Forensic science investigators
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Forensic science utilizes scientific principles to support or negate theories surrounding physical evidence found at a crime scene. As such, forensic scientists analyze evidence gathered or received from crime scenes and present their findings based the results of their analyses. A forensic science job description may appear distinctly different depending on the area of forensic science being practiced. This is because forensic science is a rather broad field and thus encompasses a number of specialties, all of which are rooted in the natural sciences.
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A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
History development of forensic science
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
Role of Forensic Scientists in Laboratory & Crime Scene.pptx
Forensic scientists play important roles in both crime scene investigation and laboratory work. At crime scenes, forensic scientists collect and preserve scientific evidence that can be analyzed to find the modus operandi of offenders. In laboratories, forensic scientists perform specialized and sophisticated analysis on evidence brought to them from crime scenes. Their work provides crucial evidence that is then presented in court. Globally, some of the top places for forensic science include the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany.
Crime scene management
This document discusses the importance of crime scene investigation, including the collection and preservation of evidence. It emphasizes that physical evidence found at a crime scene can provide crucial details about the how, what, why of a crime and help identify victims and offenders. It outlines best practices for processing a crime scene such as isolating and securing the area, documenting the scene thoroughly, searching methodically for evidence, collecting and packaging evidence maintaining a proper chain of custody, and submitting evidence to a crime lab. The document stresses that following proper protocols in investigating and documenting a crime scene is essential for obtaining factual evidence that can be used to determine the truth and administer justice.
Forensic Science
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
Introduction to forensic science
This document provides an introduction to forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods to examine information about the past, especially for legal purposes. Forensic science originated in ancient Rome where criminal cases were presented before public forums, with the best argument determining the outcome. The document outlines several fathers of modern forensic science disciplines like toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It traces the origins and development of forensic science from ancient accounts to its systemization starting in 16th century Europe. Key fields of forensic science discussed include toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprints.
History And Scope
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil law. The history of forensic science began with early developments in China and Europe in the 3rd century and 18th century, where scientific methods were first applied to investigate crimes. Over the 19th century, many scientific disciplines were increasingly applied to criminal investigations, including toxicology, fingerprints, and serology. In the 20th century, breakthroughs like DNA profiling revolutionized the field, allowing positive personal identification. Today, modern crime laboratories employ various scientific disciplines and technologies to analyze evidence and assist law enforcement.
Modus operandi
Modus operandi refers to a criminal's pattern of behavior or method of operation when committing crimes. It describes the specific actions and behaviors a criminal uses to successfully carry out offenses. A criminal's modus operandi can evolve over time as they discover which actions are most effective and refine their skills. While useful evidence for law enforcement, a criminal's modus operandi may change due to outside influences like substance abuse.
Recommended
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
History development of forensic science
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
Role of Forensic Scientists in Laboratory & Crime Scene.pptx
Forensic scientists play important roles in both crime scene investigation and laboratory work. At crime scenes, forensic scientists collect and preserve scientific evidence that can be analyzed to find the modus operandi of offenders. In laboratories, forensic scientists perform specialized and sophisticated analysis on evidence brought to them from crime scenes. Their work provides crucial evidence that is then presented in court. Globally, some of the top places for forensic science include the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany.
Crime scene management
This document discusses the importance of crime scene investigation, including the collection and preservation of evidence. It emphasizes that physical evidence found at a crime scene can provide crucial details about the how, what, why of a crime and help identify victims and offenders. It outlines best practices for processing a crime scene such as isolating and securing the area, documenting the scene thoroughly, searching methodically for evidence, collecting and packaging evidence maintaining a proper chain of custody, and submitting evidence to a crime lab. The document stresses that following proper protocols in investigating and documenting a crime scene is essential for obtaining factual evidence that can be used to determine the truth and administer justice.
Forensic Science
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
Introduction to forensic science
This document provides an introduction to forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods to examine information about the past, especially for legal purposes. Forensic science originated in ancient Rome where criminal cases were presented before public forums, with the best argument determining the outcome. The document outlines several fathers of modern forensic science disciplines like toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It traces the origins and development of forensic science from ancient accounts to its systemization starting in 16th century Europe. Key fields of forensic science discussed include toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprints.
History And Scope
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil law. The history of forensic science began with early developments in China and Europe in the 3rd century and 18th century, where scientific methods were first applied to investigate crimes. Over the 19th century, many scientific disciplines were increasingly applied to criminal investigations, including toxicology, fingerprints, and serology. In the 20th century, breakthroughs like DNA profiling revolutionized the field, allowing positive personal identification. Today, modern crime laboratories employ various scientific disciplines and technologies to analyze evidence and assist law enforcement.
Modus operandi
Modus operandi refers to a criminal's pattern of behavior or method of operation when committing crimes. It describes the specific actions and behaviors a criminal uses to successfully carry out offenses. A criminal's modus operandi can evolve over time as they discover which actions are most effective and refine their skills. While useful evidence for law enforcement, a criminal's modus operandi may change due to outside influences like substance abuse.
Examination of Blood
This document discusses the examination of blood in forensic science. It outlines the key components of blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It also describes several preliminary tests that can identify the presence of blood, such as the Kastlemeyer test, LMG test, and luminol test. Two confirmatory tests are also discussed: the Takayama test and Tiechmann's test. The forensic significance of blood evidence is explained, noting how blood can link a victim to a suspect, reveal bloodstain patterns, and allow individualization through DNA profiling.
Principles of forensic science
This presentation is a study material for the forensic aptitude and caliber test (fact and fact plus examination). This contains the topics Principles of forensic science and disciplines of forensic science. For the educational video please go to the link https://youtu.be/VBpgshoOQR4
Forensic science laboratories and facilities
The document provides a history of the development of forensic science facilities and laboratories in India. It discusses the establishment of various organizations over time, including the first chemical examiner's laboratories in the 1800s, fingerprint and anthropometric bureaus in the late 1800s/early 1900s, question document and ballistics laboratories, DNA and serology labs, and more recent developments like central forensic science laboratories and a DNA typing laboratory. It traces how the field grew from initial ad hoc facilities to a more formalized system under the Directorate of Forensic Science Services.
Polygraph test
This document provides an overview of polygraph tests, also known as lie detection tests. It discusses the history and development of polygraph testing from the 19th century to modern use. The key principles are that polygraph tests measure physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity when a subject is asked questions. The objectives are to determine the truthfulness of statements by suspects, witnesses, and complainants in criminal cases. However, polygraph results are not admissible in Indian courts due to legal privileges against self-incrimination. The document also outlines the equipment, examination process, analysis techniques, and limitations of polygraph testing.
Crime Scenc Investigation Evidence Collection
The goal of a crime scene investigation is to recognize, document, and collect evidence. Evidence can be direct, like eyewitness accounts, or circumstantial. Physical evidence includes fingerprints, DNA, and trace evidence. Following Locard's exchange principle, investigators look for transfers between people and objects. Proper documentation through photography, sketching, and note taking is important. Evidence must be properly packaged and maintained in the chain of custody to be useful in reconstructing the crime.
Types of Crime Scenes
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
History and Development of forensic science in India
This presentation explains the major forensic crime scene agencies established in Indian and their evolution throughout all these years.
Introduction to Forensic Science
This document provides an overview of forensic science. It begins by defining forensic science as the application of science to matters of criminal and civil law. It discusses Locard's principle of exchange and how physical evidence is crucial. Examples of various types of physical evidence are given. The history and development of forensic science is then outlined, including early contributions from China, Orfila, Bertillon, Galton and others. Finally, the organization and units of a typical forensic science laboratory in India are described.
Physical evidence in forensic science-1.pptx
DEFINATION
Any material can develop significance in crime scene is physical evidence
Locard’s Exchange Principle
Locard’s Principle
Types of Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence can be Fragile and Easily Lost
Transfer Evidence
Indented or Impression Evidence
Physical Evidence
Physical evidence found at crime scenes can provide crucial clues for investigators. Trace evidence like hair, fibers, paint chips and glass fragments can be analyzed and sometimes matched to a specific person or object. The Locard's Exchange Principle states that every contact leaves a trace, so criminals may leave evidence behind or take evidence with them. A variety of evidence types including fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, bite marks, and more can be scientifically analyzed and compared to suspects.
Forensic science powerpoint
An investigator's job is to determine key details of a crime including who the perpetrator and victim are, what happened and when, and how the crime occurred. They collect and analyze evidence from the crime scene such as fingerprints, DNA, footprints and insect activity to help establish things like the time of death and a potential suspect's height and movements. The investigator works methodically, carefully documenting and collecting all evidence before questioning witnesses and suspects to solve the crime.
Sample collection and preservation of biological samples
A preliminary survey should be carried out to evaluate potential evidence. In particular, the
recognition of evidence plays a critical role in solving or prosecuting crimes. The priority of the
potential evidence at crime scenes should be assessed based on each item’s relevance to the solution
of the case. Higher priority should be assigned to evidence with probative value to the case.
For example, the evidence related to a corpus delicti is considered to be of the highest priority.
Corpus delicti is a Latin term meaning “body of crime.” In Western law, it primarily refers to the
principle that in order for an individual to be convicted, it is necessary to prove the occurrence of the crime. In a forensic investigation, it also refers to the physical evidence proving that a crime was committed
crime scene.pptx
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
Introduction to Forensic science labs in India
The document discusses various aspects of forensics including:
1. It defines forensics and its origins in Roman legal proceedings.
2. It describes the various professionals that comprise a crime scene investigation team and their specializations including investigators, medical experts, lab experts in fields like pathology, DNA analysis and more.
3. It outlines common types of physical evidence collected at crime scenes like biological samples, documents, fibers, impressions, firearms and more.
Collection Packaging and Forwarding of Physical Evidence.pptx
This document provides guidelines for collecting, packaging, sealing, labeling, maintaining chain of custody, and transporting physical evidence. It discusses general precautions for evidence collection and outlines specific packaging procedures for different types of evidence, including blood, seminal stains, hairs, saliva, documents, fingerprints, and fire debris. Proper documentation and sealing of packages is emphasized to authenticate evidence and establish an unbroken chain of custody from crime scene to laboratory.
Police and Detective Training Schools
Police and detective training schools provide training to individuals seeking careers in law enforcement. They offer physical, legal, and firearms training to prepare recruits. Some key police training institutes in India include the National Police Academy, Central Detective Training School, Central Bureau of Investigation Academy, and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. These institutes train officers for organizations like the Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security Force, Railway Police Force, and state police forces. The training aims to develop officers' law enforcement skills and abilities for maintaining public order and security nationwide.
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE
Forensic science is defined as the application of scientific principles and methods to matters of criminal justice, such as using biological evidence to identify criminals. Some key developments in forensic science history include Mathieu Orfila establishing modern toxicology methods in early 19th century Paris, Alphonse Bertillon developing anthropometry for personal identification in 1879, and Francis Galton undertaking the first systematic fingerprint study and proving their uniqueness in 1892. Hans Gross's 1893 book on criminal investigation principles and Edmond Locard's 1910 establishment of a police crime laboratory in Lyons also advanced the field.
Mobile Forensic Van (MFV)
“Mobile Forensic Van” (MFV) (Big/Small) is being launched by Gujarat
Forensic Sciences University (GFSU) and Helik Advisory Ltd which helps
in reaching the crime scene at the earliest to assist the Investigating
Officers (IOs) in identifying and collecting relevant forensic evidence
from crime scene, victims & from suspects which are the primary
sources of forensic evidence. The Mobile Forensic Team assists the
Investigating Officer in linking the crime with the perpetrator through
the forensic evidence, collected from the crime scene, victims and
suspects.
Police & Forensic Science
Forensic science centres & police work independently. But bulk of their work comes from the police, who pay for the scientific services.
Crime scene management
Crime scene management involves defining, classifying, documenting and processing crime scenes systematically. It is important to recognize and secure the primary and secondary crime scenes. The first responding officers should assess the scene safety and record initial observations. Crime scene investigators then search and collect evidence according to established protocols while maintaining chain of custody. Reconstructing the crime through analysis of evidence helps determine what events could have occurred. Other roles include investigation by police, judicial proceedings and medical examination to determine cause and manner of death.
Crime scene management.ppt
Forensic science investigators collect, analyze, and present evidence from crime scenes. They gather evidence at crime scenes, transport it to laboratories for analysis, examine it using scientific techniques, and then present their findings in court. Forensic investigators work in a variety of departments including chemistry, toxicology, biology, serology, ballistics, and cyber forensics. They require specialized training and skills in critical thinking, problem solving, and paying close attention to detail.
Forensic science in pakistan
Department in Pakistan
Faizana Naeem 13004065107
Mohammad Awais 13004065105
Mashal Khalid 13004065093
AbdulRehman Asghar 13004065074
Univerisety of management and technology Lhr.
Introduction
Crime is world phenomena and with course of time it is going to be a complicated one.
All over the world especially in technically developed countries, criminologists, detectives are adopting new methods to beat the crime through latest criminal investigation techniques.
But in the country like Pakistan the sources of criminal investigation are mostly the same as were in the past.
History
forensic” comes from the Latin word “forensis” meaning the “forum”
Centuries back the forensic science has been derived by solving mysterious cases.
It has many definitions but it has a blind definition that the application of scientific methodology to solve legal problems, in other words it bring many fields of science
NFSA
NFSA is the latest and well equipped lab in the history of Pakistan to facility criminal justice system
It intend to provide quality and standard forensic services under one roof
Keeping in view the importance of forensic sciences in criminal investigation and criminal justice, Punjab Government established the forensic Laboratory in Lahore which meets the international standards.
The actual cost of the project RS.2448.469 million.
In Sindh criminal investigation department came in to being as a small branch.
The laboratory will work under the forensic science agency within the framework of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act.2007
Sub-Departments
Crime Scene Investigation
Computer Forensic Department
Forensic Pathology
Questioned Documents Department
DNA & Serology Department
Audio Visual Analysis Department
Forensic Toxicology Department
Trace Evidence Department
Firearms & Tool Marks Department
Crime Scene Investigation
“The collection of information and evidence for
identifying, apprehending, and convicting suspected
offenders ”
maintain the integrity of the evidence.
The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene must take certain steps to preserve the evidence. Only after this duty is performed, analysis of the scene may begin.
The steps include: ·
Personal safety
Organization of thoughts.
Evaluate the severity of the situation.
Identify all involved and uninvolved individuals in the area
Be aware of weapons and hazards.
Be aware of potential evidence
Don’t touch anything unless necessary.
Investigation Facilities in Pakistan
National Forensic Science Agency, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Lahore
Chief Chemical Examiner, (Punjab), Lahore
Chemical Examiner, Multan
Chemical Examiner, Rawalpindi
Forensic Science Laboratory, Karachi
DNA and Serology
Biological evidence, which contains DNA, can connect an offender
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Examination of Blood
This document discusses the examination of blood in forensic science. It outlines the key components of blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It also describes several preliminary tests that can identify the presence of blood, such as the Kastlemeyer test, LMG test, and luminol test. Two confirmatory tests are also discussed: the Takayama test and Tiechmann's test. The forensic significance of blood evidence is explained, noting how blood can link a victim to a suspect, reveal bloodstain patterns, and allow individualization through DNA profiling.
Principles of forensic science
This presentation is a study material for the forensic aptitude and caliber test (fact and fact plus examination). This contains the topics Principles of forensic science and disciplines of forensic science. For the educational video please go to the link https://youtu.be/VBpgshoOQR4
Forensic science laboratories and facilities
The document provides a history of the development of forensic science facilities and laboratories in India. It discusses the establishment of various organizations over time, including the first chemical examiner's laboratories in the 1800s, fingerprint and anthropometric bureaus in the late 1800s/early 1900s, question document and ballistics laboratories, DNA and serology labs, and more recent developments like central forensic science laboratories and a DNA typing laboratory. It traces how the field grew from initial ad hoc facilities to a more formalized system under the Directorate of Forensic Science Services.
Polygraph test
This document provides an overview of polygraph tests, also known as lie detection tests. It discusses the history and development of polygraph testing from the 19th century to modern use. The key principles are that polygraph tests measure physiological responses like blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity when a subject is asked questions. The objectives are to determine the truthfulness of statements by suspects, witnesses, and complainants in criminal cases. However, polygraph results are not admissible in Indian courts due to legal privileges against self-incrimination. The document also outlines the equipment, examination process, analysis techniques, and limitations of polygraph testing.
Crime Scenc Investigation Evidence Collection
The goal of a crime scene investigation is to recognize, document, and collect evidence. Evidence can be direct, like eyewitness accounts, or circumstantial. Physical evidence includes fingerprints, DNA, and trace evidence. Following Locard's exchange principle, investigators look for transfers between people and objects. Proper documentation through photography, sketching, and note taking is important. Evidence must be properly packaged and maintained in the chain of custody to be useful in reconstructing the crime.
Types of Crime Scenes
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
History and Development of forensic science in India
This presentation explains the major forensic crime scene agencies established in Indian and their evolution throughout all these years.
Introduction to Forensic Science
This document provides an overview of forensic science. It begins by defining forensic science as the application of science to matters of criminal and civil law. It discusses Locard's principle of exchange and how physical evidence is crucial. Examples of various types of physical evidence are given. The history and development of forensic science is then outlined, including early contributions from China, Orfila, Bertillon, Galton and others. Finally, the organization and units of a typical forensic science laboratory in India are described.
Physical evidence in forensic science-1.pptx
DEFINATION
Any material can develop significance in crime scene is physical evidence
Locard’s Exchange Principle
Locard’s Principle
Types of Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence
Trace Evidence can be Fragile and Easily Lost
Transfer Evidence
Indented or Impression Evidence
Physical Evidence
Physical evidence found at crime scenes can provide crucial clues for investigators. Trace evidence like hair, fibers, paint chips and glass fragments can be analyzed and sometimes matched to a specific person or object. The Locard's Exchange Principle states that every contact leaves a trace, so criminals may leave evidence behind or take evidence with them. A variety of evidence types including fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, bite marks, and more can be scientifically analyzed and compared to suspects.
Forensic science powerpoint
An investigator's job is to determine key details of a crime including who the perpetrator and victim are, what happened and when, and how the crime occurred. They collect and analyze evidence from the crime scene such as fingerprints, DNA, footprints and insect activity to help establish things like the time of death and a potential suspect's height and movements. The investigator works methodically, carefully documenting and collecting all evidence before questioning witnesses and suspects to solve the crime.
Sample collection and preservation of biological samples
A preliminary survey should be carried out to evaluate potential evidence. In particular, the
recognition of evidence plays a critical role in solving or prosecuting crimes. The priority of the
potential evidence at crime scenes should be assessed based on each item’s relevance to the solution
of the case. Higher priority should be assigned to evidence with probative value to the case.
For example, the evidence related to a corpus delicti is considered to be of the highest priority.
Corpus delicti is a Latin term meaning “body of crime.” In Western law, it primarily refers to the
principle that in order for an individual to be convicted, it is necessary to prove the occurrence of the crime. In a forensic investigation, it also refers to the physical evidence proving that a crime was committed
crime scene.pptx
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
Introduction to Forensic science labs in India
The document discusses various aspects of forensics including:
1. It defines forensics and its origins in Roman legal proceedings.
2. It describes the various professionals that comprise a crime scene investigation team and their specializations including investigators, medical experts, lab experts in fields like pathology, DNA analysis and more.
3. It outlines common types of physical evidence collected at crime scenes like biological samples, documents, fibers, impressions, firearms and more.
Collection Packaging and Forwarding of Physical Evidence.pptx
This document provides guidelines for collecting, packaging, sealing, labeling, maintaining chain of custody, and transporting physical evidence. It discusses general precautions for evidence collection and outlines specific packaging procedures for different types of evidence, including blood, seminal stains, hairs, saliva, documents, fingerprints, and fire debris. Proper documentation and sealing of packages is emphasized to authenticate evidence and establish an unbroken chain of custody from crime scene to laboratory.
Police and Detective Training Schools
Police and detective training schools provide training to individuals seeking careers in law enforcement. They offer physical, legal, and firearms training to prepare recruits. Some key police training institutes in India include the National Police Academy, Central Detective Training School, Central Bureau of Investigation Academy, and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. These institutes train officers for organizations like the Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security Force, Railway Police Force, and state police forces. The training aims to develop officers' law enforcement skills and abilities for maintaining public order and security nationwide.
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE
Forensic science is defined as the application of scientific principles and methods to matters of criminal justice, such as using biological evidence to identify criminals. Some key developments in forensic science history include Mathieu Orfila establishing modern toxicology methods in early 19th century Paris, Alphonse Bertillon developing anthropometry for personal identification in 1879, and Francis Galton undertaking the first systematic fingerprint study and proving their uniqueness in 1892. Hans Gross's 1893 book on criminal investigation principles and Edmond Locard's 1910 establishment of a police crime laboratory in Lyons also advanced the field.
Mobile Forensic Van (MFV)
“Mobile Forensic Van” (MFV) (Big/Small) is being launched by Gujarat
Forensic Sciences University (GFSU) and Helik Advisory Ltd which helps
in reaching the crime scene at the earliest to assist the Investigating
Officers (IOs) in identifying and collecting relevant forensic evidence
from crime scene, victims & from suspects which are the primary
sources of forensic evidence. The Mobile Forensic Team assists the
Investigating Officer in linking the crime with the perpetrator through
the forensic evidence, collected from the crime scene, victims and
suspects.
Police & Forensic Science
Forensic science centres & police work independently. But bulk of their work comes from the police, who pay for the scientific services.
Crime scene management
Crime scene management involves defining, classifying, documenting and processing crime scenes systematically. It is important to recognize and secure the primary and secondary crime scenes. The first responding officers should assess the scene safety and record initial observations. Crime scene investigators then search and collect evidence according to established protocols while maintaining chain of custody. Reconstructing the crime through analysis of evidence helps determine what events could have occurred. Other roles include investigation by police, judicial proceedings and medical examination to determine cause and manner of death.
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History and Development of forensic science in India
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Sample collection and preservation of biological samples
Collection Packaging and Forwarding of Physical Evidence.pptx
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Crime scene management.ppt
Forensic science investigators collect, analyze, and present evidence from crime scenes. They gather evidence at crime scenes, transport it to laboratories for analysis, examine it using scientific techniques, and then present their findings in court. Forensic investigators work in a variety of departments including chemistry, toxicology, biology, serology, ballistics, and cyber forensics. They require specialized training and skills in critical thinking, problem solving, and paying close attention to detail.
Forensic science in pakistan
Department in Pakistan
Faizana Naeem 13004065107
Mohammad Awais 13004065105
Mashal Khalid 13004065093
AbdulRehman Asghar 13004065074
Univerisety of management and technology Lhr.
Introduction
Crime is world phenomena and with course of time it is going to be a complicated one.
All over the world especially in technically developed countries, criminologists, detectives are adopting new methods to beat the crime through latest criminal investigation techniques.
But in the country like Pakistan the sources of criminal investigation are mostly the same as were in the past.
History
forensic” comes from the Latin word “forensis” meaning the “forum”
Centuries back the forensic science has been derived by solving mysterious cases.
It has many definitions but it has a blind definition that the application of scientific methodology to solve legal problems, in other words it bring many fields of science
NFSA
NFSA is the latest and well equipped lab in the history of Pakistan to facility criminal justice system
It intend to provide quality and standard forensic services under one roof
Keeping in view the importance of forensic sciences in criminal investigation and criminal justice, Punjab Government established the forensic Laboratory in Lahore which meets the international standards.
The actual cost of the project RS.2448.469 million.
In Sindh criminal investigation department came in to being as a small branch.
The laboratory will work under the forensic science agency within the framework of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act.2007
Sub-Departments
Crime Scene Investigation
Computer Forensic Department
Forensic Pathology
Questioned Documents Department
DNA & Serology Department
Audio Visual Analysis Department
Forensic Toxicology Department
Trace Evidence Department
Firearms & Tool Marks Department
Crime Scene Investigation
“The collection of information and evidence for
identifying, apprehending, and convicting suspected
offenders ”
maintain the integrity of the evidence.
The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene must take certain steps to preserve the evidence. Only after this duty is performed, analysis of the scene may begin.
The steps include: ·
Personal safety
Organization of thoughts.
Evaluate the severity of the situation.
Identify all involved and uninvolved individuals in the area
Be aware of weapons and hazards.
Be aware of potential evidence
Don’t touch anything unless necessary.
Investigation Facilities in Pakistan
National Forensic Science Agency, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Lahore
Chief Chemical Examiner, (Punjab), Lahore
Chemical Examiner, Multan
Chemical Examiner, Rawalpindi
Forensic Science Laboratory, Karachi
DNA and Serology
Biological evidence, which contains DNA, can connect an offender
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The document discusses forensic science facilities and departments in Pakistan. It describes the National Forensic Science Agency (NFSA) in Lahore, which was established to provide standardized forensic services. The NFSA contains several sub-departments, including crime scene investigation, computer forensics, forensic pathology, questioned documents, DNA analysis, and others. It also discusses challenges like lack of experts, funding, and outdated facilities and methods. Overall, the document analyzes the current state of forensic science in Pakistan and its potential role in addressing the country's crime issues.
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M.S. Forensic Science at the University of New Haven Overview
M.S. Forensic Science at the University of New Haven OverviewUniversity of New Haven Graduate School
The document provides information on the Graduate Program in Forensic Science at the University of New Haven. The program offers two tracks, Criminalistics and Advanced Investigation, and can be completed full-time in 5 trimesters or part-time within 5 years. The Criminalistics track focuses on laboratory work and requires a thesis, while Advanced Investigation prepares students for investigative careers. Coursework includes topics like criminalistics, crime scene investigation, and electives in areas like toxicology, fingerprint analysis, and firearms examination. The program utilizes state-of-the-art facilities and instrumentation and is taught by faculty with professional forensic experience.FORENSIC LABORATORY - Good Laboratroy Practices
Forensic laboratories play a crucial role in criminal investigations by examining evidence scientifically. They must follow good laboratory practices (GLP) to ensure the accuracy, reliability and reproducibility of their analysis. This includes adhering to strict documentation, quality control measures, standard operating procedures and training. Upholding GLP is essential as it prevents errors and maintains the trustworthiness of forensic results.
CVMeganO'Donnell1-2015
Megan O'Donnell is seeking a challenging position that values collaboration. She has over 10 years of experience in DNA analysis, forensic science, and laboratory management. Her skills include DNA extraction, PCR, sequencing, and maintaining quality assurance standards. Previous roles include working as a DNA Program Specialist at the FBI, Research Assistant, and Adjunct Professor. She is looking to further contribute her strong laboratory and technical abilities.
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Sorena Nadaf, "Translational Informatics OnCore C...
Translational Informatics at UCSF aims to:
1) Bridge the gap between research labs and clinical care by accelerating development of targeted agents and biomarkers through integration of genomics, molecular diagnostics, and therapeutics.
2) Leverage informatics standards and platforms to enable high-throughput translational research through infrastructure for collection, management, and analysis of clinical, biomedical and biospecimen data.
3) Deliver a suite of services including clinical research informatics, decision support, biospecimen informatics, and high performance computing to support translational research and clinical care improvement through centralized data management and coordination.
Dr Jeyadeepa R - Presentation.pptx
This document outlines the need to advance forensic nursing in India and globally. It begins by listing the objectives of the presentation, which are to determine the need for forensic nursing services, define forensic nursing, and explain how to advance it through education, practice, and research. Crime rate statistics from India are provided showing an increase in many crimes. There is a need to build capacity in forensic nursing given shortages of forensic experts and a large backlog of cases. Strategies are proposed to standardize forensic nursing education and practice through guidelines, establish forensic nursing associations, and conduct research to strengthen the field.
Lect 4 computer forensics
This document provides an outline of the computer forensics investigation process, including securing evidence, acquiring and analyzing data, assessing evidence and preparing a final report. It discusses maintaining a chain of custody for evidence, duplicating data without modifying originals, using hashing and data recovery tools as needed. Analysis includes examining file contents, metadata and locations. Common forensic tools like FTK and EnCase are listed. The role of an expert witness in testifying about digital evidence in court is also outlined.
Laura Monroy Resume 2015
Laura Monroy Rizo has over 10 years of experience in quality control analysis and forensic DNA analysis. She currently works as a QC Analyst for Alcon Laboratories where she performs bioburden testing on raw materials and develops neutralization methods. Previously she worked as a DNA Analyst and Automation Specialist for Cellmark Forensics where she performed DNA extractions, analysis, and maintained instrumentation. She has a Bachelor's degree in Forensic Science and a certificate in Forensic DNA and Serology.
S.Stephens_Resume2
Susan Stephens is seeking a career in biochemical and scientific research. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in Biochemistry from Portland State University, where she gained experience in organic chemistry, biology, and other relevant fields. Her qualifications include implementing laboratory procedures, independent and team-based research projects, and strong writing and technical skills. Relevant experience includes quality assurance analysis of nutritional supplements, research on the effects of drugs on human serum albumin, and assistant buying roles.
CV_sakshi rawat (2)
Sakshi Rawat is seeking a position that utilizes her clinical research experience and knowledge. She has over 6 years of experience in clinical research roles at Tata Consultancy Services, Ambrosia Life Sciences, and Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals. Her experience includes clinical trial coordination, monitoring, data management, and ensuring compliance. She has a post-graduate certificate in clinical research and skills in EDC systems, MS Office, and regulatory guidelines like ICH-GCP.
The role of the laboratory
The document discusses the roles of public health laboratories and forensic laboratories. It describes how public health laboratories support disease investigation and outbreak response. They work with the Laboratory Response Network (LRN) to identify pathogens. Forensic laboratories assist with criminal investigations by analyzing evidence. Both types of laboratories follow strict chain of custody procedures to ensure sample integrity which is important for legal purposes. Public health laboratories are regulated at the state level while forensic laboratories work with law enforcement and medical examiners.
Preparing to Testify About Mobile Device Evidence
Taking a judge and jury through your investigative process, and why mobile evidence is relevant to your case, is only half of testimony. You should also be prepared to testify about the tools and methods you used, and to address any challenges to your process. This session will tell you what you need to know about mobile forensic extraction, analysis and interpretation; how to deal with questions about vendors’ proprietary methods; and specific challenges around mobile evidence authenticity and admissibility.
Chapter_1.ppt
This document provides an introduction to forensic science, including:
- Defining forensic science and listing its major areas like criminalistics, pathology, anthropology, etc.
- Describing the history, duties of forensic scientists, and qualifications to become one.
- Explaining the organization of federal, state and local forensic labs, and the flow of evidence through them.
- Detailing some specific forensic science fields like odontology, engineering, and entomology.
- Outlining career paths for different types of forensic scientists.
Enhancing the quality of qualitative research using software
This document provides an overview of a conference on Computer-Aided Qualitative Research in Europe held on October 7-8, 2010 in Lisbon. It discusses ensuring quality in qualitative research through evaluating validity, reliability, and representativeness/generalizability. It describes how qualitative research software can help improve quality by aiding the collection of natural data, increasing transparency, allowing prolonged time in the field, and facilitating systematic comparative analysis. The presentation was followed by a live demonstration of analysis software.
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forensicscienceinpakistan-150214040113-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
forensicscienceinpakistan-150214040113-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
University of New Haven M.S. Forensic Science Webinar Overview
University of New Haven M.S. Forensic Science Webinar Overview
Role of Forensic Evidence in the Indian Judicial System - Abhijeet Ranjan.pptx
Role of Forensic Evidence in the Indian Judicial System - Abhijeet Ranjan.pptx
M.S. Forensic Science at the University of New Haven Overview
M.S. Forensic Science at the University of New Haven Overview
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Sorena Nadaf, "Translational Informatics OnCore C...
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Sorena Nadaf, "Translational Informatics OnCore C...
Enhancing the quality of qualitative research using software
Enhancing the quality of qualitative research using software
More from Neha Agarwal
Metallic Poison.pptx
This document provides information on acute and chronic arsenic and lead poisoning. It discusses the sources, toxic salts, mechanisms of action, toxicokinetics, signs and symptoms, fatal doses, and postmortem findings for both metals. For arsenic, it describes arsenic trioxide and other arsenic compounds, how arsenic binds to sulfhydryl groups and inhibits enzymes, its absorption and storage in hair and nails. For lead, it discusses the storage of lead in bone, inhibition of heme synthesis, and sources of chronic lead poisoning such as contaminated food, water, and occupational exposure.
Interpretation of dna typing results and codis
An STR genotype is the allele, in the case of a homozygote, or alleles, in the
case of a heterozygote, present in a sample for a particular locus and is normally
reported as the number of repeats present in the allele. A full sample genotype
or STR profi le is produced by the combination of all of the locus genotypes into
a single series of numbers. This profi le is what is entered into a case report or
a DNA database for comparison purposes to other samples.
Scope and significance of forensic chemistry
Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene.[1] Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and instruments to help identify unknown substances. These include high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thin layer chromatography. The range of different methods is important due to the destructive nature of some instruments and the number of possible unknown substances that can be found at a scene. Forensic chemists prefer using nondestructive methods first, to preserve evidence and to determine which destructive methods will produce the best results.
Along with other forensic specialists, forensic chemists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses regarding their findings. Forensic chemists follow a set of standards that have been proposed by various agencies and governing bodies, including the Scientific Working Group on the Analysis of Seized Drugs. In addition to the standard operating procedures proposed by the group, specific agencies have their own standards regarding the quality assurance and quality control of their results and their instruments. To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correctly and are still able to detect and measure various quantities of different substances.
Protection of critical information infrastructure
Information Infrastructure is the term usually used to describe the totality of inter-connected computers and networks, and information flowing through them. Certain parts of this Information Infrastructure, could be dedicated for management / control etc of infrastructure providers’ e.g. Power generation, Gas/oil pipelines, or support our economy or national
fabric e.g. Banking / Telecom etc. The contribution of the services supported
by these infrastructures, and more importantly, the impact of any sudden
failure or outage on our National well being or National Security marks them as being Critical.
By extension, information infrastructure supporting the operations of Critical Infrastructure (CI) marks this as Critical Information infrastructure (CII). These Networks operate/monitor and control important Governmental and Societal functions and services including, but not limited to, Power (Generation/transmission/ distribution etc), Telecommunication (mobile/landline/internet etc), Transportation (Air/land/rail/sea etc), Defence etc. These CII are becoming increasingly dependent on their information infrastructure for information management, communication and control functions.
Microorganisms in biological warfare
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
Errors and types
This document discusses types of errors that can occur in statistical data collection and analysis. It defines sampling error and non-sampling error, and explains how they can occur at different stages of data collection and analysis. It also discusses how statistical errors are measured, including standard error, relative standard error, and probable error. Hypothesis testing errors like type I and type II errors are explained, along with the concept of level of significance in statistical hypothesis testing.
Gene regulation in prokaryotes
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
Action potential
It is over 60 years since Hodgkin and
Huxley1 made the first direct recording of
the electrical changes across the neuronal
membrane that mediate the action
potential. Using an electrode placed inside a
squid giant axon they were able to measure a
transmembrane potential of around 260 mV
inside relative to outside, under resting
conditions (this is called the resting membrane
potential). The action potential is a
transient (,1 millisecond) reversal in the
polarity of this transmembrane potential
which then moves from its point of initiation,
down the axon, to the axon terminals. In a
subsequent series of elegant experiments
Hodgkin and Huxley, along with Bernard
Katz, discovered that the action potential
results from transient changes in the permeability
of the axon membrane to sodium (Na+)
and potassium (K+) ions. Importantly, Na+ and
K+ cross the membrane through independent
pathways that open in response to a change
in membrane potential.
As testimony to their pioneering work, the
fundamental mechanisms described by
Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz remain applicable
to all excitable cells today. Indeed, the
predictions they made about the molecular
mechanisms that might underlie the changes
in membrane permeability showed remarkable
foresight. The molecular basis of the action
potential lies in the presence of proteins
called ion channels that form the permeation
pathways across the neuronal membrane.
Although the first electrophysiological
recordings from individual ion channels were
not made until the mid 1970s,2 Hodgkin and
Huxley predicted many of the properties now
known to be key components of their
function: ion selectivity, the electrical basis
of voltage-sensitivity and, importantly, a
mechanism for quickly closing down the
permeability pathways to ensure that the
action potential only moves along the axon in
one direction.
Action potential
It is over 60 years since Hodgkin and
Huxley1 made the first direct recording of
the electrical changes across the neuronal
membrane that mediate the action
potential. Using an electrode placed inside a
squid giant axon they were able to measure a
transmembrane potential of around 260 mV
inside relative to outside, under resting
conditions (this is called the resting membrane
potential). The action potential is a
transient (,1 millisecond) reversal in the
polarity of this transmembrane potential
which then moves from its point of initiation,
down the axon, to the axon terminals. In a
subsequent series of elegant experiments
Hodgkin and Huxley, along with Bernard
Katz, discovered that the action potential
results from transient changes in the permeability
of the axon membrane to sodium (Na+)
and potassium (K+) ions. Importantly, Na+ and
K+ cross the membrane through independent
pathways that open in response to a change
in membrane potential.
As testimony to their pioneering work, the
fundamental mechanisms described by
Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz remain applicable
to all excitable cells today. Indeed, the
predictions they made about the molecular
mechanisms that might underlie the changes
in membrane permeability showed remarkable
foresight. The molecular basis of the action
potential lies in the presence of proteins
called ion channels that form the permeation
pathways across the neuronal membrane.
Although the first electrophysiological
recordings from individual ion channels were
not made until the mid 1970s,2 Hodgkin and
Huxley predicted many of the properties now
known to be key components of their
function: ion selectivity, the electrical basis
of voltage-sensitivity and, importantly, a
mechanism for quickly closing down the
permeability pathways to ensure that the
action potential only moves along the axon in
one direction.
The complement system
COMPLEMENT - A group of serum proteins which can be activated (= "fixed") by antigen-antibody complexes or other substances, which may result in lysis of a microbial target, or a variety of other biological effects important in both innate and adaptive immunity. (The majority of these proteins are produced by the liver.)The complex of serum proteins known as COMPLEMENT plays key roles in the lytic and inflammatory properties of antibodies. The CLASSICAL pathway is initiated
by antigen-antibody complexes (via complement components C1, C4, and C2), while the activation of the ALTERNATE pathway (via components B, D and P), and the MBLECTIN ("mannan-binding lectin") pathway may be initiated by other substances independently of adaptive immune responses; all three pathways share those complement components involved in the inflammatory and lytic consequences, namely C3, C5, C6,
C7, C8 and C9. The INFLAMMATION which is a consequence of complement fixation is illustrated by the manifestations of SERUM SICKNESS, and complement is also seen
to be central to the normal process of clearing immune complexes, which is important in preventing IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE.
Indian rivers
The term river system refers to a ‘river along with its tributaries’.
Based on their source, the Indian River system is classified in to - Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers.
The Himalayan Rivers, as the name suggests originate from the Himalayas and flow through the Northern Plains.
The major Himalayan River systems are
The Indus River System,
The Ganga River System
The Yamuna River System
The Brahmaputra River System
Peninsular River System or Peninsular Drainage emerges mainly from the Western Ghats. Since the Western Ghats form a ‘water divide’, these rivers either flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal or into the Arabian Sea towards the west. Peninsular Rivers are basically ‘rain fed’ rivers.
The major Peninsular River Systems are:
Mahanadi
Godavari
Krishna
Cauvery
Drain into Bay of Bengal as they flow eastwards on the plateau and make ‘deltas’ at their mouths; whereas Narmada
Tapti - the west flowing rivers fall into the Arabian Sea and make ‘estuaries’.
not originate in glaciers, but are rain fed rivers. These rivers reduce considerably or dry up during summers.
Sericulture
This document provides information about sericulture (silk farming). It begins with definitions of sericulture and discusses the history and discovery of silk. It then describes the major types of silkworms and their host plants. The document outlines the three divisions of sericulture production - cultivation of host plants, rearing of silkworms, and reeling of cocoons. Details are provided on the life cycle and rearing of the mulberry silkworm. The document concludes with statistics on global silk production and the role of India's silk industry.
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
adventures of huckleberryfinn
Huck escapes from his abusive father and the control of Widow Douglas by fleeing down the river with his friend, the runaway slave Jim. They encounter danger and adventure along the way, including finding the cabin of a murdered man. After being separated in a storm, they reunite and eventually return to town, where they discover that Huck's father has died.
Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules — amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates.
Hans Adolf Krebs. Biochemist; born in Germany. Worked in Britain. His discovery in 1937 of the ‘Krebs cycle’ of chemical reactions was critical to the understanding of cell metabolism and earned him the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Induced breeding in fishes
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
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Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle
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原版制作(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SU毕业证书)美国雪城大学毕业证成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Defending Weapons Offence Charges: Role of Mississauga Criminal Defence Lawyers
Discover how Mississauga criminal defence lawyers defend clients facing weapon offence charges with expert legal guidance and courtroom representation.
To know more visit: https://www.saini-law.com/
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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This document briefly explains the June compliance calendar 2024 with income tax returns, PF, ESI, and important due dates, forms to be filled out, periods, and who should file them?.
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Forensic science investigators
- 1. Services Provided By Forensic Science Investigators Made By: Aakriti Shukla Avibunno Neha Agarwal Ringchon Vansheeka LNJN NICFS, DELHI
- 2. Forensic science • It is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure. • Study of evidence discovered at a crime scene and used in a court of law
- 3. What a forensic investigator do? A forensic expert/scientist : Collect Preserve Analyze/Examine • Collection of evidence from crime scene • For future reference • To connect links and solve the crime
- 4. Services provided by forensic scientist At the Crime scene • Recognizing and discovery of evidence • Collection of evidence • Packing of evidence • Transportation of evidence to laboratory In the laboratory • Examination of evidence • Safe custody of evidence • Transportation of evidence to court • Exhibiting evidence in court
- 8. Specialized training The duties, assignments, and procedures vary from departments and agencies regarding the investigators or technicians. Therefore the job description may vary depending on geographic locations.
- 9. Basic Services Provided by Forensic Science Laboratories • Physical science unit • Biology unit • Firearms unit • Document examination unit • Photography unit • Toxicology unit
- 10. Optional Services Provided by Forensic Science Laboratories • Polygraph unit • Voiceprint analysis unit • Crime-scene investigation unit • Forensic odontology • Forensic computer and digital analysis
- 11. Responsibilities Of Forensic Scientists Include: • Carrying out laboratory examinations and analyses submitted by law enforcement agencies and medical examiners • Serving as expert witnesses in a court of law • Carrying out tests using scientific techniques, such as infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy • Ensuring all laboratory protocols and regulations are followed • Inputting data into computer programs and utilizing relevant computer database information • Overseeing the maintenance and calibration of laboratory equipment • Preparing written reports based on evidence analysis • Coordinating the activities related to crime scene collection, preservation, and transportation • Serving as a liaison between the forensic laboratory and crime scene investigators • Developing, maintaining and updating work quality standards, standard operating procedures, and similar methods and procedures • Coordinating work with other members of the forensic team and with outside agencies
- 12. Forensic Scientist Skills and Education • Although the job duties of forensic scientists will vary according to their discipline or specialty, they must possess similar skills, which include being able to adequately exhibit: • Critical-thinking skills • Problem-solving skills • Verbal and written skills • Deductive reasoning • highly perceptive and detail-oriented • able to spend extended periods conducting meticulous, often painstaking, work.
- 15. CURRENT AND EMERGING ISSUES FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE SERVICE PROVISION • Advances in technology • Forensic intelligence • Serious and organised crime • Alcohol, illicit drugs and misuse of pharmaceuticals • Family and domestic violence • Firearms
- 16. CONCLUSION • The strength of Forensic Science principles lies in their application in the field to solve crime. • Greater the use of forensic principles i.e. scientific methods of gathering and examining information, better will be the chances to solve the crime, reconstruct the modus operandi and catch the perpetrators. • Only with the complete willingness of field officers handling evidence at the crime scene, can the new forensic techniques and methods prove to be helpful. • The journey from ‘crimes reported’ to ‘crimes solved’ is through the path of Forensic Science.