The document outlines the formation and classification of the solar system's planets, dividing them into terrestrial (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and jovian (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) categories, with Pluto excluded due to its size and distance. It details characteristics of each planet, including size, composition, atmosphere, and temperature, while also mentioning asteroids, meteoroids, comets, the sun, and the moon. The document concludes with a brief explanation of phases of the moon and constellations.

1. FORMATION OF THE SOLAR
SYTEM

2. THE PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYTEM
Planets are classified into two
groups:
• terrestrial
- Four planets closest to the Sun are
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
Each has a solid mineral-containing
crust and Earth-like composition.

3. • jovian
-Planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus
and Neptune. The term jovian came
from Jupiter, describing the other gas
giants in the solar system as Jupiter
like.
Pluto – is not included in either
category because of it’s great
distance and small size.

4. THE INNER
PLANETS OF THE
SOLAR SYTEM

5. MERCURY

6. MERCURY
- is the planet closest to the Sun.
- it takes only 88 Earth-days to make
one revolution
- one year in mercury lasts only 88
earth days
- it rotates only three times for each
two revolutions around the sun.

7. - because of its small size and weak
gravitational field, it holds very little
atmosphere
- Day temperature 315°C
- Night temperature -149°C

8. VENUS

9. VENUS
- the brightest planet in the solar
system
- it is often called “evening star”
during March and April and “morning
star” during September and October
- most closely resembles the Earth
with respect to size, density and
distance from the Sun.

10. -It takes 243 Earth days to make one
revolution. It rotates in a direction
opposite the direction of the Earth’s
rotation.
- regarded as Earth’s twin, it has been
very active volcanically.
- Venus has a diameter of 12,112
kilometers with a relative mass of
0.82 .

11. - it has plateaus and mountains but
less craters and Valleys.
- The surface temperature can reach
480°C.

12. EARTH

13. EARTH
- the blue planet, with more water
surface than land.
- temperature extremes of day and
night are conducive to life.
- with a mass of Mass: 5.972 ×
10^24 kg
- With a density: 5.51 g/cm³

14. -Earth’s land is 29.2%
- Earth’s Water is 70.8%

15. MARS

16. MARS
-is a little more than half the size of
the Earth.
- its mass is about 1/9 that of the
Earth and it has a core, mantle and
crust as well and a thin atmosphere.
- its atmosphere is about 95%
carbon dioxide and 0.15 oxygen.

17. -Its temperature at the equator is
from 30°C in the day and -130°C at
night.
- scientist found evidence that there
were once lakes in some Martian
craters but now it is dry and
desolated planet.
- has two small moons – Phobos, the
inner and Deimos the outer.

18. Phobos – orbits in the same easterly
direction with that of Mars at a
distance of almost 6000 kilometers in
period of 7.5 hours.
Deimos – is the half of size of Phobos
and orbits Mars in 30.3 hours at a
distance of 20,000 kilometers.

19. THE OUTER
PLANETS OF THE
SOLAR SYTEM

20. JUPITER

21. - is the largest planet in our solar
system.
- it has a mass 318 times that the Earth
and an average density of 1.34g/cm³.
- the diameter is 143,000 kilometers
hence, it is called the “giant planet”.
- it appears to be covered with
alternating bands of multicolored
clouds parallel to the equator.

22. - it rotates once in less than 10
hours.
- its core is about 20 times more
massive than the Earth’s core.
-It composed of iron, nickel and
other minerals.
- surface temperature is about the
same day and night.

23. - sixteen moons orbit in Jupiter.
Among the four largest moons
discovered by Galileo in 1610, Lo
and Europa are about the size of our
moon.

24. SATURN

25. SATURN
-Has a mean diameter which is nearly
10mtimes that of the Earth.
- composed of hydrogen and helium.
- Saturn's rings lie in a plane
coincident with Saturn’s equator.
- it has four major rings and hundreds
of ringlets.

26. - Saturn's rings consist of three
bands.
-The innermost ring is about 12,000
kilometers from surface.
- the middle ring is the brightest.
- Saturn has 23 moons beyond its
ring. The largest is Titan – which is
1.6 times larger than our moon.

27. -It revolves once each 16 days and
has a methane atmosphere.
-Its surface temperature is -170°C.
- its other moon, Lapetus – is very
bright and the other side dark.

28. URANUS

29. - has a diameter of 47,000
kilometers and a mass that is 14.6
times of the Earth.
- it was discovered by William
Herschel in 1781.
- its atmosphere has hydrogen and
methane.
- its temperature is -170°C.

30. - it was discovered that Uranus also
surrounded by rings.
- it has at least 17 moons.
- Uranus axis tilted 98 degrees to
the perpendicular of its orbital
plane.
- it is a cold planet.

31. NEPTUNE

32. NEPTUNE
-Neptune and Uranus are like twins,
similar in size and appear green due
to methane in their atmospheres.
- it has a diameter of 3.9 times that
if the Earth, its mass is 17 times
greater and density is about the
third of the Earth.

33. -Its atmosphere is mainly hydrogen
and helium with some methane and
ammonia.
-It has eight moons, in addition to a
ring system.
- the largest moon is Triton, which
orbits Neptune in 5.9 days. It has a
bright polar caps and geysers of
nitrogen.

34. - the smaller moon is the Nereid,
takes nearly a year to orbit
Neptune.

35. OTHER PLANET…

36. PLUTO

37. - is not anymore included in the solar
system as a planet because of its size and
distance from the Sun.
- most of the planetary is circular, Pluto is
elliptical.
- its orbit is so eccentric and at times
closer to the Sun than Neptune.
- it is smaller than our Moon with a
diameter about one-fifth that of the
Earth’s and a mass of 0.002.

38. - its rotational period is 6.4 days and
it has a moon named Charon – has a
period of 6.4 days.
- a very cold place.
-It takes 248 years to make a single
revolution. It will be seen it its
discovered position in year 2178.

39. OTHER MEMBERS
OF THE SOLAR
SYTEM

40. ASTEROIDS

41. ASTEROIDS
- populated by thousands of small
rocky bodies called asteroids.
-Some asteroids are irregular in shape,
like boulders and the larger ones are
spherical.
- they vary in in size from grains of
sand to hundreds of kilometers in
diameter.

42. -The largest is Ceres, which has a diameter
of 750 kilometers.
- Many asteroids circle the sun, others do
not.
- Hermes is the closest asteroid to the
Earth.
- Vesta is the only asteroid which can be
seed by the naked eyes.
-Asteroids which are smaller than a ffew
hundred kilometers are called meteroids.

43. METEOROIDS

44. METEROIDS
-Is a streaking light which lasts for a few
seconds. We see it as a “shooting star”.
- a meteor that strikes the earth’s
atmosphere usually an altitude of
about 80 kilometers.
- it is heated white hot by friction with
the atmosphere and is seen as a flash
of light called “falling star”

45. METEROIDS
-Is a streaking light which lasts for a few
seconds. We see it as a “shooting star”.
- a meteor that strikes the earth’s
atmosphere usually an altitude of
about 80 kilometers.
- it is heated white hot by friction with
the atmosphere and is seen as a flash
of light called “falling star”.

46. - Meteorite is a meteor that
survives the decent through the
atmosphere and reaches the
ground.
- most meteorites are small.

47. COMETS

48. COMETS
-the term comet was derived from the
Greek word meaning “long-haired”.
- a small body of rock, iron and ice, and
gases that orbit the sun in elliptical orbits.
- composed of nucleus which looks like a
dirty snowball called coma and a long tail
of vaporized gases (water, ammonia,
methane, and carbon dioxide), dust and
debris.

49. - Comets are the most spectacular
bodies in the solar system.
- They are visible only when they are
within the orbits of Saturn.
- Comets appear big as they approach
the sun because solar energy
vaporizes the frozen gases. The
glowing head, coma, varies greatly.

50. - some are as big as the sun, others
are size of Jupiter. Inside the coma is
a small is a small glowing nucleus
with a diameter of a few kilometers.
- The tail points away from the sun
in a slightly curved manner. This is
due to solar winds.

51. - a comet revolves around the sun in
either the Kuiper belt or Oort cloud.
- Kuiper belt is an area outside the
orbit of the Pluto.
- Oort cloud is a sphere beyond the
orbit of Uranus.

52. SUN

53. SUN
-is a glowing ball of gas-like material
called plasma.
- it is about 864,000 miles in
diameter and 93 million miles away.
- it is our principal source of heat.
Without this, life on earth would
cease.

55. PARTS OF THE SUN
 Photosphere – the visible surface
of the sun.
 Chromospheres – the region of
prominences which is visible during
a solar eclipse.
 Corona – a crown of light seen
during a solar eclipse.

56.  Sunspots are created by strong
magnetic fields typically twice the
size of the Earth

57. MOON

58. MOON
- Is one of the largest in the solar
system.
- it has a diameter of 364 000 km.
- its gravitational pull is 1/6 of the Earth.
- three billion years ago, the moon was
formed by bombardment and volcanic
activity filled with lava to produce a
surface.

61. PHASES OF THE MOON
 New Moon is the first lunar phase.
 Waxing Crescent starts as the
Moon becomes visible again after
the New Moon conjunction.
 First Quarter is a primary Moon
phase when we can see exactly half
of the Moon's surface illuminated.

62.  Waxing gibbous half lighted
but less than full
 Full Moon is the lunar phase
when the Moon appears fully
illuminated from Earth's
perspective.
 Waning gibbous – face of the
Moon is 100 percent illuminated

63.  Last Quarter always rises in the
middle of the night, appears at its
highest in the sky around dawn, and
sets around midday
 Waning Crescent the illuminated
part of the Moon decreases from the
lit up semicircle at Third Quarter until
it disappears from view entirely
at New Moon.

64. STARS

65. THE STARS
Constellations – astronomers divide
the night sky into group of stars