FOUR MARKETS IN MACROECONOMICS
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This document summarizes four key markets in macroeconomics: the goods market, bonds market, labor market, and money market. It provides details on each market, including how they function, common transactions within each market, and key concepts like equilibrium for the labor market and different monetary aggregates (M1, M2, M3, M4) for the money market. The four markets are central to macroeconomic choices and interactions at an intertemporal level.
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This document provides an overview of financial markets and institutions. It defines key terms like financial system, markets, institutions and regulations. It describes the main components and functions of the financial system including borrowing/lending, price determination and risk sharing. It also outlines the major types of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment funds, insurance companies and their risk-reducing roles. Finally, it discusses reasons for financial regulation including increasing information transparency and ensuring system stability.
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This document provides an overview of financial markets and institutions. It defines key terms like financial system, markets, institutions and regulations. It describes the main components and functions of the financial system including borrowing/lending, price determination and risk sharing. It also outlines the major types of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment funds, insurance companies and their risk-reducing roles. Finally, it discusses reasons for financial regulation including increasing information transparency and ensuring system stability.
Financial market
Financial markets allow people and entities to trade financial securities and commodities. They provide a place for buyers and sellers to come together and exchange these assets. Securities traded include stocks, bonds, and derivatives, while commodities can be precious metals or agricultural goods. Financial markets have important functions such as transferring funds from savers to borrowers, providing liquidity for securities, and disseminating economic information. They play a key role in allocating resources in a market economy.
Financial market
This is a slide about Financial market of banking, which includes two sections; capital Vs money market & primary Vs secondary market
Ch10
The document provides an overview of the money market and key players. It discusses how governments, through treasury bills, and security dealers, through repurchase agreements, are major borrowers in the money market. It also outlines the roles of central banks, commercial banks, corporations and other financial institutions as important lenders and borrowers in the money market.
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
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◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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FOUR MARKETS IN MACROECONOMICS
- 1. Four Markets in Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is concerned with choices in an intertemporal setting within four market.
- 2. GOODS MARKET By Goods Market we mean all the buying and selling of goods and services. In a closed economy: there is no foreign trade. X= IM = 0 people and businesses in the economy do not buy products made in other countries and they do not sell any of the products they make to residents of foreign countries. All of the above are correct.
- 3. BONDS MARKET Bonds, also known as fixed-income securities, are debt instruments created for the purpose of raising capital. Essentially loan agreements between an issuer and an investor, the terms of a bond obligate the issuer to repay the amount of principal at maturity. Most bonds also require that the issuer pay the investor a specific amount of interest on a semi-annual basis. A financial marketplace where debt instruments, primarily bonds, are bought and sold is called a bond market. The dealings in a bond market are limited to a small group of participants. Contrary to stock or commodities trading, the bond market (also known as the debt market) lacks a central exchange.
- 4. Types of Bonds Corporate: includes trading in debt securities issued by corporations and industries to raise funds. Government and Agency: involves trading in bonds issued by government departments as well as enterprises sponsored by the government or agencies backed by it. Municipal: covers transactions in municipal securities issued by states, districts and counties. Mortgage Backed Securities: includes dealings in asset- backed securities that are protected by mortgages. (A mortgage represents a loan or lien on a property/house that has to be paid over a specified period of time. )
- 5. LABOUR MARKET Labour markets function through the interaction of workers and employers. In the case of labour market equilibrium, ND = NS . This determines the equilibrium values of the real wage and employment. It is implicitly assumed that in equilibrium everyone who wants a job has a job. In this sense, the equilibrium value of employment is also called full employment.
- 6. Four Types of Labour Market 1. Unskilled Labour Market 2. Semiskilled Labour Market 3. Skilled Labour Market 4. Professional Labour Market
- 7. MONEY MARKET(MM) The MM is used by participants as a means for borrowing and lending in the short term maturity period ranging from 30 days to a year. MM securities consist of negotiable certificates of deposit (CDs), bankers acceptances, Treasury bills, commercial paper, municipal notes, federal funds and repurchase agreements (repos). The only demerit accompanying the MM is the disorganization. Unlike organized markets, e.g. capital markets, the MM is unregulated and informal. In addition, this market gives lesser returns to the investor. However, the money market is regarded as safe.
- 8. The Money Supply M1, M2, M3 and M4 The terms M1, M2, M3 and M4 refer to the monetary aggregates. M1 normally include coins and notes in circulation and other money equivalents that are easily convertible into cash. M2 includes M1 + short-term time deposits in banks and 24-hour money market funds. M3 includes M2 + longer-term time deposits and money market funds with more than 24-hour maturity. The exact definitions of the three measures depend on the country. For knowing more about the definition of M1, M2, M3 and M4 see http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=9455 M4 includes M3 + other deposits. The term broad money is used to describe M2, M3 or M4, depending on the local practice.
- 9. Demand for Money The interaction between money and its substitutes explain why the demand for money changes. Factors which can cause the change in demand for money: 1. Interest Rates 2. Consumer Spending 3. Precautionary Motives 4. Transaction Costs for Stocks and Bonds 5. Change in the General Level of Prices
- 10. Rising oil Prices and Related Markets