Forests, covering around 40% of the Earth's land, are ecosystems dominated by trees and diverse communities of plants, animals, and microbes. They are classified into three main types: tropical, temperate, and alpine forests, each with specific climatic conditions, flora, and fauna. Forests offer numerous ecological benefits, including clean air and water, wildlife habitat, and support in combating climate change.

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4. WHAT IS FOREST?
“A forest is an area of
land dominated by trees.”
OR
“Forest is a large
uncultivated and
uninhabited tract of land
cover with trees of
different shrubs and
herbs.”

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➢ Forests occupy roughly 40% of the total land.
➢ Forest ecosystems are areas of the landscape that are
dominated by trees.
➢ It consist of biologically integrated communities of plants,
animals and microbes, together with the local soils (substrates)
and atmospheres (climates) with which they interact.
➢ Only diffused light reaches the ground.
➢ The floor of the forest is carpeted by plants, lichen and mosses.

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7. TYPES OF FOREST
Tropical
Forest
Temperate
Forest
Depending on climatic conditions the forests have been divided into Three categories:
Alpine
Forest

8. Temperate forests
➢Temperate forests are
characterized as regions
with high levels of
precipitation, humidity, and
a variety of deciduous
trees, Decreasing
temperatures and
shortened daylight hours in
fall mean decreased
photosynthesis for plants.
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9. Location

10. Climate
❑Temperatures range from hot in
the summer, with highs of 30°C, to
extremely cold in the winter, with
lows of -30°C.
❑Temperate forests receive
abundant amounts of precipitation,
usually between 20 and 60 inches
of precipitation annually.
❑This precipitation is in the form of
rain and snow.

11. Flora
➢Temperate forests support a wide variety of
plant life and vegetation.
➢Vegetation exists in several layers, ranging
from lichens and mosses.
➢Other examples of temperate forest vegetation
include:
• Forest canopy tier: Maple trees, walnut trees,
birch trees
• Small tree tier: Dogwoods, redbuds, shadbush
• Shrub tier: Azaleas, mountain laurel,
huckleberries
• Herb tier: Blue bead lily, Indian cucumber,
wild sarsaparilla
• Floor tier: Lichens and mosses

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Maple trees Huckleberries
Walnut trees Mosses

13. Fauna
➢Temperate forests are
home to a diverse
wildlife biosystem
including various insects
and spiders, wolves,
foxes, bears, coyotes,
bobcats, mountain lions,
eagles, rabbits, deer,
skunks, squirrels,
raccoons, squirrels,
moose, snakes, and
hummingbirds.

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Hummingbird
Raccoon Squirrel

15. Temperate Forest In
Pakistan
Location of Temperate Deciduous
and Mixed Forest Biome of Pakistan
are:
➢Tribal Areas
➢Shangla
➢Azad Jammu Kashmir
➢Swat, Kaghan
➢Abbottabad
➢Murree
➢Mansehra

16. Tropical forests
➢Tropical forests also refer
to tropical rainforests,
with continuous rainfall
throughout the year.
❑These include evergreen,
seasonal, cloud forests,
tropical and subtropical
forest.
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17. Location
➢The tropical forests are situated
in a broad zone outside the
equator.
➢Globally these forests are found
near the southern parts of Asia’s
West coast of India.
➢Other tropical rainforest places
include Eastern Madagascar,
Assam, Australia, the Zaire
basin, and Caribbean islands.
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18. Climate
➢The average temperature in
tropical rainforests ranges from
21 to 30°C.
➢The environment is pretty wet in
tropical rainforests, maintaining
a high humidity of 77% to 88%
year-round.
➢The yearly rainfall ranges from 80
to 400 inches (200 to 1000 cm),
and it can rain hard.
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19. Flora
➢Some examples of tropical
trees include plumeria, ylang-
ylang, ebony, teak, and palms.
➢Bird-of-paradise, and fire
brush are some commonly-
grown tropical shrubs and
plants
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20. Fauna
❑The main animals are
➢Monkeys
➢Blue Morpho Butterfly
➢Okapi
➢Jaguar
➢Capybara
➢Toucan
➢Poison Dart Frog.
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21. Tropical Forest In
Pakistan
➢The tropical thorn forests
are dominated by
xerophytic shrubs.
➢They are most
widespread in the
Punjab plains but also
occupy small areas in
southern Sindh and
western Balochistan.

22. Alpine forests
➢Alpine plants are plants that grow in an
alpine climate, which occurs at
high elevation and above the tree line.
➢These include perennial
grasses, sedges, forbs, cushion
plants, mosses, and lichens.
➢Alpine plants are adapted to the harsh
conditions of the alpine environment,
which include low temperatures,
dryness, ultraviolet radiation, wind,
drought, poor nutritional soil, and a
short growing season. 22

23. • Photosynthesis and respiration
rates are not uniform
throughout the growing season.
• Alpine forests are found primarily
in mountainous areas.
• Alpine forests can be found all
over the Himalayas, at altitudes
ranging from 2,900 to 3,500 m or
even up to 3800 m above sea
level, depending on the location
and variety of plants.
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24. Location
➢ Alpine biomes occur at high altitudes within
any latitude worldwide.
➢ Alpine biome are found in the following
regions:
• The Himalayas in Asia
• American Cordillera in North and South
America
• The Rift Mountains of Africa
• The Caucasus Mountains
• A substantial extent of the Tibetan Plateau
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25. Climate
➢The climate of alpine biomes is somewhat
dynamic.
➢Temperatures normally drop by about 10oC
for every 1000 meters as you go up a
mountain.
➢The biome experiences a long, cold winter
season, lasting about nine months.
➢Summer temperatures normally range from
4-15 °C. However, these temperatures can
normally drop from warm to freezing within a
day.
➢This region receive about one foot (30 cm) of
precipitation annually.
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26. Flora
❑Alpine biomes are characterized by
small groundcover plants.
❑These plants take longer to grow and
reproduce. They shield themselves
from the cold and windy conditions
by staying as close to the ground as
possible.
➢Glory of the snow
➢Bear grass
➢Moss campion
➢Bristlecone pine
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27. Fauna
• Sheep
• Mountain goats
• Snow leopard
• Beetles
• Ptarmigan bird
• Snowshoe rabbit
• Marmot
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28. Alpine Forest In
Pakistan
Alpine Forests are
found in limited areas
of Pakistan, and the
list includes:
• Chitral
• Dir
• Swat
• Gilgit.

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31. FOUR DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES
• Maintaining or increasing forest area through reducing
deforestation and degradation.
• Maintaining or increasing forest area: afforestation/reforestation.
• Forest management to increase stand- and landscape-level
carbon density.
• Increasing off-site carbon stocks in wood products and
enhancing product and fuel substitution.

32. Forest Land Uses
• Forests provide clean water.
• Forests clean our air.
• Forests help the wildlife we love
thrive.
• Forests in our cities help keep us
safe.
• Forests help keep us healthy.
• Forests provide economic benefits.
• Forests help us combat climate
change.
• Forests allow us to use less energy.
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