The document discusses forces, equilibrium, and torque. It covers Newton's laws of motion, balanced and unbalanced forces, and how an object accelerates in response to the resultant force. It defines torque as a force that causes rotation and explains that for rotational equilibrium the sum of torques equals zero. It also covers translational equilibrium, where the sum of forces equals zero, and how both must apply for a body to be in overall equilibrium. Examples are provided on calculating forces, accelerations, and torque in various situations.
This document discusses hoisting and dynamics of rotation. It provides examples and explanations of:
1) The forces, torques, and equations of motion involved when a hoist drum raises or lowers a load while accelerating or decelerating. This includes the inertia couple of the drum opposing changes in rotation and friction torque opposing rotation.
2) Specific examples that calculate the torque required to raise a load or bring it to a stop, given information like the drum's moment of inertia, load mass, acceleration, and friction torque.
3) Diagrams illustrate the forces and torques acting on the hoist drum and load in different scenarios like raising or lowering while accelerating versus coming to a stop
The document discusses hoisting and the dynamics of rotation involved. It covers four cases: when a load is raised or falling and being accelerated or brought to rest. For each case, it provides the equations that balance the couples at the hoist drum and the forces at the load. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate torque, power, speed, mass of load, and moment of inertia using the equations. Key concepts covered include inertia couple, friction couple, angular and linear motion equations.
This chapter discusses dynamic engineering systems including uniform acceleration, energy transfer through various forms like potential and kinetic energy, and oscillating mechanical systems. It covers concepts like Newton's laws of motion, conservation of energy, and how energy is transferred and stored in linear and rotating systems, as well as damped oscillatory motion. Simple harmonic motion of linear and transverse systems is also qualitatively examined.
Here are the solutions to the simple harmonic motion problems:
1. Amplitude = 20 cm
Frequency = 31.4 rad/s
Period = 2π/31.4 = 0.2 s
2. Maximum displacement = 50 cm
Maximum velocity = 1000 cm/s (20π rad/s)
Maximum acceleration = 40000 cm/s^2 (400π^2 rad^2/s^2)
Number of oscillations in 5 s = 5 * 20π = 100
3. Displacement x(t) = 20 cos(2πt/0.5) cm
Velocity v(t) = -40π sin(2πt/0.5) cm
Here are the key points about momentum and impulse:
- Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. It represents the amount of motion an object has.
- Impulse is the product of force and the time over which it acts. It represents the change in an object's momentum due to a force.
- Impulse and change in momentum are directly related - a large impulse (large force or long duration) results in a large change in momentum.
- Both momentum and impulse are vector quantities, having both magnitude and direction associated with the motion or force.
So in summary, momentum describes the amount of motion, while impulse describes the force applied to change an object's motion and momentum.
This document provides 3 key points about angular impulse and momentum:
1) It defines angular momentum as the moment of linear momentum about a point, and derives equations relating angular momentum, moment of forces, and rate of change of angular momentum.
2) It discusses examples of applying the principle of conservation of angular momentum, including a ball on a cylinder and a ballistic pendulum.
3) It introduces the principle of angular impulse, which states that the angular impulse on a particle equals its change in angular momentum, and can be used to analyze impulsive forces.
1. The document contains a multiple choice quiz with questions about forces, equilibrium, friction, mass, weight, and other physics concepts.
2. It also includes short problems to solve involving forces, levers, inclined planes, and coefficients of friction.
3. Key concepts covered include Newton's laws of motion, equilibrium, friction, mass vs weight, and solving physics problems using concepts like forces, levers, and inclined planes.
The document provides an overview of general dynamics concepts including:
1) Linear and angular velocity, acceleration, and their relationships. Equations for uniformly accelerated linear and angular motion are presented.
2) The concepts of work, power, kinetic energy, and potential energy are introduced. Work is defined as force multiplied by distance. Kinetic energy and potential energy equations are provided.
3) The principle of conservation of energy is described as energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between different forms.
4) Objectives of the unit are to understand general dynamics concepts and be able to solve problems involving equations of motion, different types of acceleration and forces, and conservation of energy and momentum.
This document discusses hoisting and dynamics of rotation. It provides examples and explanations of:
1) The forces, torques, and equations of motion involved when a hoist drum raises or lowers a load while accelerating or decelerating. This includes the inertia couple of the drum opposing changes in rotation and friction torque opposing rotation.
2) Specific examples that calculate the torque required to raise a load or bring it to a stop, given information like the drum's moment of inertia, load mass, acceleration, and friction torque.
3) Diagrams illustrate the forces and torques acting on the hoist drum and load in different scenarios like raising or lowering while accelerating versus coming to a stop
The document discusses hoisting and the dynamics of rotation involved. It covers four cases: when a load is raised or falling and being accelerated or brought to rest. For each case, it provides the equations that balance the couples at the hoist drum and the forces at the load. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate torque, power, speed, mass of load, and moment of inertia using the equations. Key concepts covered include inertia couple, friction couple, angular and linear motion equations.
This chapter discusses dynamic engineering systems including uniform acceleration, energy transfer through various forms like potential and kinetic energy, and oscillating mechanical systems. It covers concepts like Newton's laws of motion, conservation of energy, and how energy is transferred and stored in linear and rotating systems, as well as damped oscillatory motion. Simple harmonic motion of linear and transverse systems is also qualitatively examined.
Here are the solutions to the simple harmonic motion problems:
1. Amplitude = 20 cm
Frequency = 31.4 rad/s
Period = 2π/31.4 = 0.2 s
2. Maximum displacement = 50 cm
Maximum velocity = 1000 cm/s (20π rad/s)
Maximum acceleration = 40000 cm/s^2 (400π^2 rad^2/s^2)
Number of oscillations in 5 s = 5 * 20π = 100
3. Displacement x(t) = 20 cos(2πt/0.5) cm
Velocity v(t) = -40π sin(2πt/0.5) cm
Here are the key points about momentum and impulse:
- Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. It represents the amount of motion an object has.
- Impulse is the product of force and the time over which it acts. It represents the change in an object's momentum due to a force.
- Impulse and change in momentum are directly related - a large impulse (large force or long duration) results in a large change in momentum.
- Both momentum and impulse are vector quantities, having both magnitude and direction associated with the motion or force.
So in summary, momentum describes the amount of motion, while impulse describes the force applied to change an object's motion and momentum.
This document provides 3 key points about angular impulse and momentum:
1) It defines angular momentum as the moment of linear momentum about a point, and derives equations relating angular momentum, moment of forces, and rate of change of angular momentum.
2) It discusses examples of applying the principle of conservation of angular momentum, including a ball on a cylinder and a ballistic pendulum.
3) It introduces the principle of angular impulse, which states that the angular impulse on a particle equals its change in angular momentum, and can be used to analyze impulsive forces.
1. The document contains a multiple choice quiz with questions about forces, equilibrium, friction, mass, weight, and other physics concepts.
2. It also includes short problems to solve involving forces, levers, inclined planes, and coefficients of friction.
3. Key concepts covered include Newton's laws of motion, equilibrium, friction, mass vs weight, and solving physics problems using concepts like forces, levers, and inclined planes.
The document provides an overview of general dynamics concepts including:
1) Linear and angular velocity, acceleration, and their relationships. Equations for uniformly accelerated linear and angular motion are presented.
2) The concepts of work, power, kinetic energy, and potential energy are introduced. Work is defined as force multiplied by distance. Kinetic energy and potential energy equations are provided.
3) The principle of conservation of energy is described as energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between different forms.
4) Objectives of the unit are to understand general dynamics concepts and be able to solve problems involving equations of motion, different types of acceleration and forces, and conservation of energy and momentum.
1) The document contains a 20 question multiple choice quiz about forces and Newton's laws of motion. Questions cover topics like contact forces, forces in equilibrium, friction, and relationships between force, mass and acceleration.
2) It also includes a 10 question identification section where terms like force, inertia, Newton's laws, and units need to be matched.
3) For the problem solving section, three problems calculate reactions and tensions in systems involving blocks on an incline or pulleys.
1. Newton's law of universal gravitation relates the gravitational force between two masses to the masses and the distance between them. The proportionality constant G has SI units of m3/kg∙s2.
2. The passage provides definitions, conversions, and calculations regarding speed, distance, displacement, time, velocity, acceleration, forces, and other physics concepts. Problems involve vectors, forces, work, energy, and motion.
3. Chapter excerpts are provided from physics textbooks involving technical measurement, forces, equilibrium, torque, rotational motion, uniform acceleration, projectile motion, work, energy, and power. Multiple problems follow each section requiring calculations, graphing, and applying physics principles.
- Simple harmonic motion describes oscillatory or back-and-forth motion caused by a restoring force proportional to displacement from equilibrium.
- Examples of objects that exhibit simple harmonic motion include springs, pendulums, and waves.
- The period and frequency of oscillation depend on attributes like the spring constant, length, or mass in the case of springs and pendulums.
The document describes the forces acting on a conical pendulum. It shows a diagram of a pendulum hanging from a string making an angle θ with the vertical. There are two main forces - the tension T in the string, and the gravitational force mg. Equations are derived relating the tension to the angular velocity ω, showing that tanθ is equal to rω2/g, where r is the length of the string.
This file is a useful introduction to Y12 Mechanics. It provides theory notes and exercises which lay a foundation for the Mechanics Achievement Standard.
The document discusses impulse, momentum, and collisions. It defines impulse as the product of an average force and the time it acts, and momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. The impulse-momentum theorem states that impulse equals change in momentum when a net force acts. Conservation of momentum means the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. Collisions can be elastic or inelastic, depending on whether kinetic energy is conserved.
The document provides an overview of key physics equations and concepts for Form 4 students, including equations for relative deviation, prefixes, units for area and volume, equations for average speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Newton's laws of motion, and impulse. Key terms are defined for important concepts like displacement, time, mass, force, and velocity. Formulas are presented for calculations involving these fundamental physics quantities and relationships.
Vibration Analysis of Cracked Rotor Using Numerical ApproachIOSR Journals
The document describes a numerical analysis of vibration in a cracked rotor using finite element modeling. It presents the development of a finite element model to represent a cracked rotor segment with six degrees of freedom per node. The model accounts for all coupling phenomena between bending, longitudinal, and torsional vibrations. Stress intensity factors are derived to calculate the additional strain energy due to the crack, which is used to modify the element stiffness matrix. The model captures how the crack opens and closes based on stress intensity at the crack edge. Analysis of the model can provide insight into how vibration amplitudes change with crack depth and the coupling between different vibration modes.
The period is 2.2 seconds.
Physics 101: Lecture 19, Pg 38
Example
A 3 kg mass is attached to a spring (k=24 N/m). It is
stretched 5 cm. At time t=0 it is released and oscillates.
What is the acceleration of the block when x = 0?
A) -8.1 m/s^2 B) 0 m/s^2 C) 8.1 m/s^2
a(t) = -Aω^2 cos(ωt)
ω = sqrt(k/m) = 2.83 rad/s
A = 5 cm = 0.05 m
1) Linear and angular kinetics relate external forces/torques to inertia, displacement/angular displacement, velocity/angular velocity, and acceleration/angular acceleration respectively.
2) Moment of inertia represents an object's resistance to changes in angular motion and depends on the object's mass distribution and the axis of rotation.
3) Angular momentum is the product of an object's moment of inertia and angular velocity, and is conserved if no external torque is applied to the system.
Feedback of zonal flows on Rossby-wave turbulence driven by small scale inst...Colm Connaughton
The document summarizes research on the interaction between large-scale zonal flows and small-scale Rossby wave turbulence. It describes how modulational instability can generate large-scale zonal jets from small-scale Rossby waves through an inverse cascade. The generated jets then provide negative feedback on the small-scale waves by distorting them and inducing spectral diffusion through a nonlocal turbulence theory. Numerical simulations demonstrate this generation of jets and spectral transport between scales.
This document provides an overview of chapter 8 from a physics textbook on torque and angular momentum. The chapter covers rotational kinetic energy, torque, calculating work from torque, rotational equilibrium, rotational forms of Newton's laws, motion of rolling objects, and angular momentum. It includes definitions, concepts, examples, and equations related to these topics. Sample problems are worked through on rotational inertia, torque, work from torque, and bringing a potter's wheel up to speed. Diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts like torque as a function of force and distance from the axis of rotation.
This document summarizes a study of vibration characteristics of planetary gear trains. Theoretical models are developed to derive signature frequencies that could be used to detect faults in the sun, planet, or ring gear. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the models. In the experiment, vibration data is collected from a test rig with a planetary gearbox where the sun gear has a chipped tooth. Analysis of the time and frequency domain signals matches the theoretical fault signature frequencies for the sun gear.
1) The document outlines an experiment involving two trains colliding with stationary transit cars on the same track. It provides the masses and initial velocities of the trains and transit cars.
2) Through calculations using momentum and applying the law of conservation of momentum, it determines the velocities after the trains' initial collisions with the transit cars and then the trains' collision with each other.
3) A second scenario is described where a vehicle called the Battalac crashes down an embankment. Calculations again use momentum and conservation of momentum to find velocities and momentum at impact.
Presentation at “The role of agro-ecology in exploring innovative, viable adaptation measures for resilient smallholder coffee landscapes” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
This document outlines an organization called Greenaisance that aims to promote environmental sustainability through innovation. Greenaisance's vision is a "revolution towards a green earth" and its mission is to develop sustainable, environmentally friendly models and ecosystems that protect the environment. Some of Greenaisance's services include reducing plastic usage, raising environmental awareness, reusing and recycling waste, reclaiming agricultural land, and developing green energy solutions. The document encourages readers to contact Greenaisance to find customized and simple solutions to help their eco-friendly business and to "ACT NOW" to help save the planet for future generations.
The document discusses weather data collection from commercial aircraft, known as AMDAR. It provides details on the current AMDAR program, including participating airlines and aircraft, the types of weather sensors used, and typical numbers of observations collected daily. It also outlines plans to expand AMDAR to additional aircraft and include water vapor sensors to improve coverage and support a variety of weather forecast needs.
Image encryption technique incorporating wavelet transform and hash integrityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper is basically designed for image encryption using wavelet Transform Techniques and its integrity incorporating hash value with SHA-256. Techniques which is involved in encryption is image confusion, image diffusion, wavelet Transform, Inverse wavelet Transform and finally hash value computation of original image. Techniques which are involved for Decryption is reverse of Encryption.
Keywords: wavelet Transform, Hash value, Encryption, Decryption.
This document provides links to educational resources for a project about discovering the United Kingdom. It includes presentations, worksheets, quizzes and other materials for students of different ages ranging from 6-12 years old. There are also links to song lyrics and videos, as well as photos documenting the project. The resources are organized by age/skill level and cover topics like flags, weather, sports, food, animals and famous British people like John Lennon.
1) The document contains a 20 question multiple choice quiz about forces and Newton's laws of motion. Questions cover topics like contact forces, forces in equilibrium, friction, and relationships between force, mass and acceleration.
2) It also includes a 10 question identification section where terms like force, inertia, Newton's laws, and units need to be matched.
3) For the problem solving section, three problems calculate reactions and tensions in systems involving blocks on an incline or pulleys.
1. Newton's law of universal gravitation relates the gravitational force between two masses to the masses and the distance between them. The proportionality constant G has SI units of m3/kg∙s2.
2. The passage provides definitions, conversions, and calculations regarding speed, distance, displacement, time, velocity, acceleration, forces, and other physics concepts. Problems involve vectors, forces, work, energy, and motion.
3. Chapter excerpts are provided from physics textbooks involving technical measurement, forces, equilibrium, torque, rotational motion, uniform acceleration, projectile motion, work, energy, and power. Multiple problems follow each section requiring calculations, graphing, and applying physics principles.
- Simple harmonic motion describes oscillatory or back-and-forth motion caused by a restoring force proportional to displacement from equilibrium.
- Examples of objects that exhibit simple harmonic motion include springs, pendulums, and waves.
- The period and frequency of oscillation depend on attributes like the spring constant, length, or mass in the case of springs and pendulums.
The document describes the forces acting on a conical pendulum. It shows a diagram of a pendulum hanging from a string making an angle θ with the vertical. There are two main forces - the tension T in the string, and the gravitational force mg. Equations are derived relating the tension to the angular velocity ω, showing that tanθ is equal to rω2/g, where r is the length of the string.
This file is a useful introduction to Y12 Mechanics. It provides theory notes and exercises which lay a foundation for the Mechanics Achievement Standard.
The document discusses impulse, momentum, and collisions. It defines impulse as the product of an average force and the time it acts, and momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. The impulse-momentum theorem states that impulse equals change in momentum when a net force acts. Conservation of momentum means the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. Collisions can be elastic or inelastic, depending on whether kinetic energy is conserved.
The document provides an overview of key physics equations and concepts for Form 4 students, including equations for relative deviation, prefixes, units for area and volume, equations for average speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Newton's laws of motion, and impulse. Key terms are defined for important concepts like displacement, time, mass, force, and velocity. Formulas are presented for calculations involving these fundamental physics quantities and relationships.
Vibration Analysis of Cracked Rotor Using Numerical ApproachIOSR Journals
The document describes a numerical analysis of vibration in a cracked rotor using finite element modeling. It presents the development of a finite element model to represent a cracked rotor segment with six degrees of freedom per node. The model accounts for all coupling phenomena between bending, longitudinal, and torsional vibrations. Stress intensity factors are derived to calculate the additional strain energy due to the crack, which is used to modify the element stiffness matrix. The model captures how the crack opens and closes based on stress intensity at the crack edge. Analysis of the model can provide insight into how vibration amplitudes change with crack depth and the coupling between different vibration modes.
The period is 2.2 seconds.
Physics 101: Lecture 19, Pg 38
Example
A 3 kg mass is attached to a spring (k=24 N/m). It is
stretched 5 cm. At time t=0 it is released and oscillates.
What is the acceleration of the block when x = 0?
A) -8.1 m/s^2 B) 0 m/s^2 C) 8.1 m/s^2
a(t) = -Aω^2 cos(ωt)
ω = sqrt(k/m) = 2.83 rad/s
A = 5 cm = 0.05 m
1) Linear and angular kinetics relate external forces/torques to inertia, displacement/angular displacement, velocity/angular velocity, and acceleration/angular acceleration respectively.
2) Moment of inertia represents an object's resistance to changes in angular motion and depends on the object's mass distribution and the axis of rotation.
3) Angular momentum is the product of an object's moment of inertia and angular velocity, and is conserved if no external torque is applied to the system.
Feedback of zonal flows on Rossby-wave turbulence driven by small scale inst...Colm Connaughton
The document summarizes research on the interaction between large-scale zonal flows and small-scale Rossby wave turbulence. It describes how modulational instability can generate large-scale zonal jets from small-scale Rossby waves through an inverse cascade. The generated jets then provide negative feedback on the small-scale waves by distorting them and inducing spectral diffusion through a nonlocal turbulence theory. Numerical simulations demonstrate this generation of jets and spectral transport between scales.
This document provides an overview of chapter 8 from a physics textbook on torque and angular momentum. The chapter covers rotational kinetic energy, torque, calculating work from torque, rotational equilibrium, rotational forms of Newton's laws, motion of rolling objects, and angular momentum. It includes definitions, concepts, examples, and equations related to these topics. Sample problems are worked through on rotational inertia, torque, work from torque, and bringing a potter's wheel up to speed. Diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts like torque as a function of force and distance from the axis of rotation.
This document summarizes a study of vibration characteristics of planetary gear trains. Theoretical models are developed to derive signature frequencies that could be used to detect faults in the sun, planet, or ring gear. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the models. In the experiment, vibration data is collected from a test rig with a planetary gearbox where the sun gear has a chipped tooth. Analysis of the time and frequency domain signals matches the theoretical fault signature frequencies for the sun gear.
1) The document outlines an experiment involving two trains colliding with stationary transit cars on the same track. It provides the masses and initial velocities of the trains and transit cars.
2) Through calculations using momentum and applying the law of conservation of momentum, it determines the velocities after the trains' initial collisions with the transit cars and then the trains' collision with each other.
3) A second scenario is described where a vehicle called the Battalac crashes down an embankment. Calculations again use momentum and conservation of momentum to find velocities and momentum at impact.
Presentation at “The role of agro-ecology in exploring innovative, viable adaptation measures for resilient smallholder coffee landscapes” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
This document outlines an organization called Greenaisance that aims to promote environmental sustainability through innovation. Greenaisance's vision is a "revolution towards a green earth" and its mission is to develop sustainable, environmentally friendly models and ecosystems that protect the environment. Some of Greenaisance's services include reducing plastic usage, raising environmental awareness, reusing and recycling waste, reclaiming agricultural land, and developing green energy solutions. The document encourages readers to contact Greenaisance to find customized and simple solutions to help their eco-friendly business and to "ACT NOW" to help save the planet for future generations.
The document discusses weather data collection from commercial aircraft, known as AMDAR. It provides details on the current AMDAR program, including participating airlines and aircraft, the types of weather sensors used, and typical numbers of observations collected daily. It also outlines plans to expand AMDAR to additional aircraft and include water vapor sensors to improve coverage and support a variety of weather forecast needs.
Image encryption technique incorporating wavelet transform and hash integrityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper is basically designed for image encryption using wavelet Transform Techniques and its integrity incorporating hash value with SHA-256. Techniques which is involved in encryption is image confusion, image diffusion, wavelet Transform, Inverse wavelet Transform and finally hash value computation of original image. Techniques which are involved for Decryption is reverse of Encryption.
Keywords: wavelet Transform, Hash value, Encryption, Decryption.
This document provides links to educational resources for a project about discovering the United Kingdom. It includes presentations, worksheets, quizzes and other materials for students of different ages ranging from 6-12 years old. There are also links to song lyrics and videos, as well as photos documenting the project. The resources are organized by age/skill level and cover topics like flags, weather, sports, food, animals and famous British people like John Lennon.
Cette étude propose d’évaluer la capacité de la combinaison d’une xylanase (x: Ronozyme® WX (CT)), d’une amylase (a: Ronozyme® A) et une protéase (p: Ronozyme® ProAct (CT)) à compenser une réduction d’énergie métabolisable et de protéine brute d’un aliment à base de blé, de maïs et de soja destiné aux poulets de chair. La combinaison des trois enzymes (xap) a été comparée.
Parlez-vous avec un expert en Twitter: @FarukMurtala
This document discusses communication networks. It defines communication as the exchange of information across space and time using various methods. Modern communication systems allow instantaneous contact and information exchange. Key inventions like the electric battery, telegraph, telephone, radio, satellites and internet have advanced communication. Communication networks can be classified as wired or wireless. Wired networks use cables and have advantages of low cost, swift transfer and security. Wireless networks use radio waves or satellites to span distances without cables. Common wireless protocols include LEACH and SPIN, which aim to efficiently transmit sensor data in wireless sensor networks.
Supported NAMA for energy efficient new housing in MexicoCIFOR-ICRAF
The document summarizes a supported NAMA for energy efficient new housing in Mexico. It discusses establishing basic efficiency standards for new housing to reduce energy consumption and costs. The technical design proposes target maximum energy demand levels per square meter rather than technology standards for flexibility. Financing would provide subsidies for homeowners. Emission reductions would be monitored through energy consumption sampling and reported using a simple MRV system.
Waylife malaysia earning opportunity marketing planNormala Zack
Pemerintah Indonesia berencana mengembangkan industri halal untuk meningkatkan ekspor dan pariwisata. Beberapa langkah yang akan dilakukan antara lain mempromosikan produk halal ke pasar global, meningkatkan sertifikasi produk halal, serta melatih SDM agar mampu bersaing di industri halal.
Physical Geography Lecture 14 - Folding, Faulting, and Earthquakes 112816angelaorr
Diastrophism. Compression, tension, and shear stresses. Crustal fold structures. Faults. Fault zone landscapes (normal and reverse faults). Strike-slip/transform/transcurrent faults. Transform fault structures (landscapes). Earthquakes. Focus/hypocenter, epicenter. Measuring earthquakes: seismic waves, seismograph, seismogram. Quantitative vs. qualitative measurements. Quantitative: Richter scale and Moment magnitude. Qualitative: Mercalli Scale. Loma Prieta Quake, 1989. Seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. P-waves. S-waves. L-waves. R-waves. Earthquakes and their relationship to plate tectonics. Pinpointing an earthquake epicenter. Earthquake hazard map of the U.S. Earthquake hazards. Liquefaction. The Pacific Ring of Fire. Tsunamis.
Este documento trata sobre los sistemas de inecuaciones. Explica que los sistemas de una incógnita se resuelven al igual que las ecuaciones, mientras que los sistemas de dos incógnitas se resuelven gráficamente representando cada inecuación y encontrando la región que satisface todas las desigualdades. Finalmente, muestra un ejemplo gráfico de cómo resolver un sistema de dos inecuaciones.
Este documento define e ilustra los conceptos de intervalos y entornos matemáticos. Explica que un intervalo es el espacio comprendido entre dos números reales y puede ser cerrado, abierto, semiabierto o semicerrado. Define entornos como un centro y un radio que abarca valores dentro de ese radio. Incluye varios ejemplos para ilustrar cómo representar intervalos y entornos de forma analítica y gráfica.
Phd 2014 World Cup Impact Report (Pre-newsletter)PHD_France
The document provides information on interest and planned consumption of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil across multiple markets and demographics. Some key findings include:
- 74% of respondents globally expressed high interest in the World Cup across 17 markets.
- 64% of respondents plan to post comments about the World Cup on social media, and 58% will follow or like a brand related to the event.
- 84% plan to use multiple devices like smartphones or laptops while watching the World Cup on TV.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de analgésicos, incluyendo analgésicos narcóticos como la codeína y la morfina que actúan en el cerebro, y analgésicos no narcóticos como el paracetamol y el ibuprofeno que se usan para dolor leve a moderado. También clasifica los analgésicos en antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, opiáceos menores, opiáceos mayores y fármacos adyuvantes, y discute sus usos y efectos secundarios.
1. The document discusses rotational dynamics and torque. It defines torque as the product of the force applied and the lever arm distance. Torque depends on both magnitude and direction of the applied force as well as the lever arm.
2. Forces of the same magnitude can produce different torques depending on the lever arm. Torque is key to understanding rotational motion and equilibrium of rigid bodies.
3. For a rigid body to be in equilibrium, the sum of the torques acting on it must equal zero, in addition to the sum of the forces equaling zero. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating torque and determining equilibrium.
The document discusses rotational equilibrium as the second condition of equilibrium for objects under the influence of forces. It defines key terms like moment arm, torque, and explains that for an object to be in rotational equilibrium, the sum of all torques about any axis must be zero. It provides examples calculating torque using the equation torque = force x moment arm, and illustrates applying the first and second conditions of equilibrium to solve for unknown forces on an object.
Karen Adelan presented on the topic of classical mechanics and energy. Some key points:
- Energy is a conserved quantity that can change forms but is never created or destroyed. It is useful for describing motion when Newton's laws are difficult to apply.
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and depends on an object's mass and speed. The work-kinetic energy theorem states that the net work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.
- Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or state. The work done by a constant force equals the product of force, displacement, and the cosine of the angle between them.
1. Friction is a force that opposes the motion between two surfaces in contact and produces heating. It can act as both an advantage by allowing walking and writing, and a disadvantage by making movement difficult and wearing things out.
2. In a vehicle, friction between the tires and road surface affects motion. Road conditions and tire tread impact braking force and braking distance. Skidding can occur if braking force exceeds friction.
3. Stopping distance for a vehicle is the sum of thinking distance and braking distance. Thinking distance depends on driver reaction time while braking occurs, with braking distance increasing significantly with speed.
Work refers to a physical task accomplished by exerting force over a distance. For work to occur, there must be: a force acting on an object, displacement of the object in the direction of the force, and a component of the force in the direction of motion. Work (W) is calculated as the product of the force (F) and displacement (d): W = Fd. Common units of work include joules (N∙m), ergs (dyne∙cm), and foot-pounds. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating work done by various forces like gravity, friction, and springs.
Distance is the total path length travelled, regardless of direction. Displacement describes both the distance and direction from the starting point. Speed is a scalar quantity referring to distance travelled per unit time, while velocity is a vector quantity referring to displacement per unit time, including direction. Examples show calculating distances, displacements, speeds and velocities for objects moving in one or more directions. Bearings are used to describe angular displacement from north in a clockwise direction.
1) Simple harmonic motion describes back-and-forth motion caused by a restoring force proportional to displacement from equilibrium.
2) Springs obey Hooke's law, where the force is proportional to displacement.
3) The period of a spring's oscillation can be related to its force constant and mass using equations for simple harmonic motion or circular motion.
1. The document discusses forced vibrations of mechanical systems subjected to periodic external forces such as harmonic, stepped, or periodic disturbances. It provides examples and discusses the amplitude of forced vibrations.
2. Vibration isolation techniques are introduced to minimize the transmission of vibrations from machines to foundations using springs and dampers. The transmissibility ratio, which is the ratio of transmitted force to applied force, is defined.
3. Several examples are provided to calculate the natural frequency, stiffness, amplitude of vibrations, damping coefficient, and transmissibility ratio of systems undergoing forced vibrations. Resonance conditions and their effects are also considered.
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
This document discusses work, energy, and power in physics. It defines work as the scalar product of force and displacement along the direction of force. Work is a transfer of energy and can be positive, negative, or zero. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object changes its kinetic energy. Potential energy includes gravitational potential energy, which depends on an object's height above ground. Elastic potential energy is stored in compressed or stretched springs. Energy is always conserved and can change forms between kinetic and potential. Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
This document describes forced vibrations of mechanical systems with damping. It provides examples of calculating the amplitude of forced vibrations, natural frequency, stiffness required for vibration isolation, and speed at resonance for systems with masses, springs, and dampers driven by periodic forces. Examples determine properties like amplitude, natural frequency, stiffness, and transmitted force for engines, machines, and masses mounted on springs with reciprocating or rotating unbalanced parts. Calculations are shown for systems at different speeds, including resonance.
A 2 kg block is at rest on a plane inclined at 50 degrees to the horizontal. A 30 N horizontal force acts on the block. The normal force on the block is 20 N. The frictional force must be 3.96 N acting down the plane to balance the net force up the plane and keep the block at rest.
1) The document provides information about moments including definitions, formulas, and examples. Moment is defined as the product of a force and the perpendicular distance to the turning point.
2) Examples of moments in everyday life are shown including a beam with forces applied on either side.
3) The concept of resolving forces into perpendicular components using trigonometry and the parallelogram of forces is explained.
4) An example problem calculates the work done to hoist a 700kg skip through the first 40m of a total 120m distance by considering the weight of the skip and steel rope.
This document summarizes key concepts about rolling motion and angular momentum from a physics textbook chapter. It defines relationships between linear and angular quantities like displacement, velocity, acceleration for objects rolling without slipping. It also introduces angular momentum, torque, and conservation of angular momentum. Worked examples apply these concepts to problems about rolling cylinders, bowling balls, and objects rolling down inclined planes.
Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, representing its resistance to stopping. Impulse is the product of the average force applied and the time over which it acts, representing the change in momentum. The impulse-momentum theorem states that the impulse on an object equals the change in its momentum. Examples show how to calculate momentum, impulse, and the average force applied using the impulse-momentum theorem.
This document discusses work, energy, forces, and motion. It explains how to calculate changes in kinetic and potential energy, how Newton's laws of motion can be used to calculate braking forces and distances, and how forces acting at angles can be resolved into components. Examples are provided on calculating the tension in a cable attached to a helicopter and car, as well as the air resistance and stopping distance for a moving car.
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1) Draw a free body diagram showing all forces on each block
2) Write the ΣFx and ΣFy equations for each block
3) Substitute the relevant force equations into the ΣF equations
4) Solve the ΣF equations simultaneously to find a, T
5) Check that your solution satisfies both ΣF equations
Let me know if you need help setting up or solving the specific equations. Analyzing multi-body systems using free body diagrams and Newton's laws is an important skill.
Newton's three laws of motion are introduced. The objectives are to understand how forces affect motion, state the three laws, know when each law applies, and apply Newton's second law of F=ma to problems involving linear motion and systems of connected bodies. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating acceleration, tension, tractive effort, and motion on inclined planes using the three laws of motion.
The document provides information on key art concepts related to color, painting techniques, and composition. It defines color schemes, qualities of color, painting layers and techniques like blending and glazing. It also outlines principles of composition like balance, contrast, proportion, rhythm and emphasis. Specific examples are given to illustrate compositional techniques in representational versus abstract works. The document serves as a guide to understanding the formal elements and principles used in visual art.
Modernism began as a rejection of past ideas and cultural norms in the 19th century, driven by new ideas from evolution, psychology, and socialism. Modernism in art covered 1863-1960s and focused on new ideas and using techniques as subject matter over representing subjects. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s from scrutiny of modernism, questioning its lack of diversity and utopian ideals. Postmodernism embraces irony, appropriation, juxtaposition, and examining bias through deconstruction.
1. The document defines key terms related to electromagnetism and static electricity, such as charge, conductors, insulators, and electrical discharge.
2. It describes circuit components like batteries, switches, resistors, and meters. Equations for voltage, current, resistance, and power are given.
3. The document addresses electric fields, magnetic fields, and how to determine current and magnetic field directions using the right hand grip rule. It also covers how magnetic field strength is affected by current and distance from the wire.
The document provides instructions for laboratory experiments and activities related to carbon chemistry and organic chemistry. In carbon chemistry, students will make models of carbon allotropes, describe the greenhouse effect, prepare carbon dioxide in the laboratory, and describe the carbon cycle. In organic chemistry, students will name and draw alkanes, explain trends in alkane melting and boiling points, describe fractional distillation of alkanes, and write combustion equations. Additional experiments include drawing and naming alkenes and writing polymerization equations.
Here are the key terms to fill in the gaps:
Divergent
Convergent
Mountains
Subduction
Volcanoes, earthquakes
Wednesday, 22 September 2010
PLATE TECTONICS
1. Label the diagram showing the three types of plate boundaries:
Divergent boundary ___________
Convergent boundary __________
Transform boundary ___________
2. At which type of boundary would you find:
a. Mid-ocean ridges ______________
b. Subduction zones ______________
c. Earthquakes ______________
d. Volcanoes ______________
e. Fold mountains ______________
3. Name two examples of each boundary type:
Here are the steps to write the formula for calcium bicarbonate:
1. Write the ions involved - Ca2+ and HCO3-
2. Work out the ratio of ions needed for charge balance. Ca2+ : HCO3- = 1 : 2
3. Write the formula without charges - CaHCO3
4. Add subscripts to reflect the ratio - Ca(HCO3)2
The formula for calcium bicarbonate is Ca(HCO3)2.
Here are the circuit diagrams drawn as requested:
1.
+ -
2.
+ -
3.
A
V
+ -
Now let's assemble the circuits using the appropriate components.
Thursday, 16 September 2010
CIRCUITS: diagrams & assembly
Draw the following circuit diagrams in the spaces
provided AND when you have finished, assemble them:
1. Two cells in series
+ -
2. Three lamps in parallel
+ -
3. A switch and a lamp in series
S
L
+ -
Now let's assemble the circuits using the appropriate components.
This document discusses key concepts related to electric current. It defines current as the flow of electric charge, measured in coulombs per second. It explains Ohm's Law, which states that voltage is directly proportional to current. Resistance controls the flow of current and is defined as voltage divided by current. Circuits can have components connected in series or parallel, and the document explains how voltage and current are distributed in these configurations. Key electronic components like diodes and LEDs are also summarized.
1. The document discusses static electricity and electric fields, including defining electric charge and fields, drawing electric field lines, calculating field strength, and describing applications like the Van der Graaf generator and electron guns.
2. Key concepts covered are the nature of electric charge in terms of electron loss or gain, defining electric fields in terms of electric forces, using equations like E=F/q to calculate field strength, and how devices like the Van der Graaf generator and TV tubes use electric fields.
3. Practical applications discussed include the Van der Graaf generator for generating high voltages, and electron guns used in devices like TV tubes to accelerate and direct electron beams.
There are four regions of electron density around sulfur in SCl2 consisting of two sulfur-chlorine bonds and two lone pairs, which repel each other resulting in a 109 degree bond angle for maximum stability. Similarly, there are three regions around oxygen in O3 comprising one single bond, one double bond, and one lone pair, also repelling to achieve a 120 degree bond angle providing greatest stability.
This document provides learning outcomes and activities for a chemistry unit on chemical reactions and properties of materials. It includes outcomes on writing formulas and naming ions, defining types of chemical reactions like combustion, precipitation, and decomposition, and using solubility rules. Suggested learning activities include exercises, labs, videos, and discussions to help students understand these key chemistry concepts.
The document discusses momentum, energy, and collisions. It defines momentum as mass times velocity and describes momentum as a vector quantity. It explains that momentum is conserved during collisions and distinguishes between external and internal forces. It also defines different types of collisions, such as elastic and inelastic collisions. The document discusses different forms of energy, including kinetic energy and potential energy. It relates force to changes in momentum using impulse.
The document discusses projectile motion, including its definition as having constant horizontal velocity and vertical acceleration due to gravity. It describes the parabolic path of a projectile and how to calculate the velocity by adding the horizontal and vertical components. Equations of motion can be used to calculate time, distance, velocity, and acceleration of projectiles. Constant acceleration in a straight line and circular motion are also mentioned.
1. The document describes the anatomical characteristics of apes and compares them to humans.
2. Key differences include humans having S-shaped spines, knock-kneed legs, longer thumbs, and feet adapted for bipedalism compared to apes' anatomy suited for quadrupedalism and brachiation.
3. Anatomical changes in humans are associated with adaptations for tool use, bipedal walking and running, and fine motor skills.
Gravity erosion occurs when rocks and soil move downslope under the force of gravity. This movement transports material from higher to lower elevations.
______________
This document discusses key concepts related to electric current. It defines current as the flow of charge measured in coulombs per second. It explains how current carries energy based on potential difference and emf. It discusses resistance in terms of control of current flow and introduces Ohm's Law relating voltage, current, and resistance. It also covers calculating power, and how voltage and current are distributed in series and parallel circuits. Key components, circuits, and resistor calculations are also summarized.
Here are the responses to complete the sentences:
4. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate WORD LIST
the oceanic plate goes under the continental plate. rocks
This happens because the oceanic is heavier. extinct
5. As it goes under, the higher temperature of the mantle melts it volcano
and the magma rises up through cracks as dikes. This is lava
how a subduction zone is formed. oceanic
steam
6. Five things that pour out of a volcano during an eruption are active
lava, ash, steam, dust dust
and magma. continental
dormant
7. An active volcano is
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
1. FORCES & EQUILIBRIUM
1. Revise the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.
2. Recognise that an object accelerates in response to the resultant force and that F
= ma (Newton’s second law)
3. Recognise the resultant force on an object as being the sum of the individual
forces acting or the sum of the components
4. Know the definition of torque and use it to calculate torque in a variety of
everyday situations.
5. Explain that for a body to be in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the torques
acting around any point equals zero and solve problems using this principle.
6. Explain that for a body to be in translational equilibrium, the sum of the forces
acting in any direction equals zero and solve problems using this principle.
7. Explain that for a body to be in equilibrium then the conditions for both rotational
and translational equilibrium coexist and be able to solve problems based on
everyday situations, using these principles.
Embedded SLO’s
1. Explain the difference between mass and weight
2. Recognise that forces are vectors and as such
they can be resolved into components
Read p.105 to 117
Monday, 24 May 2010
2. Revision FORCE AND ACCELERATION
First Law
An object is reluctant to change its state of motion. An object will remain at rest
or continue to travel at a steady speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
Second Law
An object will accelerate in the direction of an unbalanced force according to the
equation:
F = ma
Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Examples
1. Use Newton’s laws to explain why during heavy braking (in a car) the seat belt
digs into your chest.
Monday, 24 May 2010
3. 2. A sky rocket of mass 0.1 kg accelerates upwards at 10 ms-2. What is the
unbalanced force that causes this acceleration.
3. A cricketer throws a ball with initial acceleration of 90 ms-2. The force exerted is
30 N. Calculate the mass of the ball.
4. A force of 60N is exerted on a car of mass 1000kg. If the frictional forces acting on
the car are 10N then calculate the car’s acceleration.
Monday, 24 May 2010
4. RESULTANT FORCE
• Force is a vector quantity
• The resultant force is the sum of all the force vectors acting on a body.
• The resultant force is the single force which has the same effect as the
combination of forces.
Examples
1. Find the resultant force in each of the following situations
2. In each instance draw a vector diagram that shows how the resultant force has
been determined:
1 2 5N
8N
12 N
10 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
5. 3 Calculate the resultant force in the following situation:
50000N
80000N 10000N
40000N
Calculate the force that is effectively pushing the car down the slope Ex.9A Q.1 & 2
4 (hint: this is a component of one of the forces)
Support force 50N
Force due to gravity 55N
25o
Draw a vector triangle showing the relationship between these three forces.
Monday, 24 May 2010
6. 5 A 450 g trolley rests on a rough table. A horizontal force is applied by the
hanging masses and as a , the trolley travels 0.60 m from rest and reaches a
final speed of 2.07 ms-1. [adapted from CR p54 Q.2 & 3]
a Pulley
m2 = 450 g Trolley
a
Hanging masses m1 = 250 g
(a) Use vf2 = vi2 + 2ad to calculate the acceleration of the mass.
(b) Label the horizontal force on the diagram and calculate its size. (This is the
tension force and causes the acceleration of the trolley.
(c) Calculate the size of the force that causes m1’s acceleration. (Hint: Use a vector
diagram to show the forces acting on m1.
Ex.9A Q.3 to 5
Monday, 24 May 2010
7. RESULTANT AS THE SUM OF THE COMPONENT FORCES
A force of 1000 N acts at an angle of 30o to the direction of a cart’s motion. What is
the force that acts in the direction of the cart’s motion?
Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
30o
1000 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
8. RESULTANT AS THE SUM OF THE COMPONENT FORCES
A force of 1000 N acts at an angle of 30o to the direction of a cart’s motion. What is
the force that acts in the direction of the cart’s motion?
Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
The component of the 1000 N force that acts in the
direction in which the cart moves is shown below:
30o
1000 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
9. RESULTANT AS THE SUM OF THE COMPONENT FORCES
A force of 1000 N acts at an angle of 30o to the direction of a cart’s motion. What is
the force that acts in the direction of the cart’s motion?
Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
The component of the 1000 N force that acts in the
direction in which the cart moves is shown below:
1000.cos30o
30o
1000 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
10. RESULTANT AS THE SUM OF THE COMPONENT FORCES
A force of 1000 N acts at an angle of 30o to the direction of a cart’s motion. What is
the force that acts in the direction of the cart’s motion?
Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
The component of the 1000 N force that acts in the
direction in which the cart moves is shown below:
The trolley accelerates
in response to this force
1000.cos30o
30o
1000 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
11. RESULTANT AS THE SUM OF THE COMPONENT FORCES
A force of 1000 N acts at an angle of 30o to the direction of a cart’s motion. What is
the force that acts in the direction of the cart’s motion?
Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
The component of the 1000 N force that acts in the
direction in which the cart moves is shown below:
The trolley accelerates
in response to this force
1000.cos30o
30o
1000 N
Calculating the trolley’s acceleration:
Monday, 24 May 2010
12. RESULTANT AS THE SUM OF THE COMPONENT FORCES
A force of 1000 N acts at an angle of 30o to the direction of a cart’s motion. What is
the force that acts in the direction of the cart’s motion?
Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
The component of the 1000 N force that acts in the
direction in which the cart moves is shown below:
The trolley accelerates
in response to this force
1000.cos30o
30o
1000 N
Calculating the trolley’s acceleration: a = F = 1000.cos30o = 43.3 ms-2
m 20
Monday, 24 May 2010
13. RESULTANT AS THE SUM OF THE COMPONENT FORCES
A force of 1000 N acts at an angle of 30o to the direction of a cart’s motion. What is
the force that acts in the direction of the cart’s motion?
Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
Remember that a vector can be expressed as the sum of two components that are
drawn at right angles to each other.
The component of the 1000 N force that acts in the
direction in which the cart moves is shown below:
The trolley accelerates
in response to this force
1000.cos30o
30o
1000 N
Calculating the trolley’s acceleration: a = F = 1000.cos30o = 43.3 ms-2
m 20
Monday, 24 May 2010
14. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
15. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
Monday, 24 May 2010
16. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
1000 N
30o
Monday, 24 May 2010
17. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
1000 N
30o 1000.cos30o
Monday, 24 May 2010
18. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
1000 N
30o 1000.cos30o
30o
1000 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
19. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
1000 N
30o 1000.cos30o
30o
1000.cos30o
1000 N
Monday, 24 May 2010
20. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
1000 N
30o 1000.cos30o
30o
1000.cos30o
The trolley accelerates
in response to both of
1000 N
these forces
Monday, 24 May 2010
21. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
1000 N
30o 1000.cos30o
30o
1000.cos30o
The trolley accelerates
in response to both of
1000 N
these forces
Calculating the trolley’s acceleration:
Monday, 24 May 2010
22. Now consider that a second force of 1000 N is introduced and that this force also acts
at an angle of 30o to the direction of the cart’s motion. What is the force that acts in
the direction of the cart’s motion?
1000 N
30o Direction of cart’s motion
20 Kg
30o (axis)
1000 N
There are now two components which
act in the direction of the cart’s motion:
1000 N
30o 1000.cos30o
30o
1000.cos30o
The trolley accelerates
in response to both of
1000 N
these forces
Calculating the trolley’s acceleration: a = F = 2 x1000.cos30o = 86.6 ms-2
m 20
Monday, 24 May 2010
23. Examples
1. A large container ship is being towed out to sea by two tug boats. Each boat exerts
a force of 150000 N and pulls on the ship at an angle of 20o. The ship has a mass
of 1000 tonnes. (1 tonne = 1000 kg).
20o
20o Tug boats
The ship is initially at rest. Calculate the acceleration of the ship.
Monday, 24 May 2010
24. 2. A climber hangs off a bar with both arms. Each arm is at an angle of 45o to the
vertical. The mass of the climber is 65 kg. Calculate the tension force in each arm
when the climber is simply hanging stationery.
Exercises: “Vectors & Components”
Monday, 24 May 2010
25. WHAT IS TORQUE?
Torque is a force which causes rotation (i.e. it is a turning force)
Examples
Because a force is applied that causes rotation, a torque is being used in each case
Exercises: “Talking about torque”
Monday, 24 May 2010
26. WHAT IS TORQUE?
Torque is a force which causes rotation (i.e. it is a turning force)
Examples
Because a force is applied that causes rotation, a torque is being used in each case
Torque = force applied x distance between the point of application and the pivot.
= F.r⊥
Exercises: “Talking about torque”
Monday, 24 May 2010
27. WHAT IS TORQUE?
Torque is a force which causes rotation (i.e. it is a turning force)
Examples
Because a force is applied that causes rotation, a torque is being used in each case
Torque = force applied x distance between the point of application and the pivot.
= Torque in Newton-metres
= F.r⊥ Where (Nm)
F = Force applied (N)
r⊥ = perpendicular distance
Exercises: “Talking about torque”
Monday, 24 May 2010
28. WHAT IS TORQUE?
Torque is a force which causes rotation (i.e. it is a turning force)
Examples
Because a force is applied that causes rotation, a torque is being used in each case
Torque = force applied x distance between the point of application and the pivot.
= Torque in Newton-metres
= F.r⊥ Where (Nm)
F = Force applied (N)
r⊥ = perpendicular distance
r⊥ implies that the force and the distance must be perpendicular to each other.
Exercises: “Talking about torque”
Monday, 24 May 2010
29. Exercises TALKING ABOUT TORQUE
A
Torque in B is greater than torque in A
because
B
C
Torque in C is greater than torque in B because
Demo: Torque wrench vs spanner
Monday, 24 May 2010
30. Demo: The pattern of wear on chainrings can show where
Examples in the pedal cycle maximum torque is applied.
1. The diagram below shows a bicycle crank and chain. On the crank the force and the distance
between the point of application of the force and the pivot are perpendicular to each other.
Calculate the torque applied in this situation:
80 kg
An 80 kg cyclist stands on
the pedal whilst the crank arm is in the
position shown
175 mm
F
2. The crank arm turns through an angle of 30o below the horizontal and the cyclist is still in a
standing position.
(i) Draw the situation that exists now.
(ii) Calculate the torque applied in this situation. (Hint: You could find the component of the
force that is perpendicular to the crank arm first)
Monday, 24 May 2010
31. ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
Definition
A system that is not accelerating in rotational motion is said to be in rotational
equilibrium. For a system to be in rotational equilibrium the following situation needs
to exist:
Σ any direction = 0 where = torque
“The clockwise and anti-clockwise torques must be equal in size to each other”
Σ clockwise =Σ anti-clockwise
Bicycle crank - opposing torques Observation
10 N
10 N
http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/lever.htm
Monday, 24 May 2010
32. Example
1. A mother and her daughter were playing on a see-say at their local park. Mum has a mass of
55 kg and the daughter is much lighter at 35 kg. The see-saw measures 2.5 m from the pivot
to each end. The daughter sits at one end of the see-saw. How far from the other side of the
pivot must the mother sit in order to achieve balance?
55 kg
35 kg
d 2.5 m
2. A 70 kg painter stands on a 10 kg plank that is supported by two saw-horses. The plank is
4 m long and is supported 500 mm from each end. The painter stands 1 m from saw-horse A
as shown. The weight of the plank acts at the centre of mass of the plank.
There are 2 support forces, F1 and F2. Calculate the size
F1 70 kg of F2.
F2
A B
Fgrav
Ex.9B Q.4 to 6 Plank pbms - in finder
Monday, 24 May 2010
33. TRANSLATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
Definition
A system that is not accelerating (at rest or travelling at a constant speed) is said to be in
translational equilibrium. For a system to be in translational equilibrium, the sum of the
forces along any axis must equal zero.
ΣFany direction = 0 When vectors add to zero there is no resultant
~ ~
Demo - Ping Pong ball/Hair dryer
There are 3 forces acting on the ball as shown by the free - body force diagram:
Lift
Ping pong ball Thrust
Hair dryer
Gravity
Adding these three vectors gives a zero
resultant:
Monday, 24 May 2010
34. TRANSLATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
Definition
A system that is not accelerating (at rest or travelling at a constant speed) is said to be in
translational equilibrium. For a system to be in translational equilibrium, the sum of the
forces along any axis must equal zero.
ΣFany direction = 0 When vectors add to zero there is no resultant
~ ~
Demo - Ping Pong ball/Hair dryer
There are 3 forces acting on the ball as shown by the free - body force diagram:
Lift
Ping pong ball Thrust
Hair dryer
Gravity
Adding these three vectors gives a zero
resultant:
Monday, 24 May 2010
35. TRANSLATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
Definition
A system that is not accelerating (at rest or travelling at a constant speed) is said to be in
translational equilibrium. For a system to be in translational equilibrium, the sum of the
forces along any axis must equal zero.
ΣFany direction = 0 When vectors add to zero there is no resultant
~ ~
Demo - Ping Pong ball/Hair dryer
There are 3 forces acting on the ball as shown by the free - body force diagram:
Lift
Ping pong ball Thrust
Hair dryer
Gravity
Adding these three vectors gives a zero
resultant:
Monday, 24 May 2010
36. TRANSLATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
Definition
A system that is not accelerating (at rest or travelling at a constant speed) is said to be in
translational equilibrium. For a system to be in translational equilibrium, the sum of the
forces along any axis must equal zero.
ΣFany direction = 0 When vectors add to zero there is no resultant
~ ~
Demo - Ping Pong ball/Hair dryer
There are 3 forces acting on the ball as shown by the free - body force diagram:
Lift
Ping pong ball Thrust
Hair dryer
Gravity
Adding these three vectors gives a zero
resultant:
Monday, 24 May 2010
37. Examples
1. The diagram below shows a birds eye view of a sling shot which is ready to launch a
stone contained in its pouch.
26.6 N
20o
50 N 20o
26.6
Show that the stone is in translational equilibrium using a vector diagram, drawn
to scale.
2. The diagram below shows a painter who is standing still on a plank that is supported
at two points A and B. (a) Calculate the weight of the painter (Fgrav).
70 kg
500 N (b) Calculate the force acting at point B
A B
Fgrav (c) Name this force.
Ex.9B Q.1 to 3
Monday, 24 May 2010
38. Since we often deal with horizontal and vertical forces:
Sum of Forces acting upwards = Sum of Forces acting downwards
ΣFup = ΣFdown
Sum of Forces acting to the left = Sum of Forces acting to the right
ΣFleft = ΣFright
3. A mass is suspended by two strings that are 20o 20o
fixed to the ceiling. Use a vector diagram to 70 N 70 N
calculate the weight of the mass, W.
Mass
W
Monday, 24 May 2010
39. A BODY IN EQUILIBRIUM IS IN BOTH TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL
EQUILIBRIUM
Examples
1. Below is a picture of two children on a see saw which is in equilibrium. One child has a mass of
30 kg, whilst the other child has an unknown mass. The distances from the pivot (or fulcrum)
are shown in the picture.
30 kg m=?
1.5 m 2.5 m
(a) In terms of the children and the see saw, explain what is meant by the term “rotational
equilibrium”
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Calculate the mass, m of the child at the far end of the see saw.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. A wheelbarrow filled with soil has a mass of 30 kg (this can be considered to act at the centre
of mass). The dimensions of the barrow are shown in the diagram. Calculate the effort
required to lift the barrow.
____________________________________ Centre of Mass .
____________________________________
____________________________________ 0.7 m
____________________________________ 1.3 m
Ex.9B Q.7 to 12
Monday, 24 May 2010
40. 3. A Y12 physics experiment is set up as shown in the diagram. A student uses masses as
described in the information below and marks angles on the paper as indicated in the
diagram. The knot that connects the three strings is not moving. Show using a vector diagram
drawn to scale that tension forces T1, T2 and T3 are in translational equilibrium.
m1 = 0.1000 kg T1 Knot T3
m2 = 0.1200 kg
m3 = 0.0833 kg 25o 20o
let g = 10 ms-2
T2
m1 m3
m2
Sheet of paper
Monday, 24 May 2010
41. MASS AND WEIGHT
The difference between the two
• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. (unit: kilogram, kg)
• Weight is the force due to gravity acting on that object. (unit: Newton, N)
Weight, Fw or Fgrav, is proportional to the mass, m of the object. (Fw α m)
Fw = mg where g is a constant (gravitational acceleration)
where g = 10 ms-2 (usually considered to be negative when direction is relevant)
Note
g is often referred to as gravitational acceleration since any free-falling object falls
with acceleration equivalent to g (usually rounded to 10 ms-2)
It is sometimes convenient to refer to g as the gravitational constant as it is also the
force per unit mass on an object. (in fact g = 10 ms-2 = 10 Nkg-1)
g depends on how strong the gravitational field is around the planet/moon. The
gravitational field strength depends on the size of the planet/moon. Different
planets/moons have different values of g. For example the Earth’s moon has a much
smaller value of g than Earth.
Example
On Earth a 50 kg mass will have a weight force of 500 N acting on it.
Monday, 24 May 2010
42. Exercises VECTORS & COMPONENTS
y
Any vector can be expressed
as the sum of 2 vectors at right angles x
to each other.
The diagram shows the components of a vector in the x and y axes.
Components could also be vertical or horizontal. IN FACT components
could be determined in any axis or any direction
The two components add to give the original vector, v. v is also could also
be called the resultant of the vector addition.
Calculate the components of the vectors shown along the axes/lines given (drawn as
dotted lines and draw them on the diagram given. Show your calculation below the
diagram.
100 m
1 -1
60 ms 2
20o 75o
Horizontal
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
Monday, 24 May 2010
43. 25 ms-1
2 km
50 ms-1
Lakewood Drive
6. The ceiling beam: A ceiling beam of mass 250 kg and length 7 m is pitched at
an angle of 20o and supported at each end by timber framing.
(a) Draw a diagram of the situation in the space provided:
(b) Mark the point at which we can consider the force due gravity acts and
calculate this force. ________________________________________
(c) Explain why this beam has a tendency to slide “downhill” and state what
must be done to prevent this from happening.
______________________________________________________________
(d) Calculate the size of this “downhill” force.
______________________________________________________________
Monday, 24 May 2010
55. 12 PHYSICS FORCES ASSIGNMENT Name
1. Coming into the summer sports season the ground staff have been requested to prepare the
cricket wicket for the forthcoming games. The following diagram represents the efforts of the
ground staff in pushing the roller. The force exerted down the handle of the roller is 200 N.
200 N
30°
Use the information in the diagram to answer the question that follows.
(a)Draw a labelled force diagram to show the four forces acting on the roller.
(b)Show that the horizontal component of the push on the roller is 173 N.
Monday, 24 May 2010
56. (c) If the roller is being pushed at a constant speed along the wicket, determine the magnitude of
the force opposing the motion of the roller and explain your reasoning.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(d) The vertical component of the push on the roller is 100 N. The mass of the roller is 100 kg.
Calculate the value of the reaction force on the roller.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(e) The length of the wicket between the stumps is 20 m. Calculate the work done in pushing the
roller eight times along the pitch.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. A wheelbarrow has a mass of 15 kg and contains 50 kg of soil. The centre of mass
of the load is shown on the diagram and the pivot is also illustrated. Load and effort
forces are drawn and labelled on the diagram. Calculate the effort required to lift
the load. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Monday, 24 May 2010
57. 3. A body-building machine is drawn below. Load, effort and pivot are shown.
Calculate the effort required to lift the 25 kg mass. The bar has mass of 5 kg. The
centre of mass of the bar and masses (combined) is shown on the diagram.
Calculate the effort needed to lift the mass.
317 mm C of M 483 mm
Effort
25 kg
5 kg bar
Load
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. A uniform girder is 3 m long and weighs 700 N. It is carried horizontally on the
shoulders of two men who support it at points 30 cm and 60 cm from each end.
Find the load carried by each man.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Monday, 24 May 2010
58. [p144 “Physics in Action”]
5. Find the centre of mass of a set of barbells, set up with 10 kg on one end and 30 kg
on the other. The central bar is of negligible mass and is 4.0 m long. To solve this,
we could assign a centre of mass, x metres from one end and use the fact that the
barbells would balance at the centre of mass.
• Bars or Dumbells balance at
their centre of mass.
• The weight of an object acts at is
centre of mass
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Monday, 24 May 2010