Framing China's Olympic Bid
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Delivered at the conference "China Media Today" organized by the China Media Centre of the University of Westminster, London, UK in June 2008.
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Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All right.docx
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Photo credit: Najlah Feanny/Corbis
Politics and Knowledge
Chapter One
Color scheme: Folio
Text: News Gothic MT
Slide Theme: Median
Learning Objectives
Understand various meanings of the term "politics" and provide a general definition of the field of political science.
Identify the sources of political knowledge for the individual.
Describe the merits of and problems with the different levels of authority as a source of political knowledge.
Explain how personal bias can affect political thought and how scientific analysis can mitigate this effect.
Describe the three general types of political knowledge and how they are developed.
Explain how the scientific method can be applied to a specific political question.
Understand the objections to the idea that the study of politics can be considered a science.
Describe some of the subfields of political science.
Q: What is politics?>
Towards A Definition of Politics
First step toward a better understanding of the political world is to establish what we mean by politics:
Competition among individuals and groups pursuing their own interests
Exercise of power and influence to allocate things that are valued.
Determination of who gets what, when, and how
Resolution of conflict
Overall: Politics is the process through which power and influence are used in the promotion of certain values and interests.
Domains that are subject to politics are very large.
Q: Why we study politics?>
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why we study politics?
Because of the many relationships between what happen in politics or government and in our personal life.
It affects us in some way or another.
Therefore, we need to know politics, to form views, and to make informal decision especially in democracy where election can make change.
On Political Knowledge
Every individual’s understanding of politics is composed of three general types of knowledge:
1. Description of political facts
2. Explanations of how and why politics occurs as it does
3. Prescriptions of what should happen in the political world
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
On Political Knowledge
1. Descriptions of political facts
Focuses on what questions and is usually based on one or more “facts”
Example: The number of states in Nigeria: 36
On many questions no indisputable answers; complicated issues
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
On Political Knowledge
Attempts to specify why something happens and to provide the reason or process by which the phenomenon occurs.
Value judgment that indicates what should occur and should be done.
Answers to questions of what ought to be, not merely description or explanation of what is.
2. Explanations of how and.
The ProcessSelection of the research questionIdentificatio.docx
The ProcessSelection of the research questionIdentification of the methodology to answer that questionResearchDefinition, Description and AnalysisExplanation and Prediction
Good questionsAnswer a puzzleTake part in a debateAdd to the “tree of knowledge”For this class, they should have a comparative dimension“Is” versus “ought” questions
The Comparative method
(Review Ch. 1)Inductive reasoningGoing from the bottom up. Using one case to develop ideas. “Why has Country X slide toward state failure?” Still need to test theoriesDeductive reasoningGoing from the top down. Using logic to generate a number of explanations. “What explains democratization in Asia?” Still need to test theories
Finding patterns or connectionsDependent variable OutcomeIndependent variable Cause (potential)
Q. Why did protests turn violent?
Q. What makes some democracies stable?
CorrelationsCorrelations are associations or a relationship between variablesPositiveNegative
Plotting the correlation shows a relationship exists but it does not necessarily explain the cause. (The “why” question)
Correlation and causationTo show “causation” we first need to show that a correlation existsCorrelations are necessary but not sufficient to prove causationProblems with spurious correlations
Hierarchy of UnderstandingWorld views/FrameworksTheories Generalizations, explanations and predictionsConceptsFacts/Raw data
Hypothesis Assumptions to be tested against the evidenceIt’s your answer to the research question(s) you posed. Descriptive hypothesis (propose a “fact”, test to see if it exists. Need evidence to confirm)Democracy has broad support in RussiaExplanatory hypothesis (seek to explain the fact)Russians support democracy because of their past experience with communism
Hypotheses have to be testableA nonfalsifiable hypothesisWe won because God is on our sideFallacy of composition All Americans are wealthyTautologyArmed conflict caused the civil warReductivism One cause can explain everythingFalse InferenceInfering too much from the data you have
Sources for finding hypotheses
or where do I get my argument?Deduction (literature, logic)Induction (observations, facts)Grounded theory generalize from cases
Both need to be tested
Methodology QuantitativeQualitative
Comparative PoliticsStructured focused comparison
Steps in hypothesis testing1. Define key terms (wealth, elite)2. Identify the Variables (independent/dependent)3. Specify the expectations of the hypothesis. (if….then)4. Collect and examine the evidence5. Draw conclusions from the evidence
Example Puzzle: Has the creation of European institutions and policies led to a shift toward a “European” identity in member states? Descriptive hypothesis…Explanatory hypothesis …Identify variables (I and D) institutions/identitySpecify expectationsCollect and examine evidenceAnalyze evidence
Who Governs?, Robert DahlEconomic power confers political power Tes.
Chapter 4 Administration Responsibility The Key to Administrativ.docx
Chapter 4: Administration Responsibility: The Key to Administrative Ethics In order to access the following resource, click the links below. Watch the following segments from the full video listed below: Utilitarian Theory (segment 10 of 15) and Duty Theory (Segment 11 of 15). These video segments provide more information on two important theories in ethics. Films Media Group (Producer). (2004). Ethics: What is right [Video file]. Retrieved from https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPl aylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=32706 The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Unit Lesson Philosophical Theories: Related to Ethical Decision-Making Many theorists have concluded that several decision-making models exist that focus on consistent norms and have derived from society and individual impressions. The textbook cites several sources that are prominent in this field, and lists some of the well-known founders of these theories. Participants that develop topics of public policy, such as social equity, education, conflict resolution, or human rights, may base their decisionmaking on the beliefs related to certain philosophies. Utilitarianism: Approach Based on Consequences Based on consequences, an action may be right or wrong. Jeremy Bentham and John Steward Mills derived this theory that was completely based on reason. The authors did not want their theory based on religion or a particular societal level of norms. More so, Utilitarianism wanted everyone to have access to a thinking mind and is based off an idea of utility or usefulness. An abbreviated summary of Bentham and Mills theory can be summarized as “the greatest good, for the greatest number or population.” We can assume that “good” means happiness or pleasure for most people. Another concept closely related to this outcome is efficacy, which implies the “least desired input for greatest desired output.” Business and government usually take this strategy for different reasons – mainly associated with resources. If one thinks about successful business and government practices, the decision-making effort outcomes generally result in products and services that work best, cost least, and last the longest. The consumer mindset also uses this simple and natural buying process for decision-making. The successful business leader uses this variable for short and long-term investment decisions, and the public manager focuses on successful public services, which utilizes public funding in a prudent and wise fashion. Another public example is the government buying process where services and products are purchased though a competitive vetting process where needs, values, and timely delivery are critical components of the purchasing decision model. Efficacy also applies to students who UNIT II STUDY GUIDE Established Philosophies Affecting Public Eth ...
NOA - Framing China's Olympic Games
Delivered at the National Olympic Academy meeting in London, UK in March 2008.
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with .docx
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with 100 words.1 reference each
DISCUSSION A 100 words 1 reference
Class, might the same method be used effectively to create a policy decision for the public-sector as in the private-sector?
DISCUSSION B 100 words 1 reference
Policy analysts are often faced with multiple advocacy choices when developing a policy recommendation. These choices are known as advocative claims. What are the characteristics of an advocative claim?
Advocative claims have four different main characteristics that are actionable, prospective, value laden, and ethically complex (Dunn, 2008). The claims below are described by Dunn as:
· Actionable.Advocative claims focus on actions that may be taken to resolve a policy problem. Although advocative claims require prior information about what will occur and what is valuable, they go beyond questions of "fact" and "value" and include arguments about what should be done to solve a problem (Dunn, 2008).
· Prospective.Advocative claims are prospective, because they occur prior to the time that actions are taken (ex ante). While policy-analytic procedures of monitoring and evaluation are retrospective, because they are applied after actions are taken (ex post), forecasting and recommendation are both applied prospectively (ex ante) (Dunn, 2008).
· Value laden.Advocative claims depend as much on "facts" as they do on "values." To claim that a particular policy alternative should be adopted requires not only that the action being recommended will have the predicted consequences; it also requires that the predicted consequences are valued by individuals, groups, or society as a whole (Dunn, 2008).
· Ethically complex.The values underlying advocative claims are ethically complex. A given value (e.g., health) may be regarded as both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic values are those that are valued as ends in themselves; extrinsic values are those that are valued because they will produce some other value. Health may be regarded as an end in itself and as a condition necessary for the attainment of other values, including security, freedom, and self-actualization. Similarly, democratic participation may be valued as an end in itself (intrinsic value) and a means to political stability (extrinsic value) (Dunn, 2008).
Each claim focuses on some sort of action or value that is perceived or occurred. The claims further describe the different choices that may occur when further developing policy recommendation.
What methods of advocative claims affect a public policy recommendation?
Public choice and the multiple legitimate stakeholders is one of the methods that affect public policy recommendations that I see more than others. With the numerous people that feel that their stake in the policy is the most important can cause the policy to be skewed towards whom benefits the most from the policy (Dunn, 2008). This can be problematic when it pertains to safety and people's fr ...
Andrews 2010 movement_organizations_media_attention_and_the_public_agenda
Increasingly, scholars have come to see the news media as playing a pivotal role in shaping
whether social movements are able to bring about broader social change. By drawing attention
to movements’ issues, claims, and supporters, the news media can shape the public
agenda by influencing public opinion, authorities, and elites. Why are some social movement
organizations more successful than others at gaining media coverage? Specifically, what organizational,
tactical, and issue characteristics enhance media attention? We combine detailed
organizational survey data from a representative sample of 187 local environmental organizations
in North Carolina with complete news coverage of those organizations in 11 major daily
newspapers in the two years following the survey (2,095 articles). Our analyses reveal that
local news media favor professional and formalized groups that employ routine advocacy tactics,
mobilize large numbers of people, and work on issues that overlap with newspapers’
focus on local economic growth and well-being. Groups that are confrontational, volunteerled,
or advocate on behalf of novel issues do not garner as much attention in local media outlets.
These findings have important implications and challenge widely held claims about the
pathways by which movement actors shape the public agenda through the news media.
Human Resource Management Review 19 (2009) 117–133Contents
Human Resource Management Review 19 (2009) 117–133
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Human Resource Management Review
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/humres
Diversity in organizations: Where are we now and where are we going?
Lynn M. Shore ⁎, Beth G. Chung-Herrera, Michelle A. Dean, Karen Holcombe Ehrhart, Don I. Jung,
Amy E. Randel, Gangaram Singh
Institute for Inclusiveness and Diversity in Organizations, Department of Management, College of Business Administration, San Diego State University,
5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +1 619 594 3272.
E-mail address: [email protected] (L.M. Shore)
1 Some of the more frequently cited theories include
Tajfel & Turner, 1986), social- and self-categorizatio
demography (Tsui, Egan, & O’Reilly, 1992), aversive rac
(Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954), tokenism and proportion
1053-4822/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier Inc. A
doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.10.004
a b s t r a c t
Keywords:
A great deal of research has focused on workforce diversity. Despite an increasing number of
studies, few consistent conclusions have yet to be reached about the antecedents and outcomes
of diversity. Likewise, research on different dimensions of diversity (e.g., age, race, gender,
sexual orientation, disability, and culture) has mostly evolved independently. Therefore, the
purpose of this review is to examine each of these dimensions of diversity to describe common
themes across dimensions and to develop an integrative model of diversity.
© 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Diversity
Inclusiveness
While the term “workforce diversity” is commonly used in scholarly articles as well as in the popular press, the focus and scope
of the research is both varied and broad. Until recently, most studies have focused on a single dimension of diversity (e.g., age, sex,
race) in a domestic, typically U.S. context. In a world of globalization populated by boundaryless and virtual organizations, it is time
to revisit the old theories of diversity and to create a new set of paradigms. Therefore, in this article we examine multiple
dimensions of diversity to assess the current status of the literature, and to make some suggestions going forward.
As a starting point, we examine six dimensions of diversity (race, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, and national origin)
to determine how these literatures have evolved. The purpose of this review is to provide a basis on which to focus on similarities
and differences in these separate literatures, in order to determine the extent to which an integrative framework of diversity is
meaningful and appropriate. To move toward identifying areas of similarity as a basis for integration, for each diversity dimension
included in this article we first briefly review theoretical paradigms and the extent to which associated predictions for the diversity
dimensions are positive, negative, or neutral. Since theor ...
Grand visions, social transformation, and war: Autocratic leadership ideology...
Why are some autocracies more prone to interstate conflict than others? Recent scholarship on the nexus between authoritarian politics and international conflict has demonstrated the role of institutional constraints on autocratic leaders. Scholarship on the politics of dictatorships has emphasized domestic policy driven by a single motivation, remaining in power. Yet, autocrats do have other motivations and institutional configurations do not tell us everything we need to know about authoritarian leaders. Some autocrats gain power through coups or revolutions, telegraphing a level of risk tolerance which may spill over into interstate conflict. Others rise to power as leaders of ideological movements advocating massive social transformation. Projects of social change are inherently risky to the acknowledged interest of the leader in retaining power. So, these transformative ideologues share the revolutionary leader’s risk tolerance. Further, ideological visionaries are less limited by institutional constraints. In many cases, the vision for social transformation itself transcends national boundaries, creating a new cause of conflict. The evidence presented demonstrates that autocratic leaders with transformative ideologies are associated with a higher risk of international conflict regardless of institutional types.
Argumentative Essay Powerpoint Presentation
Essay Writing Service
http://HelpWriting.net/Argumentative-Essay-Powerpoint-Presenta
Methods of PolicyCommunicationPA R TIIIPolicy .docx
Methods of Policy
Communication
PA R T
III
Policy
Analysis
Materials
Development
Knowledge
Utilization
Interactive
Communication
KNOWLEDGE
PRESENTATIONS
DOCUMENTSSTAKEHOLDERS
POLICY
ANALYST
IS
B
N
1
-2
5
6
-9
7
7
0
8
-X
Public Policy Analysis, Fifth Edition, by William N. Dunn. Published by Pearson. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
338
8
CHAPTER
By studying this chapter, you should be able to
Developing Policy
Arguments
� Describe the structure of a policy
argument.
� Compare and contrast four types of
policy claims.
� Describe relations among different
elements of an argument.
� Explain how objections and
rebuttals affect the strength of an
argument.
� Demonstrate how qualifiers change
in response to objections and
rebuttals.
� Distinguish and illustrate different
modes of policy argumentation.
� Explain why formal and informal
fallacies diminish the strength of
claims.
� Use argument mapping techniques
to represent cases of foreign policy
argumentation.
W
hat policy makers understand and analysts often forget is that policy
argumentation is central to policy making.1 Policy arguments are among
the major vehicles for communicating policy-relevant information and an
important source of knowledge about the ways policies are made and put into effect.
Because policy arguments are carriers of policy-relevant information, they are also
important for understanding the use and misuse of policy analysis by policy makers.
1One of the landmark books on policy argumentation was Giandomenico Majone, Evidence,
Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).
O B J E C T I V E S
IS
B
N
1
-2
5
6
-9
7
7
0
8
-X
Public Policy Analysis, Fifth Edition, by William N. Dunn. Published by Pearson. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
The Structure of Policy Arguments 339
The ability to organize, structure, and evaluate a policy argument is central to
critical analytical thinking. In contexts of practice, argumentation is not limited to
the kinds of reasoning employed in formal logic or in the social sciences, for
example, reasoning based on quantitative models designed to explain political
behavior or on formal mathematical models of rational choice used in economics.
Many other modes of argumentation—from ethical and political reasoning to
reasoning by analogy and metaphor—coexist and compete for the attention of
policy makers. Competent analysts should be able to compare and contrast different
modes of reasoning and express technical arguments in a language that is
comprehensible to policy makers.
THE STRUCTURE OF POLICY ARGUMENTS
A policy argument is the product of argumentation, which is the process.
In real-life policy settings, arguments are complex and prone to misunderstanding.
For this reason, conceptual models or maps are useful in identifying and relating
the elements of policy arguments. One such model is the structural model of
argument orig ...
Agency theory Review of Theory and Evidence on Problems.docx
Agency theory: Review
of Theory and Evidence
on Problems and
Perspectives
Brahmadev Panda1
N. M. Leepsa1
Abstract
This article intends to review the theoretical aspects and empirical evidences
made on agency theory. It is aimed to explore the main ideas, perspectives, prob-
lems and issues related to the agency theory through a literature survey. It dis-
cusses the theoretical aspects of agency theory and the various concepts and
issues related to it and documents empirical evidences on the mechanisms that
diminish the agency cost. The conflict of interest and agency cost arises due to
the separation of ownership from control, different risk preferences, informa-
tion asymmetry and moral hazards. The literatures have cited many solutions like
strong ownership control, managerial ownership, independent board members
and different committees can be useful in controlling the agency conflict and its
cost. This literature survey will enlighten the practitioners and researchers in
understanding, analysing the agency problem and will be helpful in mitigating the
agency problem.
Keywords
Agency theory, contractual relationship, conflict of interest, agency issues, agency
cost, literature survey
Introduction
Agency theory revolves around the issue of the agency problem and its solution
(Jensen & Meckling, 1976; Ross, 1973). The history of agency problem dates
back to the time when human civilisation practiced business and tried to maximise
Article
Indian Journal of Corporate Governance
10(1) 74–95
© 2017 Institute of
Public Enterprise
SAGE Publications
sagepub.in/home.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0974686217701467
http://ijc.sagepub.com
1 School of Management, NIT, Rourkela, India.
Corresponding author:
Brahmadev Panda, Doctoral Research Scholar, School of Management, NIT, Rourkela–769008, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Panda and Leepsa 75
their interest. Agency problem is one of the age-old problems that persisted since
the evolution of the joint stock companies. It cannot be ignored since every organ-
isation possibly suffered from this problem in different forms. With the change in
the time, the agency problem has taken different shapes and the literature has
evidence about it. The discussion on the literature of agency theory is very much
in need to understand the agency problem, its various forms and the various costs
involved in it to minimise the problem.
The presence of agency issues has been widely witnessed in different academic
fields. The evidences found in different fields like accounting (Ronen & Balachandran,
1995; Watts & Zimmerman, 1983) finance (Fama, 1980; Fama & Jensen, 1983;
Jensen, 1986), economics (Jensen & Meckling, 1976; Ross, 1973; Spence &
Zeckhauser, 1971), political science (Hammond & Knott, 1996; Weingast & Moran,
1983), sociology (Adams, 1996; Kiser & Tong, 1992), organisational behaviour
(Kosnik & Bittenhausen, 1992) and marketing (Bergen, Dutta, & Walker, 1992;
Logan, 2000; Tate .
IULM_PR as Social Responsibility.pptx
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Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All right.docx
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Photo credit: Najlah Feanny/Corbis
Politics and Knowledge
Chapter One
Color scheme: Folio
Text: News Gothic MT
Slide Theme: Median
Learning Objectives
Understand various meanings of the term "politics" and provide a general definition of the field of political science.
Identify the sources of political knowledge for the individual.
Describe the merits of and problems with the different levels of authority as a source of political knowledge.
Explain how personal bias can affect political thought and how scientific analysis can mitigate this effect.
Describe the three general types of political knowledge and how they are developed.
Explain how the scientific method can be applied to a specific political question.
Understand the objections to the idea that the study of politics can be considered a science.
Describe some of the subfields of political science.
Q: What is politics?>
Towards A Definition of Politics
First step toward a better understanding of the political world is to establish what we mean by politics:
Competition among individuals and groups pursuing their own interests
Exercise of power and influence to allocate things that are valued.
Determination of who gets what, when, and how
Resolution of conflict
Overall: Politics is the process through which power and influence are used in the promotion of certain values and interests.
Domains that are subject to politics are very large.
Q: Why we study politics?>
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why we study politics?
Because of the many relationships between what happen in politics or government and in our personal life.
It affects us in some way or another.
Therefore, we need to know politics, to form views, and to make informal decision especially in democracy where election can make change.
On Political Knowledge
Every individual’s understanding of politics is composed of three general types of knowledge:
1. Description of political facts
2. Explanations of how and why politics occurs as it does
3. Prescriptions of what should happen in the political world
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
On Political Knowledge
1. Descriptions of political facts
Focuses on what questions and is usually based on one or more “facts”
Example: The number of states in Nigeria: 36
On many questions no indisputable answers; complicated issues
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
On Political Knowledge
Attempts to specify why something happens and to provide the reason or process by which the phenomenon occurs.
Value judgment that indicates what should occur and should be done.
Answers to questions of what ought to be, not merely description or explanation of what is.
2. Explanations of how and.
The ProcessSelection of the research questionIdentificatio.docx
The ProcessSelection of the research questionIdentification of the methodology to answer that questionResearchDefinition, Description and AnalysisExplanation and Prediction
Good questionsAnswer a puzzleTake part in a debateAdd to the “tree of knowledge”For this class, they should have a comparative dimension“Is” versus “ought” questions
The Comparative method
(Review Ch. 1)Inductive reasoningGoing from the bottom up. Using one case to develop ideas. “Why has Country X slide toward state failure?” Still need to test theoriesDeductive reasoningGoing from the top down. Using logic to generate a number of explanations. “What explains democratization in Asia?” Still need to test theories
Finding patterns or connectionsDependent variable OutcomeIndependent variable Cause (potential)
Q. Why did protests turn violent?
Q. What makes some democracies stable?
CorrelationsCorrelations are associations or a relationship between variablesPositiveNegative
Plotting the correlation shows a relationship exists but it does not necessarily explain the cause. (The “why” question)
Correlation and causationTo show “causation” we first need to show that a correlation existsCorrelations are necessary but not sufficient to prove causationProblems with spurious correlations
Hierarchy of UnderstandingWorld views/FrameworksTheories Generalizations, explanations and predictionsConceptsFacts/Raw data
Hypothesis Assumptions to be tested against the evidenceIt’s your answer to the research question(s) you posed. Descriptive hypothesis (propose a “fact”, test to see if it exists. Need evidence to confirm)Democracy has broad support in RussiaExplanatory hypothesis (seek to explain the fact)Russians support democracy because of their past experience with communism
Hypotheses have to be testableA nonfalsifiable hypothesisWe won because God is on our sideFallacy of composition All Americans are wealthyTautologyArmed conflict caused the civil warReductivism One cause can explain everythingFalse InferenceInfering too much from the data you have
Sources for finding hypotheses
or where do I get my argument?Deduction (literature, logic)Induction (observations, facts)Grounded theory generalize from cases
Both need to be tested
Methodology QuantitativeQualitative
Comparative PoliticsStructured focused comparison
Steps in hypothesis testing1. Define key terms (wealth, elite)2. Identify the Variables (independent/dependent)3. Specify the expectations of the hypothesis. (if….then)4. Collect and examine the evidence5. Draw conclusions from the evidence
Example Puzzle: Has the creation of European institutions and policies led to a shift toward a “European” identity in member states? Descriptive hypothesis…Explanatory hypothesis …Identify variables (I and D) institutions/identitySpecify expectationsCollect and examine evidenceAnalyze evidence
Who Governs?, Robert DahlEconomic power confers political power Tes.
Chapter 4 Administration Responsibility The Key to Administrativ.docx
Chapter 4: Administration Responsibility: The Key to Administrative Ethics In order to access the following resource, click the links below. Watch the following segments from the full video listed below: Utilitarian Theory (segment 10 of 15) and Duty Theory (Segment 11 of 15). These video segments provide more information on two important theories in ethics. Films Media Group (Producer). (2004). Ethics: What is right [Video file]. Retrieved from https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPl aylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=32706 The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Unit Lesson Philosophical Theories: Related to Ethical Decision-Making Many theorists have concluded that several decision-making models exist that focus on consistent norms and have derived from society and individual impressions. The textbook cites several sources that are prominent in this field, and lists some of the well-known founders of these theories. Participants that develop topics of public policy, such as social equity, education, conflict resolution, or human rights, may base their decisionmaking on the beliefs related to certain philosophies. Utilitarianism: Approach Based on Consequences Based on consequences, an action may be right or wrong. Jeremy Bentham and John Steward Mills derived this theory that was completely based on reason. The authors did not want their theory based on religion or a particular societal level of norms. More so, Utilitarianism wanted everyone to have access to a thinking mind and is based off an idea of utility or usefulness. An abbreviated summary of Bentham and Mills theory can be summarized as “the greatest good, for the greatest number or population.” We can assume that “good” means happiness or pleasure for most people. Another concept closely related to this outcome is efficacy, which implies the “least desired input for greatest desired output.” Business and government usually take this strategy for different reasons – mainly associated with resources. If one thinks about successful business and government practices, the decision-making effort outcomes generally result in products and services that work best, cost least, and last the longest. The consumer mindset also uses this simple and natural buying process for decision-making. The successful business leader uses this variable for short and long-term investment decisions, and the public manager focuses on successful public services, which utilizes public funding in a prudent and wise fashion. Another public example is the government buying process where services and products are purchased though a competitive vetting process where needs, values, and timely delivery are critical components of the purchasing decision model. Efficacy also applies to students who UNIT II STUDY GUIDE Established Philosophies Affecting Public Eth ...
NOA - Framing China's Olympic Games
Delivered at the National Olympic Academy meeting in London, UK in March 2008.
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with .docx
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with 100 words.1 reference each
DISCUSSION A 100 words 1 reference
Class, might the same method be used effectively to create a policy decision for the public-sector as in the private-sector?
DISCUSSION B 100 words 1 reference
Policy analysts are often faced with multiple advocacy choices when developing a policy recommendation. These choices are known as advocative claims. What are the characteristics of an advocative claim?
Advocative claims have four different main characteristics that are actionable, prospective, value laden, and ethically complex (Dunn, 2008). The claims below are described by Dunn as:
· Actionable.Advocative claims focus on actions that may be taken to resolve a policy problem. Although advocative claims require prior information about what will occur and what is valuable, they go beyond questions of "fact" and "value" and include arguments about what should be done to solve a problem (Dunn, 2008).
· Prospective.Advocative claims are prospective, because they occur prior to the time that actions are taken (ex ante). While policy-analytic procedures of monitoring and evaluation are retrospective, because they are applied after actions are taken (ex post), forecasting and recommendation are both applied prospectively (ex ante) (Dunn, 2008).
· Value laden.Advocative claims depend as much on "facts" as they do on "values." To claim that a particular policy alternative should be adopted requires not only that the action being recommended will have the predicted consequences; it also requires that the predicted consequences are valued by individuals, groups, or society as a whole (Dunn, 2008).
· Ethically complex.The values underlying advocative claims are ethically complex. A given value (e.g., health) may be regarded as both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic values are those that are valued as ends in themselves; extrinsic values are those that are valued because they will produce some other value. Health may be regarded as an end in itself and as a condition necessary for the attainment of other values, including security, freedom, and self-actualization. Similarly, democratic participation may be valued as an end in itself (intrinsic value) and a means to political stability (extrinsic value) (Dunn, 2008).
Each claim focuses on some sort of action or value that is perceived or occurred. The claims further describe the different choices that may occur when further developing policy recommendation.
What methods of advocative claims affect a public policy recommendation?
Public choice and the multiple legitimate stakeholders is one of the methods that affect public policy recommendations that I see more than others. With the numerous people that feel that their stake in the policy is the most important can cause the policy to be skewed towards whom benefits the most from the policy (Dunn, 2008). This can be problematic when it pertains to safety and people's fr ...
Andrews 2010 movement_organizations_media_attention_and_the_public_agenda
Increasingly, scholars have come to see the news media as playing a pivotal role in shaping
whether social movements are able to bring about broader social change. By drawing attention
to movements’ issues, claims, and supporters, the news media can shape the public
agenda by influencing public opinion, authorities, and elites. Why are some social movement
organizations more successful than others at gaining media coverage? Specifically, what organizational,
tactical, and issue characteristics enhance media attention? We combine detailed
organizational survey data from a representative sample of 187 local environmental organizations
in North Carolina with complete news coverage of those organizations in 11 major daily
newspapers in the two years following the survey (2,095 articles). Our analyses reveal that
local news media favor professional and formalized groups that employ routine advocacy tactics,
mobilize large numbers of people, and work on issues that overlap with newspapers’
focus on local economic growth and well-being. Groups that are confrontational, volunteerled,
or advocate on behalf of novel issues do not garner as much attention in local media outlets.
These findings have important implications and challenge widely held claims about the
pathways by which movement actors shape the public agenda through the news media.
Human Resource Management Review 19 (2009) 117–133Contents
Human Resource Management Review 19 (2009) 117–133
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Human Resource Management Review
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/humres
Diversity in organizations: Where are we now and where are we going?
Lynn M. Shore ⁎, Beth G. Chung-Herrera, Michelle A. Dean, Karen Holcombe Ehrhart, Don I. Jung,
Amy E. Randel, Gangaram Singh
Institute for Inclusiveness and Diversity in Organizations, Department of Management, College of Business Administration, San Diego State University,
5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +1 619 594 3272.
E-mail address: [email protected] (L.M. Shore)
1 Some of the more frequently cited theories include
Tajfel & Turner, 1986), social- and self-categorizatio
demography (Tsui, Egan, & O’Reilly, 1992), aversive rac
(Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954), tokenism and proportion
1053-4822/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier Inc. A
doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.10.004
a b s t r a c t
Keywords:
A great deal of research has focused on workforce diversity. Despite an increasing number of
studies, few consistent conclusions have yet to be reached about the antecedents and outcomes
of diversity. Likewise, research on different dimensions of diversity (e.g., age, race, gender,
sexual orientation, disability, and culture) has mostly evolved independently. Therefore, the
purpose of this review is to examine each of these dimensions of diversity to describe common
themes across dimensions and to develop an integrative model of diversity.
© 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Diversity
Inclusiveness
While the term “workforce diversity” is commonly used in scholarly articles as well as in the popular press, the focus and scope
of the research is both varied and broad. Until recently, most studies have focused on a single dimension of diversity (e.g., age, sex,
race) in a domestic, typically U.S. context. In a world of globalization populated by boundaryless and virtual organizations, it is time
to revisit the old theories of diversity and to create a new set of paradigms. Therefore, in this article we examine multiple
dimensions of diversity to assess the current status of the literature, and to make some suggestions going forward.
As a starting point, we examine six dimensions of diversity (race, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, and national origin)
to determine how these literatures have evolved. The purpose of this review is to provide a basis on which to focus on similarities
and differences in these separate literatures, in order to determine the extent to which an integrative framework of diversity is
meaningful and appropriate. To move toward identifying areas of similarity as a basis for integration, for each diversity dimension
included in this article we first briefly review theoretical paradigms and the extent to which associated predictions for the diversity
dimensions are positive, negative, or neutral. Since theor ...
Grand visions, social transformation, and war: Autocratic leadership ideology...
Why are some autocracies more prone to interstate conflict than others? Recent scholarship on the nexus between authoritarian politics and international conflict has demonstrated the role of institutional constraints on autocratic leaders. Scholarship on the politics of dictatorships has emphasized domestic policy driven by a single motivation, remaining in power. Yet, autocrats do have other motivations and institutional configurations do not tell us everything we need to know about authoritarian leaders. Some autocrats gain power through coups or revolutions, telegraphing a level of risk tolerance which may spill over into interstate conflict. Others rise to power as leaders of ideological movements advocating massive social transformation. Projects of social change are inherently risky to the acknowledged interest of the leader in retaining power. So, these transformative ideologues share the revolutionary leader’s risk tolerance. Further, ideological visionaries are less limited by institutional constraints. In many cases, the vision for social transformation itself transcends national boundaries, creating a new cause of conflict. The evidence presented demonstrates that autocratic leaders with transformative ideologies are associated with a higher risk of international conflict regardless of institutional types.
Argumentative Essay Powerpoint Presentation
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Methods of PolicyCommunicationPA R TIIIPolicy .docx
Methods of Policy
Communication
PA R T
III
Policy
Analysis
Materials
Development
Knowledge
Utilization
Interactive
Communication
KNOWLEDGE
PRESENTATIONS
DOCUMENTSSTAKEHOLDERS
POLICY
ANALYST
IS
B
N
1
-2
5
6
-9
7
7
0
8
-X
Public Policy Analysis, Fifth Edition, by William N. Dunn. Published by Pearson. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
338
8
CHAPTER
By studying this chapter, you should be able to
Developing Policy
Arguments
� Describe the structure of a policy
argument.
� Compare and contrast four types of
policy claims.
� Describe relations among different
elements of an argument.
� Explain how objections and
rebuttals affect the strength of an
argument.
� Demonstrate how qualifiers change
in response to objections and
rebuttals.
� Distinguish and illustrate different
modes of policy argumentation.
� Explain why formal and informal
fallacies diminish the strength of
claims.
� Use argument mapping techniques
to represent cases of foreign policy
argumentation.
W
hat policy makers understand and analysts often forget is that policy
argumentation is central to policy making.1 Policy arguments are among
the major vehicles for communicating policy-relevant information and an
important source of knowledge about the ways policies are made and put into effect.
Because policy arguments are carriers of policy-relevant information, they are also
important for understanding the use and misuse of policy analysis by policy makers.
1One of the landmark books on policy argumentation was Giandomenico Majone, Evidence,
Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).
O B J E C T I V E S
IS
B
N
1
-2
5
6
-9
7
7
0
8
-X
Public Policy Analysis, Fifth Edition, by William N. Dunn. Published by Pearson. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
The Structure of Policy Arguments 339
The ability to organize, structure, and evaluate a policy argument is central to
critical analytical thinking. In contexts of practice, argumentation is not limited to
the kinds of reasoning employed in formal logic or in the social sciences, for
example, reasoning based on quantitative models designed to explain political
behavior or on formal mathematical models of rational choice used in economics.
Many other modes of argumentation—from ethical and political reasoning to
reasoning by analogy and metaphor—coexist and compete for the attention of
policy makers. Competent analysts should be able to compare and contrast different
modes of reasoning and express technical arguments in a language that is
comprehensible to policy makers.
THE STRUCTURE OF POLICY ARGUMENTS
A policy argument is the product of argumentation, which is the process.
In real-life policy settings, arguments are complex and prone to misunderstanding.
For this reason, conceptual models or maps are useful in identifying and relating
the elements of policy arguments. One such model is the structural model of
argument orig ...
Agency theory Review of Theory and Evidence on Problems.docx
Agency theory: Review
of Theory and Evidence
on Problems and
Perspectives
Brahmadev Panda1
N. M. Leepsa1
Abstract
This article intends to review the theoretical aspects and empirical evidences
made on agency theory. It is aimed to explore the main ideas, perspectives, prob-
lems and issues related to the agency theory through a literature survey. It dis-
cusses the theoretical aspects of agency theory and the various concepts and
issues related to it and documents empirical evidences on the mechanisms that
diminish the agency cost. The conflict of interest and agency cost arises due to
the separation of ownership from control, different risk preferences, informa-
tion asymmetry and moral hazards. The literatures have cited many solutions like
strong ownership control, managerial ownership, independent board members
and different committees can be useful in controlling the agency conflict and its
cost. This literature survey will enlighten the practitioners and researchers in
understanding, analysing the agency problem and will be helpful in mitigating the
agency problem.
Keywords
Agency theory, contractual relationship, conflict of interest, agency issues, agency
cost, literature survey
Introduction
Agency theory revolves around the issue of the agency problem and its solution
(Jensen & Meckling, 1976; Ross, 1973). The history of agency problem dates
back to the time when human civilisation practiced business and tried to maximise
Article
Indian Journal of Corporate Governance
10(1) 74–95
© 2017 Institute of
Public Enterprise
SAGE Publications
sagepub.in/home.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0974686217701467
http://ijc.sagepub.com
1 School of Management, NIT, Rourkela, India.
Corresponding author:
Brahmadev Panda, Doctoral Research Scholar, School of Management, NIT, Rourkela–769008, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Panda and Leepsa 75
their interest. Agency problem is one of the age-old problems that persisted since
the evolution of the joint stock companies. It cannot be ignored since every organ-
isation possibly suffered from this problem in different forms. With the change in
the time, the agency problem has taken different shapes and the literature has
evidence about it. The discussion on the literature of agency theory is very much
in need to understand the agency problem, its various forms and the various costs
involved in it to minimise the problem.
The presence of agency issues has been widely witnessed in different academic
fields. The evidences found in different fields like accounting (Ronen & Balachandran,
1995; Watts & Zimmerman, 1983) finance (Fama, 1980; Fama & Jensen, 1983;
Jensen, 1986), economics (Jensen & Meckling, 1976; Ross, 1973; Spence &
Zeckhauser, 1971), political science (Hammond & Knott, 1996; Weingast & Moran,
1983), sociology (Adams, 1996; Kiser & Tong, 1992), organisational behaviour
(Kosnik & Bittenhausen, 1992) and marketing (Bergen, Dutta, & Walker, 1992;
Logan, 2000; Tate .
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Human Resource Management Review 19 (2009) 117–133Contents
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