1. Drilling fluids serve several essential functions including removing drill cuttings from the wellbore, controlling formation pressure, and maintaining wellbore stability.
2. A mud engineer monitors and treats the mud to keep its properties and chemistry within recommended limits to optimize drilling aims.
3. The selection of a drilling fluid type is based on factors like drilling problems encountered, compatibility with the fluid in use, costs, availability of products, and environmental considerations.
Analyzing Multi-zone completion using multilayer by IPR (PROSPER) Arez Luqman
The primary objective of any well drilled and completed is to produce Hydrocarbons; by loading the Hydrocarbon (i.e. Oil and Gas) contained within the well through a conduit of the well and start separating it with surface facilities depending on type and composition of the Hydrocarbon.
Producing oil is simultaneously contained with problems depending on the type and properties of the reservoir.
Furthermore, what makes the problems much more; is when oil and/or gas is produced from multi-zones at the same time, when accumulated problems from all the producer zones occurring at the same time.
To help analyze this problems we are going to use PROSPER software package IPR multilayer, in which helps in identifying the relationship between Flow rate and Reservoir pressure.
Your Score 1420Not bad. Your score means youre slightly bette.docxodiliagilby
Your Score: 14/20
Not bad. Your score means you're slightly better than the average at reading expressions. And research suggests that people can improve their emotion recognition skills with practice. So keep an eye out for our forthcoming empathy training tool, designed to boost your emotional intelligence. Sign upfor our e-newsletter for updates on it.
Drilling Engineering
Class 8
1
Casing
• What is casing?
• Pipe that is API certified for its specific application
• Why is casing set?
• Zonal Isolation when cemented in place
• Casing point selection
• Regulations
• Area Geology
• Formation Pressures
• As the operator, who decides on casing points?
2
Casing
• API casing is available in standard sizes from 4-1/2” to 20” OD
• Usually steel but can be aluminum, fiberglass, stainless steel,
plastic, titanium etc.
• One piece of casing pipe is referred to as a “joint” of casing
• Casing length is dependent on the “range” of pipe
• Range-1: 18-22ft
• Range-2: 27-30ft
• Range-3: 38-45ft
• Casing Threads are defined by the coupling type
• API Threads
• LTC: Long thread coupling
• STC: Short thread coupling
• BTC: Buttress thread coupling
• Semi & Premium Threads
• See VAM Presentation
3
Casing
• Casing Components
• Casing
• Size, Weight, Grade, Threads
• 9-5/8" 53.5# P-110 LTC Rg 3
• See Casing Data Chart
• What is Drift Diameter?
• Pup Joints
• Float Collars
• Float Shoe
• Guide Shoe
• Centralizers
• Baskets
• Scratchers/Scrapers
4
Casing
• Running Casing
• Bales/Elevators
• Power Tongs
• Torque Turn
• Calculate weight and Hookload HL
• Calculate collapse, how often should you fill the pipe?
• Is the pipe taking the proper amount of fluid to fill? CSGcap
• Is the proper amount of fluid coming back to the pits as the
casing is run in the hole? CSGcap & CSGdisp
• Once casing is landed, circulated mud. Calculate B/U
5
Casing
• Centralization
• Vertical Wells
• Never truly vertical, usually spiral
• Typically use bow spring type centralizers
• There are state regulations on centralizer placement
• The shoe is very important to be centralized
• Horizontal Wells
• Balance between too many and not enough centralizers
• Many types: rigid, floating, bow spring, bladed, spiral bladed, etc.
• Centralizer design software can model the well as drilled and suggest
centralizer placement
• High dogleg areas need more frequent centralizers to obtain
sufficient standoff
6
Casing
• Stand-off
• Pipe Stand-off is a major contributor to hole cleaning, mud
removal, and cement quality.
• % 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑓 = ൗ𝑊𝑛 𝑅2−𝑅1 ∗ 100%
7
Casing
• Stand-off
• The Stand-off formula results a percentage, where 0% represents
the pipe in contact with the wellbore wall. 100% represents the
pipe is perfectly centered in the well.
• When the pipe is not centered, the wider portions will promote
flow due to less resistance. There can be pockets of cuttings or
mud in the tighter areas causing
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
Analyzing Multi-zone completion using multilayer by IPR (PROSPER) Arez Luqman
The primary objective of any well drilled and completed is to produce Hydrocarbons; by loading the Hydrocarbon (i.e. Oil and Gas) contained within the well through a conduit of the well and start separating it with surface facilities depending on type and composition of the Hydrocarbon.
Producing oil is simultaneously contained with problems depending on the type and properties of the reservoir.
Furthermore, what makes the problems much more; is when oil and/or gas is produced from multi-zones at the same time, when accumulated problems from all the producer zones occurring at the same time.
To help analyze this problems we are going to use PROSPER software package IPR multilayer, in which helps in identifying the relationship between Flow rate and Reservoir pressure.
Your Score 1420Not bad. Your score means youre slightly bette.docxodiliagilby
Your Score: 14/20
Not bad. Your score means you're slightly better than the average at reading expressions. And research suggests that people can improve their emotion recognition skills with practice. So keep an eye out for our forthcoming empathy training tool, designed to boost your emotional intelligence. Sign upfor our e-newsletter for updates on it.
Drilling Engineering
Class 8
1
Casing
• What is casing?
• Pipe that is API certified for its specific application
• Why is casing set?
• Zonal Isolation when cemented in place
• Casing point selection
• Regulations
• Area Geology
• Formation Pressures
• As the operator, who decides on casing points?
2
Casing
• API casing is available in standard sizes from 4-1/2” to 20” OD
• Usually steel but can be aluminum, fiberglass, stainless steel,
plastic, titanium etc.
• One piece of casing pipe is referred to as a “joint” of casing
• Casing length is dependent on the “range” of pipe
• Range-1: 18-22ft
• Range-2: 27-30ft
• Range-3: 38-45ft
• Casing Threads are defined by the coupling type
• API Threads
• LTC: Long thread coupling
• STC: Short thread coupling
• BTC: Buttress thread coupling
• Semi & Premium Threads
• See VAM Presentation
3
Casing
• Casing Components
• Casing
• Size, Weight, Grade, Threads
• 9-5/8" 53.5# P-110 LTC Rg 3
• See Casing Data Chart
• What is Drift Diameter?
• Pup Joints
• Float Collars
• Float Shoe
• Guide Shoe
• Centralizers
• Baskets
• Scratchers/Scrapers
4
Casing
• Running Casing
• Bales/Elevators
• Power Tongs
• Torque Turn
• Calculate weight and Hookload HL
• Calculate collapse, how often should you fill the pipe?
• Is the pipe taking the proper amount of fluid to fill? CSGcap
• Is the proper amount of fluid coming back to the pits as the
casing is run in the hole? CSGcap & CSGdisp
• Once casing is landed, circulated mud. Calculate B/U
5
Casing
• Centralization
• Vertical Wells
• Never truly vertical, usually spiral
• Typically use bow spring type centralizers
• There are state regulations on centralizer placement
• The shoe is very important to be centralized
• Horizontal Wells
• Balance between too many and not enough centralizers
• Many types: rigid, floating, bow spring, bladed, spiral bladed, etc.
• Centralizer design software can model the well as drilled and suggest
centralizer placement
• High dogleg areas need more frequent centralizers to obtain
sufficient standoff
6
Casing
• Stand-off
• Pipe Stand-off is a major contributor to hole cleaning, mud
removal, and cement quality.
• % 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑓 = ൗ𝑊𝑛 𝑅2−𝑅1 ∗ 100%
7
Casing
• Stand-off
• The Stand-off formula results a percentage, where 0% represents
the pipe in contact with the wellbore wall. 100% represents the
pipe is perfectly centered in the well.
• When the pipe is not centered, the wider portions will promote
flow due to less resistance. There can be pockets of cuttings or
mud in the tighter areas causing
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
Formation Evaluation project (drill stem test DST)Gehad Alyazidy
What is DST?
DST Advantages and Disadvantages.
Explain the operations of a DST based on a labelled diagram including its pressure vs time plot.
By referring to a case study reported in open literature, explain the challenges facing the O&G companies to obtain reliable test results.
Oil and gas industry is changing and moving to deep and ultra deep water which come with new challenges for the current risers design . so i proposed a new design which will change the industry and help drill oil and gas in ultra deep waters
Formation Evaluation project (drill stem test DST)Gehad Alyazidy
What is DST?
DST Advantages and Disadvantages.
Explain the operations of a DST based on a labelled diagram including its pressure vs time plot.
By referring to a case study reported in open literature, explain the challenges facing the O&G companies to obtain reliable test results.
Oil and gas industry is changing and moving to deep and ultra deep water which come with new challenges for the current risers design . so i proposed a new design which will change the industry and help drill oil and gas in ultra deep waters
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
2
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• is responsible for testing the mud and for prescribing mud treatments in
order to keep mud weight, properties, and chemistry within recommended
limits.
• must give detailed recommendations in order to optimize the achievement
of technical and economical drilling aims
INTRODUCTION
Mud Engineer
Drilling fluids are becoming so specialized, most companies now have a
mud engineer on duty at all times to keep the mud in good condition. The
Mud Engineer:
3. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
3
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
1. Remove drill cuttings from wellbore
2. Control formation pressure
3. Maintain wellbore stability until
casing can be run and cemented
4. Cool and lubricate drillstring and bit
5. Transmit hydraulic power to bit
6. Hamper formation evaluation
techniques
7. Cause adverse effects on the
formation being penetrated
(Formation Damage)
8. Cause corrosion of the tubulars
Should: Should Not:
4. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
4
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
Viscosity
• Viscosity and fluid rheological properties have a determinant effect on well
cleaning.
• Cuttings settle rapidly in low viscosity fluids (such as water) and as a result,
their removal is difficult.
• Generally, higher viscosity fluids are required to improve cuttings transport
capacity
• The property related to the viscosity is the thixotropy. It means that a mud
(thixotropic fluid) can become like a gel under static condition and return to
sol (fluid) in dynamic situation. This characteristic can suspend the cuttings
during the situation when the mud is not being circulated, as for flow check
or pipe connection or repairing
• Viscosity is dependent on concentration, quality, and dispersion of
suspended solids in the mud.
1. Remove Drill Cuttings from Wellbore
5. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
5
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
Velocity
• Definition: The rate (or speed) at which the mud is circulated
(dependant on pump capacity, pump speed, borehole size, and DP size)
• The higher the fluid velocity the faster the cuttings will reach the surface
Transport velocity = Annular velocity – Slip velocity
(More on velocity under “Hydraulics” section)
1. Remove Drill Cuttings from Wellbore
6. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
6
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
Particle Suspension
• Drilling fluid must also keep drill cuttings in suspension when the mud is
not being circulated (e.g., during a connection)
• The propety that keeps particles in suspension is called “gel strength”.
• Gel strength required to hold the cuttings in suspension should be no
more than required however. When circulation resumes, the fluid must
be fluid enough to release the particles at surface.
• Cuttings that settle when circulation has stopped can cause bridges that
result in a stuck string.
1. Remove Drill Cuttings from Wellbore
7. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
7
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
Thixotropic
• Definition: The property exhibited by certain gels of becoming fluid
when stirred or shaken and returning to the semi-solid state upon
standing.
• Most drilling fluids are thixotropic. This means that they undergo a
gelification process in static conditions. This process allows the drilling
fluid to keep cuttings in suspension during pipe connections and other
times when the mud is not moving.
• Shear-thinning fluids with high viscosity are the most effective for well
cleaning at low annular velocity.
1. Remove Drill Cuttings from Wellbore
8. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
8
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
Density
• Density has a positive effect on removing drill cuttings: the higher the
density of the mud, the more buoyancy.
• More buoyancy means greater carrying capacity to prevent the cuttings
from falling through the mud and to lift them to surface
• High density fluids can clean the hole very well with low annular velocity
• However, a mud heavier than necessary to balance the formation
pressure has a negative impact on drilling operations, so weighting up
the fluid just to remove cuttings must be avoided
1. Remove Drill Cuttings from Wellbore
9. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
9
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
USE THIXOTROPIC FLUIDS WITH “SHEAR THINNING”
PROPERTIES WITH A STRONG LOW-SHEAR-RATE VISCOSITY
(LSRV) AND PLUG FLOW CONDITIONS
USE A HIGH FLOW, LOW VISCOSITY FLUID TO OBTAIN
TURBULENT FLOW
1. Remove Drill Cuttings from Wellbore
• An easy method to determine if drilled solids are being
effectively removed by the mud is to compare the sand
content at the flow line and at the mud suction.
10. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
10
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• One of the main functions of drilling fluid is to keep the formation
pressure under control
• The pressure exerted by the mud column in static conditions (without
circulation) is called hydrostatic pressure.
• Hydrostatic pressure is the product of the mud weight and the True
Vertical Depth (TVD) of the well. If the hydrostatic pressure of the
column of drilling mud is equal to or higher than the formation pressure,
formation fluids can’t flow into the wellbore
2. Control Formation Pressure
Density
11. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
11
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Formation pressure typically increases with depth
• To compensate for this we increase the density of the mud with barite
• Mud weight must be limited to the minimum necessary to control the
well, maintain its stability, and still stay below the fracture gradient
2. Control Formation Pressure
Density
12. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
12
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
The pressure gradient of a normal formation can vary from:
• 0.436 psi/ft [1.03 kg/cm2/10 m] (8,59 lb/gal) for onshore wells
• 0.465 psi/ft [1.07 kg/cm2/ 10 m] (8,95 lb/gal) for off-shore wells
2. Control Formation Pressure
Density
13. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
13
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Wellbore stability is a function of mechanical, physical (pressure and
tension), and chemical characteristics
• Overhangs, ledges, and vertically-dipping formations may break off and
fall into the hole if a high differential (pressure or density) exists
between the formation and drilling fluid
• Swelling clays and heaving shales decrease drilling rate, and increase
the possibility of stuck pipe and fishing jobs
3. Maintain Wellbore Stability
Caving
14. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
14
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• The cement job is a determining factor to effective isolation between
formations, and to guarantee a reliable completion.
• The mud must maintain the condition of the hole so casing can be run
and cemented without causing completion problems.
• When running casing, the mud must be fluid and at the same time
minimize the annular pressure losses in order to avoid loss of
circulation caused by induced fractures.
3. Maintain Wellbore Stability
15. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
15
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Mechanical and hydraulic energy generated by pumping mud to the
bit, and abrasion between the drill string and the hole, produces a
great amount of heat
• Since the formation is a poor conductor the heat has no where to go
• Circulating fluid helps to dissipate this heat at surface
• Because of the composition of the mud, it has a lubricating effect
which also cuts down on the heat production. Indicators of poor
lubrication are high torque and drag
4. Cool and Lubricate the Drillstring and Bit
Circulation of the drilling fluids cools the bit and the
drillstring assembly, to temperatures lower than the
bottom-hole temperature
16. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
16
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Maximize penetration rate (ROP)
• Remove cuttings from under the bit and up to the surface
• Run downhole motors and other special equipment
• The hydraulic program is based on using the right diameter nozzles in
the bit, the pump’s efficiency, and choosing the proper circulation
pressures and rates for the hole conditions
5. Transmit Hydraulic Power to Bit
Hydraulic Power is Used to:
17. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
17
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• The type and composition of mud in the hole determines the quality of
data from the electric logs that measure the electrical, sonic, nuclear
and magnetic-resonance properties of the formations
• Precise formation evaluation is mandatory, without it we must core,
run DSTs, and conduct flow tests. All these formation evaluation
methods are affected by the drilling fluids.
6. Guarantee Adequate Formation Evaluation
Logging
18. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
18
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Mud or drilling solids that invade deep into the matrix of the formation,
permanently obstructing its porosity and permeability
• Swelling shales, which reduce permeability
• Precipitation of solids that result from the reaction between the mud
filtrate and formation and completion fluids (such as brines or acids),
which limit permeability
• Emulsions formed by contact between the mud filtrate and formation
fluids, which can limit permeability
7. Minimize Formation Damage
Main Causes of Formation Damage
19. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
19
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Permeability is a measure of the capacity of a porous media (such as a
rock) to allow fluid to flow through it.
• When the pressure of a mud column is greater than the formation
pressure, liquid and solid components of the mud invade the formation
and form a filter cake against the borehole wall
• In highly porous and permeable formations, the mud can easily invade
the formation.
7. Minimize Formation Damage
Seal off Permeable, Porous, and Fractured Fms
20. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
20
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Solids in the mud will form a barrier (skin effect) on the borehole wall of
the formation.
• The filter cake is composed of solids from the drilling fluid
• The filter cake should be thick enough to seal the formation, but it also
must be thin enough to avoid causing drilling problems.
7. Minimize Formation Damage
Filter Cake
21. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
21
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Tight hole
• Increased torque and overpull
• Poor log quality
• Drillstring failure
7. Minimize Formation Damage
Potential Problems with a Thick Filter Cake
22. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
22
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Calcium Carbonate (removable with acid washing)
• Cellulose
• And a wide range of seepage loss
• Other additives (LCM)
7. Minimize Formation Damage
Treating a Thick Filter Cake
23. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
23
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Because the drill string and casing are constantly in contact with the
drilling fluid and well fluids, they are constantly subject to corrosion
• Electrolysis, stress, contaminants such as soluble salts, dissolved
oxygen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulphide can cause severe
corrosion, either deep in the well or on surface
• Use oxygen scavengers, scale inhibitors, ironite sponge, zinc oxide
• Easiest to maintain high pH: 9.5 to 10.5
• Most solutions only slow the corrosion down, none can solve it
8. Control Corrosion
24. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
24
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• Range of additives
• Bentonite
• Natural and synthetic polymers
• Asphalts and gilsonit
• Deflocculant organic additives lignosulfonate CMC and starches
25. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
25
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
• In a drilling fluid system, the mud properties must keep the essential functions
and at the same time minimise problems in the well.
• The topics developed in this chapter are a guideline for the selection of the
fluid.
• The selection of a drilling fluid must be based on generic experience and
developed in site experiences
26. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
26
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
The selection regarding the type of mud is based on:
¾ Drilling problems
¾ Possibility of converting the mud in use to another type of mud
¾ Cost
¾ Products availability
¾ Environmental factors
¾Case histories
27. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
27
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
Mud Properties VS Functions
• The characteristics of a mud can influence its functions e.g. the formation pressure is
checked by the hydrostatic pressure. The hydrostatic pressure is modified by the
density or specific weight.
• As the uncontrolled density increases, the pressure drop increases. The
consequence is a possible loss of circulation.
28. DRILLING FLUID FUNCTIONS
28
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
Drilling Supervisors Training Course Drilling Muds RPW2021A
Mud characteristics modifications
Fluids engineering always need an exchange of conditions to treat and keep optimum
drilling. For instance, an out of proportion viscosity increasing, improves the hole
cleaning:
¾ The loss of pressure increases
¾ The capacity of removing solids in the mud decreases
¾ The penetrating rate slows down
¾ The dilution treating increases a/o the preparation, with consequent costs
increasing