The term river system refers to a ‘river along with its tributaries’.
Based on their source, the Indian River system is classified in to - Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers.
The Himalayan Rivers, as the name suggests originate from the Himalayas and flow through the Northern Plains.
The major Himalayan River systems are
The Indus River System,
The Ganga River System
The Yamuna River System
The Brahmaputra River System
Peninsular River System or Peninsular Drainage emerges mainly from the Western Ghats. Since the Western Ghats form a ‘water divide’, these rivers either flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal or into the Arabian Sea towards the west. Peninsular Rivers are basically ‘rain fed’ rivers.
The major Peninsular River Systems are:
Mahanadi
Godavari
Krishna
Cauvery
Drain into Bay of Bengal as they flow eastwards on the plateau and make ‘deltas’ at their mouths; whereas Narmada
Tapti - the west flowing rivers fall into the Arabian Sea and make ‘estuaries’.
not originate in glaciers, but are rain fed rivers. These rivers reduce considerably or dry up during summers.
All the important and main rivers of India are mentioned in this PowerPoint Presentation. All the information stored in this PowerPoint Presentation is accurate.
India is one of such country in the world which is bestowed with good number of rivers and tributaries, which are helpful not only in the field of agricultural but also in inland transport system of the country.Rivers also form the basis for domestic and industrial water supply, generation of hydro-electricity, inland fishing, are responsible for deposition of fertile soil in the plains as well as formation of deltas. This module explains the river systems of India.
this helps students of IX CBSE to visualise the picturesqueness the Ganga river system from its source to its delta and the role of each individual to preserve the holy river
All the important and main rivers of India are mentioned in this PowerPoint Presentation. All the information stored in this PowerPoint Presentation is accurate.
India is one of such country in the world which is bestowed with good number of rivers and tributaries, which are helpful not only in the field of agricultural but also in inland transport system of the country.Rivers also form the basis for domestic and industrial water supply, generation of hydro-electricity, inland fishing, are responsible for deposition of fertile soil in the plains as well as formation of deltas. This module explains the river systems of India.
this helps students of IX CBSE to visualise the picturesqueness the Ganga river system from its source to its delta and the role of each individual to preserve the holy river
PPT on India's Drainage System (River System) Rohan Karmakar
The following presentation is on India's drainage or river system. It includes information about some of the major river systems in India. All comments are welcomed. Please LIKE this presentation.
PPT on India's Drainage System (River System) Rohan Karmakar
The following presentation is on India's drainage or river system. It includes information about some of the major river systems in India. All comments are welcomed. Please LIKE this presentation.
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Heavy metal poisoning is caused by the accumulation of certain metals in the body due to exposure through food, water, industrial chemicals, or other sources. While your body needs small amounts of some heavy metals to function normally — such as zinc, copper, chromium, iron, and manganese — toxic amounts are harmful.
Interpretation of dna typing results and codis Neha Agarwal
An STR genotype is the allele, in the case of a homozygote, or alleles, in the
case of a heterozygote, present in a sample for a particular locus and is normally
reported as the number of repeats present in the allele. A full sample genotype
or STR profi le is produced by the combination of all of the locus genotypes into
a single series of numbers. This profi le is what is entered into a case report or
a DNA database for comparison purposes to other samples.
Sample collection and preservation of biological samplesNeha Agarwal
A preliminary survey should be carried out to evaluate potential evidence. In particular, the
recognition of evidence plays a critical role in solving or prosecuting crimes. The priority of the
potential evidence at crime scenes should be assessed based on each item’s relevance to the solution
of the case. Higher priority should be assigned to evidence with probative value to the case.
For example, the evidence related to a corpus delicti is considered to be of the highest priority.
Corpus delicti is a Latin term meaning “body of crime.” In Western law, it primarily refers to the
principle that in order for an individual to be convicted, it is necessary to prove the occurrence of the crime. In a forensic investigation, it also refers to the physical evidence proving that a crime was committed
Scope and significance of forensic chemistryNeha Agarwal
Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene.[1] Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and instruments to help identify unknown substances. These include high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thin layer chromatography. The range of different methods is important due to the destructive nature of some instruments and the number of possible unknown substances that can be found at a scene. Forensic chemists prefer using nondestructive methods first, to preserve evidence and to determine which destructive methods will produce the best results.
Along with other forensic specialists, forensic chemists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses regarding their findings. Forensic chemists follow a set of standards that have been proposed by various agencies and governing bodies, including the Scientific Working Group on the Analysis of Seized Drugs. In addition to the standard operating procedures proposed by the group, specific agencies have their own standards regarding the quality assurance and quality control of their results and their instruments. To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correctly and are still able to detect and measure various quantities of different substances.
Protection of critical information infrastructureNeha Agarwal
Information Infrastructure is the term usually used to describe the totality of inter-connected computers and networks, and information flowing through them. Certain parts of this Information Infrastructure, could be dedicated for management / control etc of infrastructure providers’ e.g. Power generation, Gas/oil pipelines, or support our economy or national
fabric e.g. Banking / Telecom etc. The contribution of the services supported
by these infrastructures, and more importantly, the impact of any sudden
failure or outage on our National well being or National Security marks them as being Critical.
By extension, information infrastructure supporting the operations of Critical Infrastructure (CI) marks this as Critical Information infrastructure (CII). These Networks operate/monitor and control important Governmental and Societal functions and services including, but not limited to, Power (Generation/transmission/ distribution etc), Telecommunication (mobile/landline/internet etc), Transportation (Air/land/rail/sea etc), Defence etc. These CII are becoming increasingly dependent on their information infrastructure for information management, communication and control functions.
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
Forensic science utilizes scientific principles to support or negate theories surrounding physical evidence found at a crime scene. As such, forensic scientists analyze evidence gathered or received from crime scenes and present their findings based the results of their analyses.
A forensic science job description may appear distinctly different depending on the area of forensic science being practiced. This is because forensic science is a rather broad field and thus encompasses a number of specialties, all of which are rooted in the natural sciences.
The error (or disturbance) of an observed value is the deviation of the observed value from the (unobservable) true value of a quantity of interest (for example, a population mean), and the residual of an observed value is the difference between the observed value and the estimated value of the quantity of interest (for example, a sample mean).
Suppose there is a series of observations from a univariate distribution and we want to estimate the mean of that distribution (the so-called location model). In this case, the errors are the deviations of the observations from the population mean, while the residuals are the deviations of the observations from the sample mean.
A statistical error (or disturbance) is the amount by which an observation differs from its expected value, the latter being based on the whole population from which the statistical unit was chosen randomly. For example, if the mean height in a population of 21-year-old men is 1.75 meters, and one randomly chosen man is 1.80 meters tall, then the "error" is 0.05 meters; if the randomly chosen man is 1.70 meters tall, then the "error" is −0.05 meters. The expected value, being the mean of the entire population, is typically not observable, and hence the statistical error cannot be observed either.
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
It is over 60 years since Hodgkin and
Huxley1 made the first direct recording of
the electrical changes across the neuronal
membrane that mediate the action
potential. Using an electrode placed inside a
squid giant axon they were able to measure a
transmembrane potential of around 260 mV
inside relative to outside, under resting
conditions (this is called the resting membrane
potential). The action potential is a
transient (,1 millisecond) reversal in the
polarity of this transmembrane potential
which then moves from its point of initiation,
down the axon, to the axon terminals. In a
subsequent series of elegant experiments
Hodgkin and Huxley, along with Bernard
Katz, discovered that the action potential
results from transient changes in the permeability
of the axon membrane to sodium (Na+)
and potassium (K+) ions. Importantly, Na+ and
K+ cross the membrane through independent
pathways that open in response to a change
in membrane potential.
As testimony to their pioneering work, the
fundamental mechanisms described by
Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz remain applicable
to all excitable cells today. Indeed, the
predictions they made about the molecular
mechanisms that might underlie the changes
in membrane permeability showed remarkable
foresight. The molecular basis of the action
potential lies in the presence of proteins
called ion channels that form the permeation
pathways across the neuronal membrane.
Although the first electrophysiological
recordings from individual ion channels were
not made until the mid 1970s,2 Hodgkin and
Huxley predicted many of the properties now
known to be key components of their
function: ion selectivity, the electrical basis
of voltage-sensitivity and, importantly, a
mechanism for quickly closing down the
permeability pathways to ensure that the
action potential only moves along the axon in
one direction.
It is over 60 years since Hodgkin and
Huxley1 made the first direct recording of
the electrical changes across the neuronal
membrane that mediate the action
potential. Using an electrode placed inside a
squid giant axon they were able to measure a
transmembrane potential of around 260 mV
inside relative to outside, under resting
conditions (this is called the resting membrane
potential). The action potential is a
transient (,1 millisecond) reversal in the
polarity of this transmembrane potential
which then moves from its point of initiation,
down the axon, to the axon terminals. In a
subsequent series of elegant experiments
Hodgkin and Huxley, along with Bernard
Katz, discovered that the action potential
results from transient changes in the permeability
of the axon membrane to sodium (Na+)
and potassium (K+) ions. Importantly, Na+ and
K+ cross the membrane through independent
pathways that open in response to a change
in membrane potential.
As testimony to their pioneering work, the
fundamental mechanisms described by
Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz remain applicable
to all excitable cells today. Indeed, the
predictions they made about the molecular
mechanisms that might underlie the changes
in membrane permeability showed remarkable
foresight. The molecular basis of the action
potential lies in the presence of proteins
called ion channels that form the permeation
pathways across the neuronal membrane.
Although the first electrophysiological
recordings from individual ion channels were
not made until the mid 1970s,2 Hodgkin and
Huxley predicted many of the properties now
known to be key components of their
function: ion selectivity, the electrical basis
of voltage-sensitivity and, importantly, a
mechanism for quickly closing down the
permeability pathways to ensure that the
action potential only moves along the axon in
one direction.
COMPLEMENT - A group of serum proteins which can be activated (= "fixed") by antigen-antibody complexes or other substances, which may result in lysis of a microbial target, or a variety of other biological effects important in both innate and adaptive immunity. (The majority of these proteins are produced by the liver.)The complex of serum proteins known as COMPLEMENT plays key roles in the lytic and inflammatory properties of antibodies. The CLASSICAL pathway is initiated
by antigen-antibody complexes (via complement components C1, C4, and C2), while the activation of the ALTERNATE pathway (via components B, D and P), and the MBLECTIN ("mannan-binding lectin") pathway may be initiated by other substances independently of adaptive immune responses; all three pathways share those complement components involved in the inflammatory and lytic consequences, namely C3, C5, C6,
C7, C8 and C9. The INFLAMMATION which is a consequence of complement fixation is illustrated by the manifestations of SERUM SICKNESS, and complement is also seen
to be central to the normal process of clearing immune complexes, which is important in preventing IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE.
Sericulture is the silk producing agro-industry
India is the second largest silk producing country in the world after china.
Sericulture or silk farming is the rearing of silkworm for the production of silk
Silk is known as queen of textile and biosteel because of its strength
A Chinese tale of the discovery of the silkworm’s silk was by an ancient empress Lei Zu , the wife of the emperor.
She was drinking tea under tree, when a silk cocoon fell into her tea cup and the hot tea loosened the long strand of silk
As she it out, and started to wrap the silk thread around her flinger, she felt the warm sensation
When silk ran out, an larva appeared. She realized that it was this larva that produces the silk
Soon, she taught this to people and it became wide spread
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycleNeha Agarwal
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules — amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates.
Hans Adolf Krebs. Biochemist; born in Germany. Worked in Britain. His discovery in 1937 of the ‘Krebs cycle’ of chemical reactions was critical to the understanding of cell metabolism and earned him the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. The common man sees its life granting blessed
form, the government or CWC engineer sees in it
as a potential dam project, the hydropower
developers a site for hydro project, a farmer his
crop vitality, fisher folk, boatspeople and river
bed cultivators a source of livelihood, the
industry & urban water utilities view it as their
personal waste basket, the real estate developer
as a potential land grab site, a sand miner as a
source of sand and the distraught villager his
lifeline.
3. A river shifts in colour, shape, size, flow pattern of
water, silt, nutrients and biota, in fact all its variables
seem to change with time and space. The perceptions
differ as one moves from mountains to plains to the
deltas. The same stream displays a wide variance of
characteristics that depend upon the land it flows
through and the micro climate along its banks. Rivers
many a times seem to mirror the local flavour of the
land they flow through.
Today, as we talk of rivers, their rejuvenation and try
to figure out their ecological flow and their health
quotient , a good beginning to understand the
existing rivers would be their classification modules.
What defines a river? Which factors are used for their
classification? How do we actually classify our rivers?
As far as the first of these questions is concerned,
none of the official agencies have tried to define a
river!
5. NIH (National Institute of Hydrology) organises 7
major rivers
Indus, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapi, Godavari,
Krishna and Mahanadi
Most of the rivers pour their waters into the Bay of
Bengal. Some of the rivers whose courses take
them through the western part of the country and
towards the east of the state of Himachal Pradesh
empty into the Arabian Sea. Parts of Ladakh,
northern parts of the Aravalli range and the arid
parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage. All
major rivers of India originate from one of the
three main watersheds.
The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges
Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur
plateau in central India
Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India
6.
7. Depending on the origin or where they begin
their journey from, there are
Himalayan (perennial) rivers that rise from the
Himalayas
he Peninsular rivers that originate from the
Indian plateau.
8. The Himalayan rivers include the Ganga, the
Indus and the Brahmaputra river systems
along with their tributaries, which are fed
throughout the year by melting ice and
rainfall. They are swift, have great erosion
capacity and carry huge amounts of silt &
sand. They meander along the flat land,
create large fertile flood plains in their wake
and their banks are dotted by major towns
and cities.
9. The peninsular rivers, on the other hand are
more or less dependent on rain. These are
gentler in their flow, follow a relatively
straighter path, have comparatively
less gradient and include Narmada, Tapi,
Godavari, Krishna, Cauveri and Mahanadi
rivers, among many others.
10. The Himalayan Rivers flow throughout the year, are prone to
flooding and include Indus and the Ganga-Brahmaputra-
Meghna.
The Deccan Rivers include the Narmada and Tapi rivers that flow
westwards into the Arabian Sea, and the Brahmani, Mahanadi,
Godavari, Krishna, Pennar & Cauvery that fall into the Bay of
Bengal.
The Coastal Rivers are comparatively small in size and numerous
in number, with nearly 600 flowing on the west coast itself.
Rivers of the Inland Drainage Basin are centered in western
Rajasthan, parts of Kutch in Gujarat and mostly disappear before
they reach the sea as the rainfall here is scarce. Some of them
drain into salt lakes or simply get lost in the vast desert sands.
Island Rivers Rivers of our islands: A&N islands & Lakshadweep
group of islands
11. On the basis of the basin formed, our rivers are
distributed into 7 river system
The Indus River System originates in Kailash
range in Tibet, and includes Zanskar, Shyok,
Nubra ,Hunza (in Kashmir) along with Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej as its principal
tributaries.
the Brahmaputra River System, it was earlier
assumed that the Mansarovar lake is the source
of the Brahmaputra river, however, now it is
confirmed that Angsi Glacier is the main
source .Most of the course of the river lies
outside the country. In India it flows through
Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, where it is joined
by several tributaries.
12. The Narmada River System comprises of the
Narmada River that represents the traditional
boundary between North & South India and which
empties into the Arabian Sea in Bharuch district of
Gujarat.
Tapi river of the Tapi River System rises in the
eastern Satpura Range of Madhya Pradesh and then
empties into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea,
Gujarat. Its major tributaries are Purna, Girna ,
Panzara , Waghur , Bori and Aner rivers.
lso called the Vriddh (Old) Ganga or the Dakshin
(South) Ganga, Godavari of the Godavari River
System, originates at Trambakeshwar, Maharashtra
and empties into the Bay of Bengal. Summers find
the river dry, while monsoons widen the river
course. Its major tributaries include Indravati,
Pranahita, Manjira, Bindusara and Sabari rivers.
13. The Krishna River System includes Krishna river, one
of the longest rivers of the country,that originates at
Mahabaleswar, Maharashtra, and meets the sea in
the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi, Andhra
Pradesh. Tungabhadra River, formed by Tunga and
Bhadra rivers, is one of its principal tributary. Others
are Koyna, Bhima, Mallaprabha, Ghataprabha, Yerla,
Warna, Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga rivers.
The Kaveri River System has the Kaveri (or Cauvery)
river whose source is Talakaveri in the Western
Ghats and it flows into the Bay of Bengal. It has
many tributaries including Shimsha, Hemavati,
Arkavathy, Kapila, Honnuhole, Lakshmana Tirtha,
Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravati.
The Mahanadi of the Mahanadi River System, a
river of eastern India rises in the Satpura Range and
flows east into the Bay of Bengal.
14.
15.
16. Seral
no.
River Place of origin
1 Ganga Gangotri (Uttarakhand)
2 Yamuna Yamunotri (Uttarakhand)
3 Indus Mansarovar (Tibet)
4 Narmada Maikal Hills, Amarkantak (MP)
5 Tapi/Tapti Satpura Range, Betul (MP)
6 Mahanadi Nagri Town (Chhattisgarh
7 Brahmaputra Chemayungdung (Tibet)
8 Sutlej Mt Kailash (Tibet)
9 Krishna Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra)
10 Godavari Nasik (Maharashtra)
11 Cauvery Brahmagiri Hills, Coorg (Karnataka)
17. Brahmaputra River System
Brahmaputra, one of the major rivers in India,
originates in the Angsi glacier of Himalayas in
Tibet. There it is known as the Tsangpo River. It
enters in to India in Arunachal Pradesh and is
called the Dibang River. It is joined by many
other tributaries; the Dibang, the Lohit, the
Kenula to form the main Brahamaputra River and
flows its longest course through Assam, enters
Bangladesh and finally falls into the Bay of
Bengal. The Brahmaputra has the greatest volume
of water of all the rivers in India.
18.
19. Ganga River System
Ganga (Ganges) River system is the largest river
system in India. It originates in the Gangotri
glaciers.The upstream Bhagirathi joins the other
stream named Alaknanda at Devprayag to form
River Ganga. Ganga has tributaries on both
banks; its right bank tributaries are the Yamuna
(which is a major river), and Son. While Gomti,
Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi. are some left bank
tributaries. Ganges flows through Indian states of
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal. It finally reaches the Bay of Bengal.
20.
21. Indus River System
The reference of Indus River or Sindhu River is found
in the early Hindu Scriptures and mythological texts..
It is known as ‘Puranik River’. The river originates in
Tibet near Mansarovar Lake. Flowing westwards, it
enters India in Jammu and Kashmir, further flows
through Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and enters
Pakistan. Flowing further westwards, it reaches the
Arabian Sea near Karachi. Indus is the largest river in
Pakistan and is the country's national river. Its
tributaries in India are Zanskar, Nubra and Shyok, and
Hunza in Pakistan. Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and
Jhelum are its other tributaries after which the state
of Punjab is named.
22. Mahanadi
The Mahanadi is a major river in East-central
India. It originates in the Sihava mountains of
Chhattisgarhandflows its major course
through the state of Orissa (Odisha). This
river deposits more silt than any other river in
the Indian subcontinent. Mahanadi flows
through cities Sambalpur, Cuttack and Banki.
23. Godavari
The Godavari River covers the second longest
course in India after the Ganga. The river
originates at Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra,
and together with its tributaries (Pravara,
Indravati, Maner Sabri etc,) flows through the
states of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa (Odisha), Telangana, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka and Puducherry, to finally
flow in to the Bay of Bengal. Thanks to its long
course, the river is described as Dakshina Ganga.
24. Krishna River
The Krishna is the third longest river in India
with a length of about 1300 kms. Originating
from Maharashtra's Mahabaleshwar region it
flows through Karnataka, Telangana, and
Andhra Pradesh to finally pour into the Bay of
Bengal.
25. Kaveri River
The Kaveri (Cauvery) is a major river in Southern
India and originates in Kogadu, Karnataka.in the
form of a spring at Brahmagiri Hill at
Talakaveri, Also known as th Ganges of the
South, it is one of the holiest rivers in South
India. Kaveri River widens as many tributaries
such as Hemavati, Moyari, Shimsha, Arkavati,
Honnuhole, Kabini, Bhavani, Noyill and Amaravati
join it. The slithers about 800 kilometers across
the three states, Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamilnadu, slightly touching Pudducherry and
drains in to the Bay of Bengal.
26. Yamuna River System
The Yamuna is a major river system in
Northern India. The river rises from Yamnotri
and flows through Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh
and Haryana. It passes through Delhi,
Mathura, Agra and meets the rivers Chambal,
Betwa and Ken to finally join the Ganga at
Allahabad.. Major tributaries of Yamuna are
Tons, Chambal, Hindon, Betwa and Ken.
