, and recommendations for
future.
Design of Study
The research design will be the case study. This design allows
us to examine the present
phenomenon with all targeted aspects. Thus, the primary
purpose of this study is to highlight the
parking issues at Beihang University, China. Therefore, the
parking lots located in public area of
the campus will represent as a case in this study. Therefore
descriptive survey research method
will be employed to conduct current study. The descriptive
survey is used to determine the
current status of large population demographic information of
the population (Kelley 2003).

9
The tool of the study is consist of a descriptive survey, consists
of two parts, close-ended
questions and open-ended questions. The close-ended questions
will deal with the numbers of
arrivals in campus, time spends on campus, and issues they face
during parking in public area of
the campus. On the other hand, open-ended questions will be
designed to get their subjective
ideas that how improvement would be made to improve quality
of parking facilities. The use of a
questionnaire as a tool to gather data in survey method as an
instrument made it easy for
researchers to analyze. It provided subjective information, easy
administration, and
generalization. It is also useful to measure attitudes which are
difficult to measure with
observational techniques (Levin 2009).
Process of Data Collection
There are two gates through which people can enter in the
public area of the university. It is
important for researchers to count the occupancy of each
parking lot. Thus, for measuring the

time span in university, researchers will distribute each entering
vehicle a questionnaire in which
time of their arrival will be mentioned. Researchers request
drivers to return questionnaire when
they exist. In this way, the researcher will be able to note their
total time spending on campus.
This process will benefit the study in two ways, in the first way
when researchers distribute
questionnaire, they can measure the demand for parking lots in
public area of the campus.
Secondly, this process will also be useful even when people do
not fill the questionnaire but
researchers will note their exit time. The matter of the fact is
that researchers will questionnaire
within two consecutive days. Researchers will remain present at
two gates for two days, from 9:
am to 5: pm. The cost of this survey study will comprise of
questionnaire papers and cost of
photocopies.
10
Analysis Techniques

The data will be analyzed through statistical techniques, mean
and standard deviation. These
techniques highlight the numbers of people who use parking
lots, regularly. On the other hand,
researchers can compare the demand ratio among different
parking lots. Further, the discrete
choice model will be used to analyze the choice patterns of
drivers to park in a specific parking
lot. We assume that safety, parking fee, location, the distance
between their visited building and
nature of their visit are some factors which affect their parking
behaviors.
On the next stage of the study, the geographical information
system will be used to analyze the
spatial patterns of university campus area. GIS is a technology
which enables researchers to
collect, analyze, store and interpret information regarding
decision-making process and will be
useful to problem-solving. This data will prove useful when
cross-examines with the survey data.
GIS information will inform about different elements or objects,
their relationship and existence
in the university area (Folger 2009).
Outcomes and Contribution to the Study

The primary purpose of this research study is to highlight the
issues and demand of parking lots
in public area of Beihang University. This study will be unique
in the sense that it will involve
consumers’ opinion, i.e. consumers’ information about their
parking attitudes and problems.
Further, they will also share their opinion that how parking
facilities can be improved in future.
Results will also prove useful for policymakers and traffic
management to improve parking
structure through the elimination of undesired elements and
addition of required facilities. Thus,
this will grab the people who park on the campus and create
traffic issues.
11
Bibliography
aijun, SHANG Huayan LINWenji HUANGH. 2007. "Empirical
Study of Parking Problem on
University Campus." Journal of Transportation Systems
Engineering and Information
Technology 135-140.

AMPANSIRIRAT, Saksith CHALERMPONG & Nitipol. 2011.
"Modeling Chulalongkorn
University Campus Parking Demand ." Journal of the Eastern
Asia Society for
Transportation Studies 566-574.
Boamahb, Anthony Filipovitcha & Emmanuel Frimpong. 2016.
"A systems model for achieving
optimum parking efficiency on campus: The case of Minnesota
State University."
Transport Policy 86-96.
BUAA.Edu.CN. 2017. Beihang University. Accessed 11 13,
2017. http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/.
Eduardo Barata, LuisCruz, João-Pedro Ferreira. 2011. "Parking
at the UC campus: Problems and
solutions." Cities 406-413.
Folger, Peter. 2009. Geospatial Information and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS):
Current Issues and Future Challenges . New York: CRS Report
for Congress.
Kelley, K., Clark, B., Brown, V. & Sitzia. J. 2003. "Good
practice in the conduct and reporting
of survey research. ." International Journal for Quality in Health
Care, 15(3), 261-266. .

12
Kuo, William Riggs & Jessica. 2015. "The impact of targeted
outreach for parking mitigation on
the UC Berkeley campus." Case Studies on Transport Policy
151-158.
Levin, J. & Fox, J. A. 2009. Elementary statistics in social
research, (9th ed.). . India:: Pearson
Education Inc.
Tahani Y. Al Hanaei. 2007. AN INVESTIGATION OF
PARKING PROBLEMS AND
ALTERNATIVES AT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF
SHARjah. American University
of Sharjah, .
WilliamRiggs. 2014. "Dealing with parking issues on an urban
campus: The case of UC
Berkeley." Case Studies on Transport Policy 168-176.
joshnewton7
Typewritten Text
First, you have no desired outcome on your theory of change.
Think about what that might be. Also, your abstract is a bit
unspecific...what specifically are you accomplishing with this

research other than analyzing solutions mentioned by others? In
terms of the proposal, much of the intro and conceptual
framework read more like stuff that would be in a literature
review. You need to more succinctly state what your topic is. I
think you had some good stuff from these sections such as your
paragraph on the university and paragraphs on the issues it
faces. Also, your lit review is too long and reads more like an
annotated bibliography. We don't just want to know what people
have said, but how they are in conversation with others and
where you fit in that conversation. Your methodology section is
pretty good, but it raises a few questions. How are you going to
do research in China? Are you getting friends to help or are you
going back over winter break (and if they have a winter break
how will you get accurate data)? Also, I think there is an
interesting aspect of finding out what the people that use the
lots think about what should be done, but...do you think you
will get answers? A lot of times people know something is
wrong but don't know what to do to fix it. Also, how will you
make your recommendations? Are you going to use the advice
from survey takers and compare that to what experts say? Think
a bit more about how this is all going to work. In the outcomes I
just would have liked to have seen what you think the result of
the survey would be. I think your project has come a long way,
but there is still some work to do in terms of thinking about the
logistics. GRADE: 25.5/30

The transportation issues in Chinese Universities
Yiling Zhang
10 / 18 / 2017
TA: Joshua Newton
Abstract
University campus traffic safety is an important part of a
university safety management. With the
increase in motor vehicle ownership and opening of new degree
programs, the campus traffic
safety issue has been required more attention. A detailed
analysis of literature reveals that there
are plenty of reasons such as lack of parking space, lack of
traffic facilities and ignorance the
traffic rules that cause the safety issues. Strengthen
management, provision of basic equipment
and awareness campaigns for all stakeholders are the primary
suggestions to solve traffic safety
issue in campus area.

Literature Review
The campus transportation system is an important part of
college campus planning, along
with the constant enlargement of the university campus space
scale. The university campus in
both China and America in terms of scale are part of the town.
Most campus traffic issues arise
due to the insufficient knowledge both at theoretical and
application. The primary question of
this research study is to explore the existing traffic safety issues
within boundaries of a campus.
The rapid development of higher education, the number of
college students are
increasing. At the same time, increasing numbers of cars on the
campus directly cause the
parking issues. As the campus opens to the public and the
function as a place of the logistics
socialization. The vertical rate is increasing. In China, the
system of the transportation is being
messy and traffic accidents have been increased. To a certain
extent, it dangerously influences
campus security and stability.
A journal article, titled, “The university campus transportation
status reasons and the

countermeasure analysis” the author, Feiqi Wang studies the
situation of the transportation
system in universities in China and points out the issues they
are facing right now. First of all, he
mentioned that the defects of the system on safety management,
which leads the campus traffic
management University campus traffic safety management are
generally self-management, but
defense is not law enforcement, no right to punishment and
pecans vehicles on campus, only the
traffic police department has the right to deal with them. But in
fact, the law enforcement not
actively into the university campus, result in drivers don't obey
the management of security
guards, which is a serious threat to the campus traffic safety. In
addition, lack of parking makes
vehicles park on the road and the pavement encroachment on
both sides. Most campuses have
dormitory, classroom building, dining hall and restaurants, the
repast and activities occupy the
gap time between classes could easily cause accidents.
Another article named, “The transportation system in

University campus.” The author
also points out the vehicle parking issue, it has become the
major concern for the university in
China. He also states that another problem is faultiness of
transportation infrastructure
construction. The intersections in most of the campus do not
have traffic lights, especially in the
rush hour, there is also no commander control the mess. Lacking
pedestrian crossing, traffic
lights on the connecting parts for school and outside which
leads transportation system into a bad
situation.
Based on the article, “Transportation problems and it’s
solution.” the authors mentioned
the solution that universities use other than China to help
develop the transportation system.
They introduce, the University of California, Los Angeles has
built 14 parking lot for the
teachers and students and other employees around teaching and
research building. Foreign
business anchor on the side of the road of the campus the
vehicles for short periods of time, need
to make table billing. "STOP" signs around the campus all
traffic intersection, It requires that the

vehicles must make people preferred by through campus, and
drew out the pedestrian. Don't
allow parking temporary parking Spaces, parking Spaces for
disabled persons, seat and allow
parking time limit clearly marked on the campus road.
The state university of New York: teaching areas prohibit motor
vehicle, the school has the free
shuttle for teachers and students, seven days a week, and run 20
hours a day. The campus vehicle
shall not exceed 15 miles per hour. At the University of
Auckland, New Zealand: teaching
central district road shall practice a system ban of a motor
vehicle, in addition to the use of the
vehicle bus, bicycle, the disabled, other than the university bus
and implement emergency
service vehicles and other vehicles shall be no thoroughfare.
And the cars be allowed to pass
through this section, the speed to strict rules has to be 10 km
and under. Dublin Institute of
technology set the electronic signs at the school gate, the route
and parking areas, clear cites the
driving directions and parking areas, the vertical is banned in

teaching central district.
According all the research showed above, lack of parking
space, incomplete system
management and lack of traffic facilities are the main reason
that may cause potential safety
issues. Because of the national condition differences, parking
inside the university in America is
much easier than in China. The main reason is America has a
complete system. First of all, the
large amount of parking structure takes over the campus area in
universities in America. Parking
permit plays the important role for the students and teachers
who drive to school.
The person who owns the permit would be able to park at the
designated areas. Base on the
University of California San Diego, there are six type permits,
which include faculty and senior
staff parking, staff and graduate student parking, students
parking, off-peak hours staff parking,
night & weekend parking and motorcycle parking. For those
who do not have a parking permit,
the parking kiosk can be seen everywhere on the campus. The
parking charge by hours which is
$2 per hour or purchase whole day for $20, cash and card are

both acceptable, once finish the
paying, take out the receipt that it printed and then leave it
inside the car on the front of the
windscreen.
A book named “Modern urban transportation system” that wrote
by Lihua Piao said, In 1990,
President Bush formally published the Disabilities Act
(Americans with Disability Act of 1990,
"ADA"). In 2010, the U.S. justice department updates the ADA
design specifications, the design
in the parking lot must make the pledge that we shall have a
barrier-free under 25 parking
space;100 parking Spaces below must have five disabled
parking space. The blue background
with white Symbol of a wheelchair, as an International common
barrier-free facilities marks
(English name International Symbol of Access), sometimes this
logo draws on the ground.
Without a parking permit, the car that on the disabled parking
spot can get ticket. The campus
transportation planning is part of the whole campus planning.
The article, “The sustainable development of the modern

university campus traffic
planning research” The author Xiaonian Xie mentioned that the
traffic is not only an important
carrier of entertainment for student campus life, it also affects
campus management tools.
Transportation is the core of school management, in the whole
school management and planning
should cause more attention. Zongbo Tan mentioned in his book
“urban planning” For solving
the traffic problems, not an isolated one-sided consideration,
everything is developing and
connected. The campus transportation needs to work together on
various aspects.
Traffic problems on campus are about all the teachers and
students in school and the vital
interests of the faculty, everyone is closely linked, school
leaders, teachers, students should
actively take action. In addition, the transportation issues need
a lot of knowledge of discipline
and coordination of various departments. The campus
transportation management requires strong
leadership. Promoting in the campus traffic planning decision-
making, engaged in transportation

research of the teacher's voice. Professional people do
professional thing, it can only be scientific
and rationale for the campus through the planning and design.
The campus transportation management should be heavy-handed
and geared of all
people. some university campus in order to meet the needs of a
growing number of motor
vehicles, road planning, construction, and campus management
policy is too tilted to the car, and
non-motor vehicle not only lanes to motor vehicles, but also
start parking on the sidewalk, the
campus is turning into the car campus, which leads to traffic
congestion, increase the incidence
of accidents, campus environment pollution issues and so on.
Therefore, the campus
transportation management and planning should let more people
feel equal.
There is some advice for developing the transportation system
in the universities in
China. First of all, further improve the transportation system.
The principal should carefully
prevent the campus traffic accident, comprehensive grasp the
campus traffic safety facilities,

parking facilities planning for further detailed baseline
screening. Screening results to establish
archives, form a complete campus road transportation
management information, insist on regular
screening per semester, grasp the campus road traffic safety
situation and to carry out the
targeted management to find the weak links, prevent the school
traffic accident and maintain
campus stability.
School should make a plan for hiring guards and security
management professional
training and supervise security guards, strengthen the road
patrol, dissuade in time if find a
dangerous driving situation. Secondly, try to raise the level of
transportation safety. The traffic
administrative department of the school needs to strengthening
the management of campus road
driving, speeding, retrograde and parking not follow the
provisions. Third, develop on traffic
facilities, such as build signal lights and “STOP” sign just as
other universities outside the China,
and also limit the vehicles that can enter to school. At the same
time, strengthening the traffic

safety education of students.
So they can understand the meaning of various types of traffic
signals and improve
self-protection ability to reduce the campus traffic accident.
Fourth, standardize the management
of shuttle and bus. School should hire the drivers who own the
bone professional morals,
experienced and with a great record and then signed a letter of
responsibility for safe driving and
in order to establish the corresponding education and
management system. Strengthening the
school bus driver education and management, to improve the
driver's traffic safety awareness.
Fifth, cooperation and cooperation, strengthen the linkage with
the local law enforcement
agencies.
The relevant departments of the school should take the practical
work of the school road
traffic safety as a practical implementation of the scientific
concept of development, build a
harmonious campus, safeguard the fundamental profit of the
teachers and students, strengthen
the communication of information, actively cooperate and take

practical measures to strengthen.
Strengthen the contact with the local executive departments
such as traffic police and
cooperation. One is conducive to the school security department
of business guidance, while
helping the security sector strengthen the campus traffic safety
publicity and management efforts
to help deal with campus traffic accidents and motor vehicles
violations; the second is to help
schools to strengthen the school gate and the surrounding traffic
and keep in in order, to ensure
the safety of teachers and students.
Lastly, scientifically and targeted to plan the construction of
campus transport
infrastructure, increase investment, improve the mechanism,
improve the scientific and
technological content. In view of the risks of school traffic
safety, the school should increase the
capital investment and improve all kinds of transportation
facilities. The current campus traffic
management system cannot meet the needs of the development
of colleges and universities.

Standardized parking management, effective control of outside
vehicles, so as to achieve the
reduction of motor vehicle traffic on campus, reduce traffic
accidents and create a good campus
traffic environment.
The article named, “Analysis of the Current Situation of
University Campus.” Junbing
Xu mentioned that some colleges and universities have
established the traffic management mode
of the campus intelligent contact IC card ( A plastic card
containing a computer chip and
enabling the holder to purchase goods and services) induction
system, and the campus traffic
order has obviously improved, and the campus traffic accident
is obviously reduced.
In sum, the traffic management of colleges and universities
related to the peace of the
staff and students, related to the safety and stability of colleges
and universities, which requires
us to give full play to the role of university traffic managers in
the work of scientific
development concept of continuous learning, exploration and
practice in order to make the
university's traffic management work to keep up with the pace

of the times, and truly for the safe
campus construction.
Reference
Feiqi Wang, “The university campus transportation status
reasons and the countermeasure
analysis” , Time Education, September, 2012
Caixia Zhu “The transportation system in University campus.” ,
Zhengzhou, 2008
Zhongying Shi, “Transportation problems and it’s solution.”,
2013
Lihua Piao , “Modern urban transportation system” 38-45,
People’s Education Press, 2015
Xiaonian Xie and Tong Yao“The sustainable development of the
modern university campus
traffic planning research”
Zongbo Tan, “urban planning” , Tsinghua University, 216-284,
2005
Junbing Xu, “Analysis of the Current Situation of University
Campus.”, Hubei, 2012

joshnewton7
Typewritten Text
You have a good start here, but most of this reads more like an
annotated bibliography (summaries of readings) than a literature
review (putting authors in conversation). Also, part of the paper
where you make recommendations seems out of place. My main
concern though, when looking at your story board, is how you
will turn this into a research project. Transportation at Chinese
universities seems a bit broad. Are you possibly going to do a
case study of a particularly effective Chinese university? Are
you interested in a particular aspect of transportation? It seems
like you wrote a lot on parking. Are you interested in how
effective universities deal with the issue of parking demand? In
moving toward the proposal, I think you need to narrow your
idea down a bit more. I think you are at the topic phase and now
need to move into the specific research question phase. Also,
the formatting of your works cited doesn't have enough detail so
I can't be sure if these articles are peer-reviewed or not, but I do
notice you have no books included. Dr. Pezzoli wanted you to
have at least 2 books in your literature review.
186 Assignment : Data Collection and Strategic Plan
Shifting gears from proposal writing mode to SRP writing mode
Grade Value
20% for this assignment
Due Date
Thurs., Dec. 7, 2017 (upload to Google Classroom)
1. List SRP Title, Question, Answer and Key Term definitions).
(5pts)
In clear language, provide text on each of the following
elements:

(a) Title of your SRP (no more than 15 words)
(b) Revised Abstract (150-200 words); plus three annotated
references (why these sources matter)
(c) The precise question you are addressing (no more than one
sentence)
(d) A definition of each key term you used in your SRP title and
question (limit your list of key terms to 3, 4 or 5, and for each
term limit your definition to 25-50 words).
2. Evidence (1-2 page research design narrative, plus a list of
sources and data collection timeline) (10pts)
Present your data collection strategy (a one to two page
research design narrative that describes the kind of evidence
you will collect and how, adding your rationale/justification for
doing so in the way you propose). Add to your narrative a table
(like the one shown below) that includes the sources of
evidence (data) you will collect (or have already collected),
how you will gather and/or get access to it (e.g., interview
people at your internship or project site, observe meetings
downtown at an agency headquarters, search an on-line archive,
visit the archives of an off-campus organization), the strengths
and weaknesses of your sources of data.
Source of Evidence / How you will get access to it
Strength/Weakness
Timeline (when will you be finished collecting this evidence)?
1. Archival Records (be specific)
2.
3.

3. Overarching Timeline of your SRP tasks (e.g., data
collection; analysis, write up, poster, video, expo) (5pts)
Provide a bulleted outline, Gantt chart, or flow diagram of your
SRP tasks milestones. You can learn how to do a Gantt chart
(optional) using excel at :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CW_wGSFavTc Time moves
swiftly. Plan to be done collecting all your data by the second
week of the winter quarter. You’ll be required to turn in key
assignments as follows (so include these dates in your timeline).
1

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