3. Pressure
((Is an Expression of Force Per Unit Area))
• Hydrostatic Pressure.
• Frictional Pressure.
• Annulus Pressure.
• Well Bore Pressure.
• Differential Pressure.
• Bottom Hole Pressure.
4. Pressure Concepts
Balance:
((Refer to the Relation Between the
Formation Pressure and the
Hydrostatic Head))
Balanced.
Under Balanced.
Overbalanced.
7. Porosity Generations
Primary porosity:
• HPP 40%.
• At 10000’, shale porosity
reaches 5%.
Secondary porosity:
• Those ones created after initial
deposition.
• Either by dissolving or
fracturing.
8. 2. Saturation
• Is that fraction of pore volume that is
filled with a given fluid.
• A 20% sw = 20% of the pores are filled
w/ water & 80% w/ other fluid which may be
oil or gas.
9. 3. PERMEAPLITY
• Is a measure of the ease with which a
fluid will flow through a formation.
• Q= k*a* (p1 – p2)/v*l.
• K = QVL/A(P1-P2) in millidarcies.
• The larger the porosity the higher the
permeabilty.
10. 4. Overburden
• Overburden load:
Is the combined weight of the formation
matrix and the fluids overlying a
formation.
• Overburden pressure:
Is the pressure exerted by the
overburden load upon underlying
formations.
16. 5.Formation Pressure
((Is the Fluid Pressure Found Within
the Pore Spaces of the
Formation))
• Can Be Expressed As an Average
Vertical Pressure or Equivalent Mud
Weight. E.G. psi, ppg, G/cc…
18. Formation pressure equalin
magnitude to the hydrostatic pressure of
a column of pore fluid that reaches from
the surface to the vertical depth of the
formation.
Normal Pressure
20. Formation pressure greater than
the magnitude of the hydrostatic
pressure of a column of pore fluid that
reaches from the surface to the vertical
depth of the formation.
Abnormal Pressure
21. 1.Concept of Continuous
Deposition
This concept assumes that the compaction
rate of any formation is the same as for all
formations of a given type.
This mean that shales for example
deposited at different times and buried to
different depths are considered to have
compacted at the same rate as long as the
formation pore pressure remained normal.
22. 2. Pressure Seal
((A zone of low permeability acts to
trap the pore fluids within a
formation.)).
• May be either physical or chemical.
• Restrict the vertical an lateral movement of
pressure.
• e.g. evaporates, faults ..
23. 3.Equilibrium.
S = Mv + P
S= overburden.
Mv= Vertical matrix stress.
P= formation pore pressure.
25. 4.Transition Zone
This is an argillaceous
sequence of gradual pore
pressure increase above a
permeable high pressure
formation.
26. Causes of Abnormal Pressure
Rapid subsidence and sediment
accumulation.
Thermal expansion.
Tectonic movement.
Reservoir altitude.
Clay digenesis.
Repress ring of shallow reservoirs.
27. Signs of Abnormal pressure
Normalized drilling rate (Drilling models).
Change in rotary torque.
Change in drag.
Shale density.
Gas analysis.
Flow line temperature.
Size and shape of cuttings.
Open hole logs.
28. Normalized Drilling Rate
1. Weight on bit.
2. Rotary speed.
3. Bit diameter.
4. Bit type.
5. Rock type.
6. Mud properties.
7. Differential pressure.
8. Hydraulics.
31. Factors Affecting dc
1. Bit wear
2. Lithologic change
3. Drastic changes in drilling parameters.
4. Bit types.
32. Flow Line Temperature
Formation fluids tend to act as thermal
barriers or insulators which impede the
normal flow of heat from the earth’s
core to the surface.
34. Size and shape of cuttings
A cutting drilled near balanced
conditions will be larger and more
angular in shape than one which is
drilled under conditions of greater
overbalance.
35. Pore Pressure Calculations
1.Depth of seal
FP=Sf-[(Se-n)/(TVDe/TVDf)]
FP= fm pressure
Sf= overburden at wanted depth
Se= overburden at depth of seal.
N= normal pp.
TVDe= depth of seal
TVDf= fm depth
36. Pore Pressure Calculations
2. Eaton equation
FP=Sf-(Sf-n)*(DCo/DCn)^m
FP= fm pressure
Sf= overburden at wanted depth
N= normal pp.
DCo= observed dxc
DCn= normal dxc
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0.1 1 10
Dc Exponent
TVD
(m)
NCT
Top
Overpressure
38. III- FRACTURE PRESSURE
Is the pressure needed to
make a fracture in a
formation.
• The orientation of the produced
fracture depend on the orientation
of the principal stress of the
fracture point.
39. Principal Stresses
At any point in the
formation there
exists a stress
regime consisting of
three perpendicular
stresses
Sig1 maximum, sig2
intermediate, sig3
minimum.
43. Leak off Test
Application of
pressure to a
formation to
determine its
fracture pressure,
without fracturing
the formation.
Frp= MWt + LOP
TVDt*.052