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Forensic science in pakistan
- 1. Department in Pakistan FaizanaNaeem 13004065107 Mohammad Awais 13004065105 Mashal Khalid 13004065093 AbdulRehman Asghar 13004065074 Univerisety of management and technology Lhr.
- 2. Introduction • Crime isworld phenomena and with course of time it is going to be a complicated one. • All over the world especially in technically developed countries, criminologists, detectives are adopting new methods to beat the crime through latest criminal investigation techniques. • But in the country like Pakistan the sources of criminal investigation are mostly the same as were in the past.
- 3. History • forensic” comesfrom the Latin word “forensis” meaning the “forum” • Centuries back the forensic science has been derived by solving mysterious cases. • It has many definitions but it has a blind definition that the application of scientific methodology to solve legal problems, in other words it bring many fields of science
- 4. NFSA • NFSA isthe latest and well equipped lab in the history of Pakistan to facility criminal justice system • It intend to provide quality and standard forensic services under one roof • Keeping in view the importance of forensic sciences in criminal investigation and criminal justice, Punjab Government established the forensic Laboratory in Lahore which meets the international standards. • The actual cost of the project RS.2448.469 million. • In Sindh criminal investigation department came in to being as a small branch. • The laboratory will work under the forensic science agency within the framework of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act.2007
- 5. Sub-Departments • Crime SceneInvestigation • Computer Forensic Department • Forensic Pathology • Questioned Documents Department • DNA & Serology Department • Audio Visual Analysis Department • Forensic Toxicology Department • Trace Evidence Department • Firearms & Tool Marks Department
- 6. Crime Scene Investigation “Thecollection of information and evidence for identifying, apprehending, and convicting suspected offenders ” • maintain the integrity of the evidence. • The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene must take certain steps to preserve the evidence. Only after this duty is performed, analysis of the scene may begin. • The steps include: · • Personal safety • Organization of thoughts. • Evaluate the severity of the situation. • Identify all involved and uninvolved individuals in the area • Be aware of weapons and hazards. • Be aware of potential evidence • Don’t touch anything unless necessary.
- 7. Investigation Facilities in Pakistan •National Forensic Science Agency, Islamabad • Forensic Science Laboratory, Islamabad • Forensic Science Laboratory, Lahore • Chief Chemical Examiner, (Punjab), Lahore • Chemical Examiner, Multan • Chemical Examiner, Rawalpindi • Forensic Science Laboratory, Karachi
- 8. DNA and Serology •Biological evidence, which contains DNA, can connect an offender to a crime scene. • examine evidence from crime scenes to determine if biological material is present. • DNA typing procedure to generate DNA profiles from crime scene evidence and reference samples. • Finally the DNA profiles of the crime scene evidence and suspects are matched with each other to identify the perpetrator of the crime. DNA typing services in the following cases. • Crimes against a person -Murder -Rape • Accidents • Crimes against property
- 9. Potential Samples ForForensic DNA Analysis • Clothes • Items of personal use • Facial tissue, cotton swab • Toothpick • Used cigarette butt • Stamp or envelope • Bottle, can, or glass • Bite mark • Bones, Teeth • Hair
- 10. Current capabilities offorensic DNA profiling in Pakistan • Currently few forensic laboratories are available for DNA profiling in Pakistan such as : National Forensic Science Agency Punjab Forensic Science Agency Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB) • DNA Forensic Laboratory, but unfortunately these labs are still not well developed. • Efficient and well-functioning Forensic DNA laboratories are necessary in Pakistan to overcome crimes and Terrorism • Pakistani citizens have stronger desires for DNA profiling • government of Pakistan is trying to develop a national DNA database of all its citizens
- 11. Gaps and flawsin DNA profiling in Pakistan • There are so many gaps and flaws in DNA profiling in Pakistan. • These are lack of experts in this field • lack of funds and chain of custody, inadequate training and equipment • lack of awareness • no communication between forensic DNA analysts with forensic DNA researchers. • Pakistani DNA analysts are not updated with the current DNA research work in forensics.
- 12. Case • Attack onPakistan Naval Shipping Mehran Base • DNA tests were carried out to identify the terrorists • But it was found that the terrorists were not registered Pakistanis because their profiles were not matched with the NADRA database
- 13. Computer Forensic Computer forensicsis a branch of Forensic Science related to evidence found in computer systems and digital storage medium. • It is to perform forensic investigation on digital evidence • maintaining the documented chain of custody • There are two branches of computer forensic: -Cybercrime -Digital Evidence
- 14. Activity in whichcomputers or networks are at target, or a place of criminal activity. • Its about use of computer for: o Committing fraud o Stealing identities o Violating privacy
- 15. Cyber crimes “Activity inwhich computers or networks are a tool, a target, or a place of criminal activity.” Its about use of computer for: o Financial Crimes o • Cyber Pornography o • Intellectual Property Crimes o • Email Spoofing o • Unauthorized access to Network o • Theft of Information Stored in Electronic Form o • Spread of Virus
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- 17. Digital evidence • Digitalevidence is information and data of value to an investigation that is stored on, received, or transmitted by an electronic device. • Documents • Spreadsheets • Emails • Programs • Attachments • Databases • Internet Activity • Temporary Files
- 18. Services of ComputerForensics unit • Recovery of deleted digital data in case of damaged hardware that may have evidentiary value • Recovery of deleted digital data in case of software failure that may have evidentiary value. • Forensic Analysis of retrieved and/or submitted media. • Scientific examination and analysis of Digital Storage Media • Forensic Analysis of Mobile Phones collection • Preservation and transport of Digital evidence
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- 20. Questioned Documents • Documentabout which a question has been raised in the court of law. • These examinations can take many forms. • They include the examination of handwriting and signature to determine its author • the examination of typewriting • the examination of altered documents • the examination of indentations on paper • the non destructive examination of inks and other types of examinations.
- 21. Common Questioned Documents oProperty registry o Letters o Checks o Contracts o Wills o Marriage Certificates o Contract agreements o Passports/ Travel o Documents o Threatening letters o Suicide notes o Drivers Licenses
- 22. Helping legal systemby: • Identifying alterations in documents like cheques, wills, and agreements. • Handwriting comparison and examination • of indentations. • Examinations of fake documents like counterfeit currency and travel documents • Charred Documents
- 23. Cases Involving Questioned Documents •Forgery • Counterfeiting • Mail fraud • Kidnapping • Embezzlement • Organized crime • White collar crime • Art crimes • Theft • Arson • Burglary • Homicide • Serial murder • Robbery
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- 25. Pathology • The Departmentof Forensic Pathology is responsible for determining the cause and manner of death • Investigation of sudden, violent, suspicious and unexpected deaths. • Services Provided by Forensic Pathology Department • Well established and state of the art autopsy hall is available for postmortem examination. • Forensic pathology also has an additional autopsy room for the postmortem of decomposed bodies.
- 26. • Fixed andmobile X-ray units are available to take x- rays of the desired parts of the dead body. • PFSA provides Forensic Histopathology services • Determines the absence or presence of drugs and their metabolites, chemicals and factor in the cause and manner of death. • Mission of Forensic toxicology Department
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- 28. Audio visual analysisDepartment It deals with the scientific examination, comparison and/or evaluation of audio and video evidence. • equipped with latest forensic tools for audio and video analysis. Department provide the following services: • Clarification of Audio evidence using different noise reduction and other algorithms. • Clarification of Video evidence for identification and association of different events captured by video surveillance systems. • Analysis of images extracted from video evidence • collection, Preservation and transport of evidence
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- 30. Strengths • Assistance oflaw enforcement and investigation agencies to solve the crime puzzles with accuracy and efficiently. • Ability to conduct various forensic tests including DNA,DNA profiling, testing of explosive material ,tools and arms investigation, computer forensic, autopsy, toxicology and histology. • Assistance of courts of law in discovering the truth for speedy justice. • Improvement success rate of investigation. • Probable reduction in crime and criminals. • Bring a paradigm shift from oral evidence to physical evidence with reliability and authenticity on international standards. • Rational investigation of elaborate criminal cases.
- 31. weakness • Lack ofuniformity of forensic science disciplines between within jurisdictions. • No criteria for the certification of forensic practitioners, or in the accreditation of crime laboratories. • Lack of mandatory standardization, certification and accreditation of lab. • Varying quality of forensic practice. • Poor maintenance of statistical data regarding crime and crime investigation. • Poor and outdated criminal investigation system and judicial system of the province. • Failure to install LIMS (Laboratory Management Information System). • Weak Database system. • Failure to install DNA indexing system software(CODIS). • Lack of educational institutes to promote forensic science education. • Lack of skilled scientist of the forensic disciplines.
- 32. Opportunities • Possibilities ofrevenue generation through commercialization of services of lab. • Advance and modern research opportunities in the fields of forensic sciences. • Training and development in the field of forensic science. • Employment opportunities. • Provision of improved justice to general public through superior investigation methodologies. • Rational decision making based on scientific forensic evidences.
- 33. Threats • Potential dangerof innocent conviction in case of wrong sample sent to FSL for analysis. FSL has no system to check the sample validity. • Risk of the human bias in the interpretation of the test results. • Negligence in proper maintenance of developed facilities. • Disruption in continuation of the project activities. • No or poor revenue generation system. • Political influences. • Endangering labs sustainability due to expensive operations and maintenance costs. • Low forensic sciences research facilities in the province and overall in the country. • Improper wear and tear and of building • Poor quality of test results due to no calibration of machinery and equipment. •
- 34. Pak and crime •Crimes and terrorism are very common in Pakistan from the last unfortunate • The number of crimes, suicide attacks and target killing are increasing in Pakistan day by day. • The total 15 suicide attacks were carried out in Pakistan from 2002 to 2005, while in the next four years (2006- 2009) it was increased to 200 and now it is more than 372. • Pakistan needs to promote forensic science in order to control crimes and terrorism. Unfortunately, • most of the crimes remain untraced due to the lack of technical expertise and proper research in this field.
- 36. Findings and Conclusion •‘Forensic science is a versatile and enormously powerful tool in the investigation of a crime.’ • Forensic tools and techniques must be aided by the knowledge, experience, intuitive detectives, police and other experts’ role • Forensic science involves all evidences collected on the crime scene to solve query of the crime. • Many young generation are now interested to work on forensic, and many study courses are now available to study and to start practise • Detective agencies are getting fast to work on forensic and many police and legal workers are working on forensic.
- 37. Conclusion o handling ofevidences is improper by law enforcing agencies o No facility. o Lack of labs -Punjab 14 -Islamabad 6 -Sindh 3 -KPK 0 o Generation is going toward this field but research institutes are few and have least facility o Lack in understanding by judiciary / lawyers o Security issues to the investigation teams.
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