This document discusses the history and science of serology. It describes how Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901. Landsteiner found that human blood can be categorized into different types based on the presence of antigens on red blood cells. The discovery enabled safe blood transfusions by matching donor and recipient blood types. Today, forensic serology uses the antigen-antibody reactions underlying blood typing to analyze biological evidence from crime scenes.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901. This was one of the most significant medical discoveries of the 20th century, as it explained why blood transfusions were sometimes fatal and allowed doctors to safely transfuse blood by matching blood types. Landsteiner recognized that not all human blood is the same, and found that blood is distinguishable by its group or type. Since then, over 100 blood factors have been identified, though the ABO system remains the most important for blood transfusions. In forensics, blood typing using antigens and antibodies was used to identify individuals until the 1990s, when DNA analysis replaced it as a more discriminating technique. Serology involves testing blood and other biological samples using the
This document discusses forensic serology and the analysis of blood and seminal fluid evidence. It describes the components of blood, blood typing systems, and how antigen-antibody reactions are used to determine blood type. It also discusses how serological tests, including precipitin tests and DNA analysis, can be used to identify the species and potentially the individual source of a bloodstain. Similar tests for enzymes and proteins unique to seminal fluid allow identification and DNA profiling of seminal stains. Proper collection of biological evidence from crime scenes and rape victims is also outlined.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1910 for this discovery. In 1940, Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener reported the Rh blood group system. The ABO blood group antigens differ in their terminal sugar and project above the red blood cell surface. Knowing blood group systems is important for safe blood transfusions, preventing hemolytic disease of newborn, solving legal disputes, and studying genetics. Landsteiner's Laws state that if an antigen is present, the corresponding antibody must be absent and vice versa. The Rh factor was first studied in rhesus monkeys.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and won the Nobel Prize for medicine for this discovery. In 1940, Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener reported the Rh blood group system. Knowing about blood group systems is important for safe blood transfusions and preventing hemolytic disease in newborns. The ABO antigens are sugar chains on red blood cells that differ between blood types. A person's blood type depends on which alleles they inherit for the ABO locus on chromosome 9.
This document discusses forensic science as it relates to blood evidence. It provides information on the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It also covers blood typing and the genetics of blood types, universal donors and recipients, Rh factors, blood transfusions, and how blood evidence can be analyzed microscopically and used to solve crimes.
The document discusses the components of human blood and blood types. It explains that human blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It also describes the four main blood types (A, B, AB, and O) which are determined by genes inherited from one's parents. The document provides information about blood transfusions, including who can donate and receive blood based on their blood type.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901. This was one of the most significant medical discoveries of the 20th century, as it explained why blood transfusions were sometimes fatal and allowed doctors to safely transfuse blood by matching blood types. Landsteiner recognized that not all human blood is the same, and found that blood is distinguishable by its group or type. Since then, over 100 blood factors have been identified, though the ABO system remains the most important for blood transfusions. In forensics, blood typing using antigens and antibodies was used to identify individuals until the 1990s, when DNA analysis replaced it as a more discriminating technique. Serology involves testing blood and other biological samples using the
This document discusses forensic serology and the analysis of blood and seminal fluid evidence. It describes the components of blood, blood typing systems, and how antigen-antibody reactions are used to determine blood type. It also discusses how serological tests, including precipitin tests and DNA analysis, can be used to identify the species and potentially the individual source of a bloodstain. Similar tests for enzymes and proteins unique to seminal fluid allow identification and DNA profiling of seminal stains. Proper collection of biological evidence from crime scenes and rape victims is also outlined.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1910 for this discovery. In 1940, Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener reported the Rh blood group system. The ABO blood group antigens differ in their terminal sugar and project above the red blood cell surface. Knowing blood group systems is important for safe blood transfusions, preventing hemolytic disease of newborn, solving legal disputes, and studying genetics. Landsteiner's Laws state that if an antigen is present, the corresponding antibody must be absent and vice versa. The Rh factor was first studied in rhesus monkeys.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and won the Nobel Prize for medicine for this discovery. In 1940, Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener reported the Rh blood group system. Knowing about blood group systems is important for safe blood transfusions and preventing hemolytic disease in newborns. The ABO antigens are sugar chains on red blood cells that differ between blood types. A person's blood type depends on which alleles they inherit for the ABO locus on chromosome 9.
This document discusses forensic science as it relates to blood evidence. It provides information on the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It also covers blood typing and the genetics of blood types, universal donors and recipients, Rh factors, blood transfusions, and how blood evidence can be analyzed microscopically and used to solve crimes.
The document discusses the components of human blood and blood types. It explains that human blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It also describes the four main blood types (A, B, AB, and O) which are determined by genes inherited from one's parents. The document provides information about blood transfusions, including who can donate and receive blood based on their blood type.
Types of blood groups and scope of geneticsRimsha Pahore
This document discusses blood group types and the scope of genetics. It describes the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The ABO blood group system and Rh blood group system are the two most important classification systems. Genetics has many important applications including understanding inheritance, disease risk, identity testing, treating diseases, understanding human origins, agriculture, ancient history, blood transfusions, prenatal testing, drug sensitivity, and pharmaceutical development.
Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that distributes obligatory substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and conveys metabolic waste products away from those same cells.When it reaches the lungs, gas exchange occurs when carbon dioxide is diffused out of the blood into the pulmonary alveoli and oxygen is diffused into the blood. This oxygenated blood is pumped to the left hand side of the heart in the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium. From here it passes through the mitral valve, through the ventricle and taken all around the body by the aorta. Blood contains antibodies, nutrients, oxygen and much more to avail the body work.
The document discusses the components of human blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It provides details on blood types, blood transfusions, Rh factors, and how blood evidence can be analyzed in forensic investigations. Key points include that blood carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, fights infections, and helps heal wounds. The four main blood types are A, B, AB, and O, determined by inherited genes. Type O blood is the universal donor while Type AB blood is the universal recipient for transfusions.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. The ABO system includes groups A, B, AB and O based on antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system also exists. Not all blood groups are compatible as mixing can cause clumping of red blood cells. Landsteiner's work enabled blood typing and compatible transfusions.
This document provides an overview of the examination and forensic value of blood evidence. It discusses the history and principles of forensic blood analysis, the nature and composition of blood, blood grouping techniques, and how blood evidence can be analyzed to determine factors like the species, sex, race and age of the source. It also addresses how blood evidence can provide information about the nature of a crime based on whether the blood is wet or dry, and how blood spatter patterns and locations can reveal details about the position and movements of victims and suspects.
The document discusses the components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It provides facts about blood such as the average amount of blood in the human body and the relative proportions of blood components. It describes how blood type is determined genetically from parents and the main blood types (A, B, AB, and O). The document also discusses blood transfusions and compatibility based on blood type. It covers the Rh factor and uses of blood evidence in forensic investigations.
This document provides information about blood typing and characteristics. It discusses the discovery of blood types by Landsteiner in 1900 and the Rh factor in 1940. The document defines key terms like antigens, antibodies, agglutination. It describes the main blood types (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factors (+/-). It also summarizes blood composition, functions, transfusions and the genetics that determine blood type. Overall, the document presents foundational information about blood typing and characteristics.
INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY.PPTX DMLTPunamSahoo3
This document provides an introduction to immunohaematology, also known as blood banking. It discusses the history of blood transfusions and advances in blood banking. Key developments include the discovery of the ABO blood group system by Landsteiner in 1901, the introduction of anticoagulants and blood preservation techniques. It also covers blood group genetics and antigens and antibodies related to the ABO and Rh blood group systems.
Identification of human and animal blood.pptxHassamKhan57
The document discusses forensic serology and the analysis of blood evidence. It notes that blood is the most commonly recovered evidence in criminal cases. Blood can link a victim to a suspect using Locard's Exchange Principle and reveal crime scene details through bloodstain pattern analysis. The document outlines various tests and analyses performed on blood evidence, including determining blood type, identifying human vs. animal blood, and using blood evidence in different types of crimes.
The document discusses blood transfusions and blood typing. It provides background on the history of blood transfusions from early experiments in the 17th century to modern practices. It describes key discoveries like blood groups and the Rh factor that helped make transfusions safer. The document also explains how blood typing works, including using standard serums or monoclonal antibodies to identify agglutinogens and determine a person's blood type. Determining blood types accurately is important for safely transfusing blood.
This document provides information about blood and the history of blood transfusions. It discusses several pioneers in blood transfusion including Jean-Baptiste Denis who performed the first blood transfusion and Karl Landsteiner who discovered the main blood groups (A, B, and O). It also gives some fun facts about blood such as that the average person's body manufactures 17 million red blood cells per second and that O positive is the most common blood type in the US. Finally, it provides additional details on blood donation including that donations can help save up to 3 lives and specific components like red blood cells must be used within 42 days of collection.
- The ABO and Rh blood group systems are clinically significant for blood transfusions and determining transfusion compatibility. The ABO system was discovered in 1901 and includes A, B, AB, and O blood types. The Rh system involves the presence or absence of the D antigen.
- Incompatibilities between these blood group antigens and antibodies can cause transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn. Proper blood typing and cross-matching is important for safe transfusions.
- The MNSs blood group system involves the M, N, S, and s antigens and antibodies to some of these can also cause transfusion reactions or erythroblastosis fetalis in newborns.
This document discusses forensic science and provides information about blood types and transfusions. It explains that blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It describes the different blood types (A, B, AB, and O) which are determined by inherited genes. The document also discusses Rh factors and notes that type O blood donors are considered "universal donors" while type AB recipients are "universal recipients" for transfusions.
This document discusses blood analysis and bloodstain pattern analysis. It begins by defining key terms and listing learning targets. It then discusses the components of whole blood, blood typing and factors, and various blood tests. It explains how to analyze bloodstain patterns to determine things like the type of force, direction of travel, and whether spatter or transfer occurred. It stresses the importance of properly collecting and preserving biological evidence from crime scenes.
This document presents a case study of a rare Rhnull blood type phenotype found in siblings. Rhnull phenotype is characterized by red blood cells that lack all Rh antigens and occurs in approximately 1 in 6 million people. The siblings were discovered to have the Rhnull phenotype during antibody screening and identification work. People with Rhnull phenotype can develop alloantibodies when exposed to Rh antigens and typically have varying degrees of persistent hemolytic anemia. The case study involved diagnostic testing, clinical assessments, genetic analysis and treatment of the siblings in line with managing their rare blood disorder.
This document discusses blood evidence analysis methods. It begins by defining blood and its components. Blood can be significant evidence in criminal cases, as it can link victims to suspects. There are different methods for collecting dried and wet blood evidence from crime scenes. Blood typing involves using antiserums to determine blood groups based on antigen and antibody reactions. The Rh factor and additional blood group systems were also discovered. Screening tests like luminol and Kastle-Meyer can indicate the presence of blood, while confirmatory microcrystalline tests like Takayama and Teichmann are used to confirm blood and not another substance. Analysis of blood evidence aims to determine if it is human or animal blood, and can potentially identify blood
Forensic Science - 09 Blood and blood splatterIan Anderson
Blood can provide important evidence at crime scenes. Blood group/type can place a blood sample within a class of individuals, while DNA profiling allows a blood sample to match a single individual. Blood splatter patterns can also help reconstruct a crime scene by indicating how the blood was deposited and the movement and location of its source.
This chapter discusses blood typing and blood spatter analysis in forensic science. It describes the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. Blood typing involves determining a person's blood type based on the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. Blood spatter analysis examines the direction and angle of blood droplets to reconstruct crime scenes. Three case studies are presented where blood evidence was crucial in determining guilt, such as linking a suspect's blood to a crime scene or proving wounds were self-inflicted.
This document provides information about serology and forensics, focusing on blood typing and blood splatter analysis. It discusses the components of blood, the discovery of blood types by Karl Landsteiner, and how blood typing works based on antigens and antibodies. It also covers the ABO blood group system, Rh factor, population distributions of blood types, and applications like preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn. The document concludes by discussing analyzing blood splatter patterns at crime scenes to help reconstruct events.
5th year (Blood bank and blood transfusion).pptxMostafaAdelAhmd
The document discusses the history and science of blood banking and transfusion. It covers early attempts at blood transfusions dating back to ancient times. Major milestones include the discovery of the ABO blood group system in 1900 and the Rh system in 1940. The document also examines blood group inheritance and genetics. It provides details on the ABO and Rh blood group systems, including antigens, antibodies, donation compatibility, and inheritance patterns.
1) Yeast cells communicate via mating factors that allow them to aggregate and form spore-forming structures called fruiting bodies during reproduction.
2) Animal and plant cells communicate via direct connections like gap junctions and plasmodesmata respectively or through signaling molecules that activate responses in nearby or distant target cells.
3) Cells detect extracellular signaling molecules through receptor proteins that activate intracellular signal transduction pathways involving second messengers, protein phosphorylation, and changes in gene expression to produce responses in the target cell.
Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure. It involves four stages: primary structure is the amino acid sequence; secondary structure involves folding into alpha helices and beta sheets through hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure involves folding of secondary structures into the final three-dimensional structure. Some proteins undergo quaternary structure formation through interactions between folded polypeptide chains. The folding process is driven by the hydrophobic effect and other non-covalent interactions and allows proteins to attain biologically functional conformations. Chaperone proteins assist in protein folding to facilitate efficient folding in living cells.
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Types of blood groups and scope of geneticsRimsha Pahore
This document discusses blood group types and the scope of genetics. It describes the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The ABO blood group system and Rh blood group system are the two most important classification systems. Genetics has many important applications including understanding inheritance, disease risk, identity testing, treating diseases, understanding human origins, agriculture, ancient history, blood transfusions, prenatal testing, drug sensitivity, and pharmaceutical development.
Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that distributes obligatory substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and conveys metabolic waste products away from those same cells.When it reaches the lungs, gas exchange occurs when carbon dioxide is diffused out of the blood into the pulmonary alveoli and oxygen is diffused into the blood. This oxygenated blood is pumped to the left hand side of the heart in the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium. From here it passes through the mitral valve, through the ventricle and taken all around the body by the aorta. Blood contains antibodies, nutrients, oxygen and much more to avail the body work.
The document discusses the components of human blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It provides details on blood types, blood transfusions, Rh factors, and how blood evidence can be analyzed in forensic investigations. Key points include that blood carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, fights infections, and helps heal wounds. The four main blood types are A, B, AB, and O, determined by inherited genes. Type O blood is the universal donor while Type AB blood is the universal recipient for transfusions.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. The ABO system includes groups A, B, AB and O based on antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system also exists. Not all blood groups are compatible as mixing can cause clumping of red blood cells. Landsteiner's work enabled blood typing and compatible transfusions.
This document provides an overview of the examination and forensic value of blood evidence. It discusses the history and principles of forensic blood analysis, the nature and composition of blood, blood grouping techniques, and how blood evidence can be analyzed to determine factors like the species, sex, race and age of the source. It also addresses how blood evidence can provide information about the nature of a crime based on whether the blood is wet or dry, and how blood spatter patterns and locations can reveal details about the position and movements of victims and suspects.
The document discusses the components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It provides facts about blood such as the average amount of blood in the human body and the relative proportions of blood components. It describes how blood type is determined genetically from parents and the main blood types (A, B, AB, and O). The document also discusses blood transfusions and compatibility based on blood type. It covers the Rh factor and uses of blood evidence in forensic investigations.
This document provides information about blood typing and characteristics. It discusses the discovery of blood types by Landsteiner in 1900 and the Rh factor in 1940. The document defines key terms like antigens, antibodies, agglutination. It describes the main blood types (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factors (+/-). It also summarizes blood composition, functions, transfusions and the genetics that determine blood type. Overall, the document presents foundational information about blood typing and characteristics.
INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY.PPTX DMLTPunamSahoo3
This document provides an introduction to immunohaematology, also known as blood banking. It discusses the history of blood transfusions and advances in blood banking. Key developments include the discovery of the ABO blood group system by Landsteiner in 1901, the introduction of anticoagulants and blood preservation techniques. It also covers blood group genetics and antigens and antibodies related to the ABO and Rh blood group systems.
Identification of human and animal blood.pptxHassamKhan57
The document discusses forensic serology and the analysis of blood evidence. It notes that blood is the most commonly recovered evidence in criminal cases. Blood can link a victim to a suspect using Locard's Exchange Principle and reveal crime scene details through bloodstain pattern analysis. The document outlines various tests and analyses performed on blood evidence, including determining blood type, identifying human vs. animal blood, and using blood evidence in different types of crimes.
The document discusses blood transfusions and blood typing. It provides background on the history of blood transfusions from early experiments in the 17th century to modern practices. It describes key discoveries like blood groups and the Rh factor that helped make transfusions safer. The document also explains how blood typing works, including using standard serums or monoclonal antibodies to identify agglutinogens and determine a person's blood type. Determining blood types accurately is important for safely transfusing blood.
This document provides information about blood and the history of blood transfusions. It discusses several pioneers in blood transfusion including Jean-Baptiste Denis who performed the first blood transfusion and Karl Landsteiner who discovered the main blood groups (A, B, and O). It also gives some fun facts about blood such as that the average person's body manufactures 17 million red blood cells per second and that O positive is the most common blood type in the US. Finally, it provides additional details on blood donation including that donations can help save up to 3 lives and specific components like red blood cells must be used within 42 days of collection.
- The ABO and Rh blood group systems are clinically significant for blood transfusions and determining transfusion compatibility. The ABO system was discovered in 1901 and includes A, B, AB, and O blood types. The Rh system involves the presence or absence of the D antigen.
- Incompatibilities between these blood group antigens and antibodies can cause transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn. Proper blood typing and cross-matching is important for safe transfusions.
- The MNSs blood group system involves the M, N, S, and s antigens and antibodies to some of these can also cause transfusion reactions or erythroblastosis fetalis in newborns.
This document discusses forensic science and provides information about blood types and transfusions. It explains that blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. It describes the different blood types (A, B, AB, and O) which are determined by inherited genes. The document also discusses Rh factors and notes that type O blood donors are considered "universal donors" while type AB recipients are "universal recipients" for transfusions.
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This document presents a case study of a rare Rhnull blood type phenotype found in siblings. Rhnull phenotype is characterized by red blood cells that lack all Rh antigens and occurs in approximately 1 in 6 million people. The siblings were discovered to have the Rhnull phenotype during antibody screening and identification work. People with Rhnull phenotype can develop alloantibodies when exposed to Rh antigens and typically have varying degrees of persistent hemolytic anemia. The case study involved diagnostic testing, clinical assessments, genetic analysis and treatment of the siblings in line with managing their rare blood disorder.
This document discusses blood evidence analysis methods. It begins by defining blood and its components. Blood can be significant evidence in criminal cases, as it can link victims to suspects. There are different methods for collecting dried and wet blood evidence from crime scenes. Blood typing involves using antiserums to determine blood groups based on antigen and antibody reactions. The Rh factor and additional blood group systems were also discovered. Screening tests like luminol and Kastle-Meyer can indicate the presence of blood, while confirmatory microcrystalline tests like Takayama and Teichmann are used to confirm blood and not another substance. Analysis of blood evidence aims to determine if it is human or animal blood, and can potentially identify blood
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Blood can provide important evidence at crime scenes. Blood group/type can place a blood sample within a class of individuals, while DNA profiling allows a blood sample to match a single individual. Blood splatter patterns can also help reconstruct a crime scene by indicating how the blood was deposited and the movement and location of its source.
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The document discusses the history and science of blood banking and transfusion. It covers early attempts at blood transfusions dating back to ancient times. Major milestones include the discovery of the ABO blood group system in 1900 and the Rh system in 1940. The document also examines blood group inheritance and genetics. It provides details on the ABO and Rh blood group systems, including antigens, antibodies, donation compatibility, and inheritance patterns.
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This document discusses the production process of vaccines. It begins with an introduction to vaccines and their history. It then outlines the major stages of vaccine production, including generating the antigen by growing viruses or bacteria, purifying and inactivating the pathogen to render it non-disease causing, formulating the vaccine by adding adjuvants and preservatives, filling doses into vials or syringes, testing and releasing batches, and final packing and shipping. Vaccine production is an important public health tool that allows populations to be immunized against deadly diseases on a large scale.
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The document discusses the potential of biomass as an energy source. It notes that biomass can produce biofuels, biopower, and biobased products from readily available resources like agricultural waste. Using biomass resources could improve national security, create jobs, reduce the trade deficit, and benefit the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The document outlines several emerging technologies using biomass and argues that biomass, in conjunction with other renewable resources, can meet US energy needs in a sustainable way.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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