The document discusses weather data collection from commercial aircraft, known as AMDAR. It provides details on the current AMDAR program, including participating airlines and aircraft, the types of weather sensors used, and typical numbers of observations collected daily. It also outlines plans to expand AMDAR to additional aircraft and include water vapor sensors to improve coverage and support a variety of weather forecast needs.
Radar systems provide air traffic controllers with information about aircraft locations and allow them to safely direct air traffic. Long range radar can detect aircraft up to 200 nautical miles away at higher altitudes. Where radar coverage is inconsistent at lower altitudes, controllers rely on pilot position reports. New technologies like ADS-B are being implemented, which allow aircraft to automatically transmit their position via satellite navigation. For areas without radar infrastructure, like over oceans, controllers use procedural control with aircraft periodically reporting their positions to maintain safe distances between flights.
The document provides information on various bridge equipment used on ships including:
- AIS automatically transmits ship information like identification, position, speed to other vessels and coast stations.
- Weather facsimile systems receive synoptic charts via radio signals from coastal stations.
- Auto pilots control the rudder to maintain a set course using rudder, counter-rudder and yaw controls.
- Speed logs like the EMF and Doppler logs measure the ship's speed through and over the water respectively.
- GPS uses satellite signals to determine position within 10-15 meters accuracy. DGPS improves this to 3-5 meters.
- Radar uses radio pulses to detect targets and their range
This document discusses prelaunch testing and post-launch validation plans for the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on the NPP satellite. Key points:
- ATMS underwent antenna pattern testing using a Compact Antenna Test Range to verify beam pointing accuracy and efficiency. Radiometric thermal vacuum testing validated the sensor meets specifications and defined calibration parameters.
- Post-launch calibration/validation has four phases: activation, checkout, intensive calibration/validation, and long-term trending. It involves evaluating sensor performance, verifying data records, tuning algorithms, and using techniques like satellite maneuvers and simultaneous nadir overpasses.
- Plans aim to fully characterize the sensor and produce high-quality
The document describes the first overflights of tropical cyclones using the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) instrument. HIRAD is an airborne microwave radiometer designed to provide wide swath imaging of surface winds and rain rates under hurricanes. Initial results are reported from overflights of Hurricanes Earl and Karl in 2010, including comparisons to coincident measurements from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR). HIRAD produced temperature brightness images across its wide swath and initial calibration was done using SFMR measurements. Future work will focus on developing retrieval algorithms for off-nadir wind speeds and rain rates from HIRAD's wide-field observations.
The document describes upgrades made to the High-Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (HAMSR) Sounding Radiometer instrument. Key upgrades include:
1) Addition of new low-noise amplifiers to reduce noise in the 183 GHz channel, enabling observation of smaller-scale water vapor features.
2) An enhanced data system providing onboard processing and real-time data access for long-duration flights on the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle.
3) Extensive calibration and characterization of the instrument following the upgrades. The instrument will profile temperature, water vapor and clouds to study tropical cyclones.
The document summarizes the High-Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) instrument. HAMSR is a 25 channel microwave sounder developed by JPL to measure atmospheric temperature and water vapor from high-altitude aircraft. It was upgraded under the NASA AITT program in 2008 to deploy on the Global Hawk aircraft and provide real-time data and imagery. The upgrades improved HAMSR's radiometric performance, enabling it to observe smaller-scale water vapor features and process data onboard to display brightness temperature imagery within 5 minutes of acquisition. During field campaigns, HAMSR data was used by scientists to track hurricanes and adjust flight paths in real-time.
This document provides an overview of differential GPS (DGPS) and its history. It explains that DGPS uses fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast corrections to improve GPS accuracy from 15 meters to about 10 cm. Selective availability was introduced by the US military to degrade civilian GPS but was turned off in 2000. DGPS was developed as a solution, broadcasting corrections to offset errors and allow 5 meter accuracy, meeting most civilian needs. It has expanded to cover many waterways through systems like the US Coast Guard's National DGPS.
Radar systems provide air traffic controllers with information about aircraft locations and allow them to safely direct air traffic. Long range radar can detect aircraft up to 200 nautical miles away at higher altitudes. Where radar coverage is inconsistent at lower altitudes, controllers rely on pilot position reports. New technologies like ADS-B are being implemented, which allow aircraft to automatically transmit their position via satellite navigation. For areas without radar infrastructure, like over oceans, controllers use procedural control with aircraft periodically reporting their positions to maintain safe distances between flights.
The document provides information on various bridge equipment used on ships including:
- AIS automatically transmits ship information like identification, position, speed to other vessels and coast stations.
- Weather facsimile systems receive synoptic charts via radio signals from coastal stations.
- Auto pilots control the rudder to maintain a set course using rudder, counter-rudder and yaw controls.
- Speed logs like the EMF and Doppler logs measure the ship's speed through and over the water respectively.
- GPS uses satellite signals to determine position within 10-15 meters accuracy. DGPS improves this to 3-5 meters.
- Radar uses radio pulses to detect targets and their range
This document discusses prelaunch testing and post-launch validation plans for the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on the NPP satellite. Key points:
- ATMS underwent antenna pattern testing using a Compact Antenna Test Range to verify beam pointing accuracy and efficiency. Radiometric thermal vacuum testing validated the sensor meets specifications and defined calibration parameters.
- Post-launch calibration/validation has four phases: activation, checkout, intensive calibration/validation, and long-term trending. It involves evaluating sensor performance, verifying data records, tuning algorithms, and using techniques like satellite maneuvers and simultaneous nadir overpasses.
- Plans aim to fully characterize the sensor and produce high-quality
The document describes the first overflights of tropical cyclones using the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) instrument. HIRAD is an airborne microwave radiometer designed to provide wide swath imaging of surface winds and rain rates under hurricanes. Initial results are reported from overflights of Hurricanes Earl and Karl in 2010, including comparisons to coincident measurements from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR). HIRAD produced temperature brightness images across its wide swath and initial calibration was done using SFMR measurements. Future work will focus on developing retrieval algorithms for off-nadir wind speeds and rain rates from HIRAD's wide-field observations.
The document describes upgrades made to the High-Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (HAMSR) Sounding Radiometer instrument. Key upgrades include:
1) Addition of new low-noise amplifiers to reduce noise in the 183 GHz channel, enabling observation of smaller-scale water vapor features.
2) An enhanced data system providing onboard processing and real-time data access for long-duration flights on the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle.
3) Extensive calibration and characterization of the instrument following the upgrades. The instrument will profile temperature, water vapor and clouds to study tropical cyclones.
The document summarizes the High-Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) instrument. HAMSR is a 25 channel microwave sounder developed by JPL to measure atmospheric temperature and water vapor from high-altitude aircraft. It was upgraded under the NASA AITT program in 2008 to deploy on the Global Hawk aircraft and provide real-time data and imagery. The upgrades improved HAMSR's radiometric performance, enabling it to observe smaller-scale water vapor features and process data onboard to display brightness temperature imagery within 5 minutes of acquisition. During field campaigns, HAMSR data was used by scientists to track hurricanes and adjust flight paths in real-time.
This document provides an overview of differential GPS (DGPS) and its history. It explains that DGPS uses fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast corrections to improve GPS accuracy from 15 meters to about 10 cm. Selective availability was introduced by the US military to degrade civilian GPS but was turned off in 2000. DGPS was developed as a solution, broadcasting corrections to offset errors and allow 5 meter accuracy, meeting most civilian needs. It has expanded to cover many waterways through systems like the US Coast Guard's National DGPS.
1. The purpose of a simplified voyage data recorder (S-VDR) is to securely store information about a vessel's position, movement, status, and command in the event of an incident for use in subsequent investigations.
2. Ships defined in SOLAS Chapter V must be fitted with an S-VDR that continuously records preselected data items relating to ship status, equipment output, and command/control. The data must be time-correlated and stored in a tamper-proof capsule for at least 2 years.
3. An S-VDR must record data items including date, time, position, speed, heading, bridge audio, communications audio, radar data, and AIS data
Progress and Challenges for the Use of Deep Learning to Improve Weather Forec...inside-BigData.com
In this deck from the UK HPC Conference, Peter Dueben from ECMWF presents: Progress and Challenges for the Use of Deep Learning to Improve Weather Forecasts.
"I will present recent studies that use deep learning to learn the equations of motion of the atmosphere, to emulate model components of weather forecast models and to enhance usability of weather forecasts. I will than talk about the main challenges for the application of deep learning in cutting-edge weather forecasts and suggest approaches to improve usability in the future."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-l1X
Learn more: https://www.ecmwf.int/
and
http://hpcadvisorycouncil.com/events/2019/uk-conference/agenda.php
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Airspace safety review a study of the aircraft hazards from an 80 k w transm...Leishman Associates
A researcher developed a model to analyze aircraft hazards from a proposed 80kW transmitter. The model calculated power density levels in a 3D airspace and compared them to aircraft and human safety standards. Analysis found safety levels for aircraft occupants would be met, but airspace management is needed. Further research includes verifying the model with measurements and investigating time-averaged human exposure standards.
AirSwot is an airborne radar system called KaSPAR that will be used to calibrate and validate the SWOT satellite mission. KaSPAR will make high-accuracy elevation maps with a 5km swath from an altitude of 35,000 feet to replicate SWOT's measurements over various terrain. It will also gather additional data on water temporal correlation, elevation, backscatter, and vegetation attenuation to help classify landscapes and predict SWOT's performance. The system draws on heritage from previous airborne radars and will fly on the NASA King Air to begin engineering flights in 2012 for SWOT calibration prior to its launch.
This document is the April 1999 revised edition of the Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook published by the Naval Air Systems Command. It contains over 300 pages of information on electronic warfare topics. The handbook is approved for public release and distribution is unlimited. It includes numerous abbreviations and acronyms commonly used in electronic warfare.
The document provides information on the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual. It discusses that IAMSAR is a joint publication of ICAO and IMO that assists states in meeting SAR needs and obligations under international conventions. It has three volumes that deal with specific SAR system duties and can be used independently or together. The document then provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to SAR operations, structures, and coordination.
Weather forecasting uses science and technology to predict atmospheric conditions. Computers are critical and used for data logging through sensors and collection methods like weather balloons, satellites, and stations. The data is then fed into complex modeling systems of equations to predict future conditions, with more accurate predictions requiring more data and powerful computers.
This document provides an overview of the autopilot and flight management systems on an aircraft. It describes the key components like the flight management and guidance system (FMGS), flight management and guidance computers (FMGCs), flight control unit (FCU), and autopilot. It explains how the autopilot, flight directors, and auto thrust systems work together to control the aircraft and achieve different flight modes. The flight mode annunciations (FMAs) indicate the engaged, armed and status of the auto flight systems.
The document describes various navigational instruments and systems used on ships. It provides brief descriptions of instruments such as the gyrocompass, magnetic compass, radar, sonar, fish finder, Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA), Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), Automatic Identification System (AIS), marine autopilots, rudder angle indicator, voyage data recorder, Global Positioning System (GPS), chart plotter, marine VHF radio, public address system, rate of turn indicator, close-quarters monitor, log, echosounder, radio altimeter, Long Range Tracking and Identification (LRIT) system, Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), anemometer
The document discusses various tools used in weather forecasting, including meteorological stations, pilot balloons, radiosondes, weather radars, sodars, and satellites. Pilot balloons and radiosondes are used to collect temperature, humidity, and wind data at different altitudes. Weather radars like Doppler radars detect rain and wind patterns. Sodars measure wind speed above ground using sound wave scattering. Satellites like Kalpana-1 and INSAT provide visual images and infrared data on clouds, temperature, and moisture profiles to forecast weather.
CARE is a charity that provides aviation education courses in Hong Kong. It has partnered with youth organizations since 2009 and established a connection with a UK flight school in 2015. Students who complete CARE's program can receive recommendations to participate in the flight school's private pilot program. The document then describes the electronic flight displays on Airbus aircraft, including the primary flight display, navigation display, and their various modes and symbology relating to flight parameters, navigation, weather radar, and the flight management system.
The document discusses wind farm analysis workflows and their impact on radar systems. It describes analyzing various wind farm sites from 2003 onward for effects on primary surveillance radar, secondary surveillance radar, VOR systems, and ILS. Methods are discussed for evaluating wind farms' effects on bearing errors, false targets, signal loss, and corruption. The document also outlines Eurocontrol guidelines and regulatory documents on assessing wind turbine impacts and potential mitigation techniques.
Simulating tropical meteorology for air quality studiesKatestone
Presented at the 2013 CASANZ conference by Katestone air quality consultant Tania Haigh. Paper presents a review of two meteorological models, TAPM and WRF at simulating basic meteorological parameters in a tropical location.
This document contains questions related to the IMDG Code, firefighting procedures, spillage procedures, weather instruments, navigation equipment, and the ISM Code. It includes questions about 3 different dangerous goods, actions to take in case of a cargo fire on deck or under deck, washing spillage on deck, protecting against corrosion from spillage under deck, the setup and use of a Mason's hygrometer, Stevenson screen, gyro compass, GPS including errors and setup, radar usage including sea stabilization, ECDIS chart types, advantages and disadvantages of AIS, draft and fresh water allowances, barometer corrections, hydrometers, hygrometers, and requirements and goals of the ISM Code.
Use of satellite imageries in weather forecastingDK27497
Satellite imagery provides valuable data for weather forecasting. Meteorologists use satellite images, which act as "eyes in the sky", to observe the atmosphere and track events like the formation of clouds. Different types of satellites like geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites provide imagery at varying resolutions, frequencies, wavelengths, and angles. Weather forecasting involves collecting data from stations, analyzing patterns in satellite images and charts, and issuing forecasts. Satellite images allow forecasters to predict conditions and natural hazards. Continued technological advances will further improve forecasting accuracy.
The document summarizes results from the High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) during the 2010 GRIP Hurricane Field Campaign. HAMSR is a microwave radiometer flown on the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle to observe the 3D temperature and water vapor structure of hurricanes. Key findings include detailed observations of the inner-core thermodynamic structure and intensity evolution of Hurricanes Earl and Karl, which helped improve intensity forecasting. HAMSR data is publicly available and was also used to time dropsonde releases during atmospheric river flights in the 2011 WISPAR campaign.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
VDR is a marine recording device that functions like an aircraft's black box, recording critical ship data and communications to help investigators determine the cause of accidents. A VDR continuously records data from navigational equipment, alarms, and communications for at least 12 hours. This data is stored in a protective capsule that can withstand fire and deep water immersion. Accessing and analyzing VDR data after an incident allows for faster, more accurate investigations that help improve safety. VDR recordings have also assisted ship owners in assessing bridge team performance and identifying areas for improvement.
Radar has many applications including military uses such as air defense systems and missile tracking, remote sensing for weather observation and mapping, air traffic control, law enforcement for speed enforcement, aircraft safety for weather avoidance and terrain mapping, ship safety for collision avoidance, space applications like planetary exploration and satellite tracking, and other uses such as oil and gas exploration, insect and bird tracking, and medical diagnostics. It works by emitting radio waves that bounce off objects and return to the radar unit, allowing detection and measurement of the distance and position of objects.
Rex Alexander presented on HEMS accidents from 1983-2013. There were 247 total accidents reported to the NTSB, with 61 (25%) related to weather. Weather-related accidents resulted in fatalities 58% of the time compared to 33% for all accidents. The presentation argued for improving the HEMS Weather Tool to provide pilots with more accurate and localized weather data, which could help reduce accidents and aborts related to weather uncertainties. It provided historical details on the development of the HEMS Weather Tool and recommendations to transition it to an operational system by increasing the number of weather stations reporting to it.
HEMS Industry Data Points
- Transported more than 298,000 patients in 2011.
- Directly employs 18,000 people
- Approximately 1,000 helicopters
- $3.4 Billion per year industry
- Over $900 Million on safety improvements since 2006
- 298,000 patients transported in 2011
- Estimate 363,896 total flight hours in 2011
- Estimate 40%-60% of patient flight request turndown rate (of those, as many as 80% may be due to weather)
- Approximately 20% of REQUESTS may end in “aborts” in which the aircraft took off and turned back due to weather; those do not result in a patient transport and are not included in patient transport total
http://belfortinstrument.com/helicopter-automated-weather-observing-systems/
1. The purpose of a simplified voyage data recorder (S-VDR) is to securely store information about a vessel's position, movement, status, and command in the event of an incident for use in subsequent investigations.
2. Ships defined in SOLAS Chapter V must be fitted with an S-VDR that continuously records preselected data items relating to ship status, equipment output, and command/control. The data must be time-correlated and stored in a tamper-proof capsule for at least 2 years.
3. An S-VDR must record data items including date, time, position, speed, heading, bridge audio, communications audio, radar data, and AIS data
Progress and Challenges for the Use of Deep Learning to Improve Weather Forec...inside-BigData.com
In this deck from the UK HPC Conference, Peter Dueben from ECMWF presents: Progress and Challenges for the Use of Deep Learning to Improve Weather Forecasts.
"I will present recent studies that use deep learning to learn the equations of motion of the atmosphere, to emulate model components of weather forecast models and to enhance usability of weather forecasts. I will than talk about the main challenges for the application of deep learning in cutting-edge weather forecasts and suggest approaches to improve usability in the future."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-l1X
Learn more: https://www.ecmwf.int/
and
http://hpcadvisorycouncil.com/events/2019/uk-conference/agenda.php
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Airspace safety review a study of the aircraft hazards from an 80 k w transm...Leishman Associates
A researcher developed a model to analyze aircraft hazards from a proposed 80kW transmitter. The model calculated power density levels in a 3D airspace and compared them to aircraft and human safety standards. Analysis found safety levels for aircraft occupants would be met, but airspace management is needed. Further research includes verifying the model with measurements and investigating time-averaged human exposure standards.
AirSwot is an airborne radar system called KaSPAR that will be used to calibrate and validate the SWOT satellite mission. KaSPAR will make high-accuracy elevation maps with a 5km swath from an altitude of 35,000 feet to replicate SWOT's measurements over various terrain. It will also gather additional data on water temporal correlation, elevation, backscatter, and vegetation attenuation to help classify landscapes and predict SWOT's performance. The system draws on heritage from previous airborne radars and will fly on the NASA King Air to begin engineering flights in 2012 for SWOT calibration prior to its launch.
This document is the April 1999 revised edition of the Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook published by the Naval Air Systems Command. It contains over 300 pages of information on electronic warfare topics. The handbook is approved for public release and distribution is unlimited. It includes numerous abbreviations and acronyms commonly used in electronic warfare.
The document provides information on the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual. It discusses that IAMSAR is a joint publication of ICAO and IMO that assists states in meeting SAR needs and obligations under international conventions. It has three volumes that deal with specific SAR system duties and can be used independently or together. The document then provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to SAR operations, structures, and coordination.
Weather forecasting uses science and technology to predict atmospheric conditions. Computers are critical and used for data logging through sensors and collection methods like weather balloons, satellites, and stations. The data is then fed into complex modeling systems of equations to predict future conditions, with more accurate predictions requiring more data and powerful computers.
This document provides an overview of the autopilot and flight management systems on an aircraft. It describes the key components like the flight management and guidance system (FMGS), flight management and guidance computers (FMGCs), flight control unit (FCU), and autopilot. It explains how the autopilot, flight directors, and auto thrust systems work together to control the aircraft and achieve different flight modes. The flight mode annunciations (FMAs) indicate the engaged, armed and status of the auto flight systems.
The document describes various navigational instruments and systems used on ships. It provides brief descriptions of instruments such as the gyrocompass, magnetic compass, radar, sonar, fish finder, Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA), Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), Automatic Identification System (AIS), marine autopilots, rudder angle indicator, voyage data recorder, Global Positioning System (GPS), chart plotter, marine VHF radio, public address system, rate of turn indicator, close-quarters monitor, log, echosounder, radio altimeter, Long Range Tracking and Identification (LRIT) system, Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), anemometer
The document discusses various tools used in weather forecasting, including meteorological stations, pilot balloons, radiosondes, weather radars, sodars, and satellites. Pilot balloons and radiosondes are used to collect temperature, humidity, and wind data at different altitudes. Weather radars like Doppler radars detect rain and wind patterns. Sodars measure wind speed above ground using sound wave scattering. Satellites like Kalpana-1 and INSAT provide visual images and infrared data on clouds, temperature, and moisture profiles to forecast weather.
CARE is a charity that provides aviation education courses in Hong Kong. It has partnered with youth organizations since 2009 and established a connection with a UK flight school in 2015. Students who complete CARE's program can receive recommendations to participate in the flight school's private pilot program. The document then describes the electronic flight displays on Airbus aircraft, including the primary flight display, navigation display, and their various modes and symbology relating to flight parameters, navigation, weather radar, and the flight management system.
The document discusses wind farm analysis workflows and their impact on radar systems. It describes analyzing various wind farm sites from 2003 onward for effects on primary surveillance radar, secondary surveillance radar, VOR systems, and ILS. Methods are discussed for evaluating wind farms' effects on bearing errors, false targets, signal loss, and corruption. The document also outlines Eurocontrol guidelines and regulatory documents on assessing wind turbine impacts and potential mitigation techniques.
Simulating tropical meteorology for air quality studiesKatestone
Presented at the 2013 CASANZ conference by Katestone air quality consultant Tania Haigh. Paper presents a review of two meteorological models, TAPM and WRF at simulating basic meteorological parameters in a tropical location.
This document contains questions related to the IMDG Code, firefighting procedures, spillage procedures, weather instruments, navigation equipment, and the ISM Code. It includes questions about 3 different dangerous goods, actions to take in case of a cargo fire on deck or under deck, washing spillage on deck, protecting against corrosion from spillage under deck, the setup and use of a Mason's hygrometer, Stevenson screen, gyro compass, GPS including errors and setup, radar usage including sea stabilization, ECDIS chart types, advantages and disadvantages of AIS, draft and fresh water allowances, barometer corrections, hydrometers, hygrometers, and requirements and goals of the ISM Code.
Use of satellite imageries in weather forecastingDK27497
Satellite imagery provides valuable data for weather forecasting. Meteorologists use satellite images, which act as "eyes in the sky", to observe the atmosphere and track events like the formation of clouds. Different types of satellites like geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites provide imagery at varying resolutions, frequencies, wavelengths, and angles. Weather forecasting involves collecting data from stations, analyzing patterns in satellite images and charts, and issuing forecasts. Satellite images allow forecasters to predict conditions and natural hazards. Continued technological advances will further improve forecasting accuracy.
The document summarizes results from the High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) during the 2010 GRIP Hurricane Field Campaign. HAMSR is a microwave radiometer flown on the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle to observe the 3D temperature and water vapor structure of hurricanes. Key findings include detailed observations of the inner-core thermodynamic structure and intensity evolution of Hurricanes Earl and Karl, which helped improve intensity forecasting. HAMSR data is publicly available and was also used to time dropsonde releases during atmospheric river flights in the 2011 WISPAR campaign.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
VDR is a marine recording device that functions like an aircraft's black box, recording critical ship data and communications to help investigators determine the cause of accidents. A VDR continuously records data from navigational equipment, alarms, and communications for at least 12 hours. This data is stored in a protective capsule that can withstand fire and deep water immersion. Accessing and analyzing VDR data after an incident allows for faster, more accurate investigations that help improve safety. VDR recordings have also assisted ship owners in assessing bridge team performance and identifying areas for improvement.
Radar has many applications including military uses such as air defense systems and missile tracking, remote sensing for weather observation and mapping, air traffic control, law enforcement for speed enforcement, aircraft safety for weather avoidance and terrain mapping, ship safety for collision avoidance, space applications like planetary exploration and satellite tracking, and other uses such as oil and gas exploration, insect and bird tracking, and medical diagnostics. It works by emitting radio waves that bounce off objects and return to the radar unit, allowing detection and measurement of the distance and position of objects.
Rex Alexander presented on HEMS accidents from 1983-2013. There were 247 total accidents reported to the NTSB, with 61 (25%) related to weather. Weather-related accidents resulted in fatalities 58% of the time compared to 33% for all accidents. The presentation argued for improving the HEMS Weather Tool to provide pilots with more accurate and localized weather data, which could help reduce accidents and aborts related to weather uncertainties. It provided historical details on the development of the HEMS Weather Tool and recommendations to transition it to an operational system by increasing the number of weather stations reporting to it.
HEMS Industry Data Points
- Transported more than 298,000 patients in 2011.
- Directly employs 18,000 people
- Approximately 1,000 helicopters
- $3.4 Billion per year industry
- Over $900 Million on safety improvements since 2006
- 298,000 patients transported in 2011
- Estimate 363,896 total flight hours in 2011
- Estimate 40%-60% of patient flight request turndown rate (of those, as many as 80% may be due to weather)
- Approximately 20% of REQUESTS may end in “aborts” in which the aircraft took off and turned back due to weather; those do not result in a patient transport and are not included in patient transport total
http://belfortinstrument.com/helicopter-automated-weather-observing-systems/
- AMDAR is an automated aircraft-based observing system that is a component of WMO's WIGOS and GOS observing systems. It provides meteorological data from aircraft in near-real-time to NMHSs and for inclusion on the WMO GTS.
- AMDAR uses existing aircraft sensors and communications to collect parameters like wind, temperature, humidity, and turbulence. The data meets WMO requirements for accuracy and supports aviation operations and numerical weather prediction.
- The roles and responsibilities of the partners involved - WMO, NMHSs, airlines - are defined to establish AMDAR programs, ensure data quality, and maximize the benefits of the additional observations.
Generating and Using Meteorological Data in AERMOD BREEZE Software
AERMOD, the preferred model of the U.S. EPA for near-field air dispersion modeling, requires the use of two meteorological files: the surface (.SFC) and profile (.PFL) files.
Sensitivity of AERMOD to AERMINUTE-Generated MeteorologyBREEZE Software
This study presents a comparison of the pollutant concentration predictions from the AERMOD and ISC air dispersion models in the context of fugitive storage tank emissions at a bulk petroleum storage terminal.
Wind Energy Technology & Application of Remote SensingSiraj Ahmed
This document discusses wind energy technology and the application of remote sensing techniques. It provides an overview of topics including wind resource assessment, site characterization, wind turbines, energy calculations, optimization opportunities, and challenges of grid integration. Remote sensing techniques like SODAR and LIDAR are described as useful tools for wind resource mapping, profiling, scanning, power curve verification, and aiding wind turbine control. Key issues discussed include the need for remote sensing at higher hub heights and offshore, its advantages over meteorological towers, and applications in areas like proactive wind turbine control.
2004-10-09 MANE-VU Status Report on CATT and FASTNETRudolf Husar
1. The document provides a status report on CATT (Combined Aerosol Trajectory Tools) and FASTNET (Fast Aerosol Sensing Tools for Natural Event Tracking). 2. It summarizes that CATT and FASTNET have been integrated into the DataFed.Net system, which allows users to view, analyze, compare, and interpret various air quality datasets and run applications. 3. It demonstrates some examples of using DataFed.Net to analyze trajectories, aerosol data, and identify potential sources of observed air pollution events and concentrations.
2004-10-09 MANE-VU Status Report on CATT and FASTNETRudolf Husar
1. The document provides a status report on CATT (Combined Aerosol Trajectory Tools) and FASTNET (Fast Aerosol Sensing Tools for Natural Event Tracking). 2. It summarizes that CATT and FASTNET have been integrated into the DataFed.Net system, which allows users to view, analyze, compare, and interpret various air quality datasets and trajectory models. 3. It demonstrates some examples of using DataFed.Net to analyze trajectories, aerosol measurements, and other data to identify potential sources of various air pollution events.
2003-12-04 Evaluation of the ASOS Light Scattering NetworkRudolf Husar
The document reports on an evaluation of the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) light scattering network. It analyzes data from 220 ASOS stations to evaluate the precision and performance of the ASOS visibility sensors. It finds that some stations show excellent correlation between duplicate sensors while others show poorer correlation or significant offsets. It also examines diurnal patterns and the effects of relative humidity on visibility readings.
This document discusses using geostationary satellites to predict aviation weather hazards like downbursts and fog. It describes how satellite measurements can be used to calculate indices like the Microburst Wind Potential Index (MWPI) to forecast downburst wind speeds up to 3 hours in advance. Case studies of downbursts in Southern California in 2014 and fog in Salt Lake City in 2015 are presented, showing how satellite data matched observations. The conclusions emphasize that MWPI has conditional skill in forecasting thunderstorm winds and that fog can be detected using infrared channel brightness temperature differences from GOES satellites.
Review and analysis of a January 16, 2014, major turbulence eventSchneider Electric
On January 16, 2014, United Airlines flight 89 from Newark to Beijing departed at 12:55 p.m. Eastern, carrying 189 passengers and 16 crew members. Forty-five minutes into the flight, food and beverage service had just begun when the plane began to experience severe turbulence. Pilots were not expecting turbulence of that nature; it was so severe that it injured five flight attendants and the plane had to return to the Newark Liberty International Airport.
The aviation industry is in need of flight weather hazards forecasts that are timely, targeted, and not dependent on operations and planning managers to interpret potentially dangerous and costly situations. Our newest, patented model delivers better-defined turbulence, icing, and thunderstorm forecasts more frequently, based on global weather data models and a high definition U.S. model, which help to reduce the need for interpretation.
Author: John Thivierge
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) provides standard conditions for pressure, temperature, and density at sea level and altitudes above sea level. At sea level, ISA conditions are 1013.25mb for pressure, +15°C for temperature, and 1225 g/m3 for density. Temperature decreases at a rate of 1.98°C for every 1000 feet of altitude increase according to the ISA lapse rate. Examples show how to calculate actual conditions compared to ISA standards.
NOAA is transitioning SAR-derived sea surface wind products to operational status to provide high-resolution coastal wind data to users. The system ingests SAR data from various satellites, retrieves winds using geophysical models, and distributes products through CoastWatch. Validation shows accuracy of 1-2.5 m/s compared to buoy winds. Operational implementation began in 2009 and will be complete in 2012 to handle future SAR missions like Sentinel-1 and provide coastal wind information to users.
Air traffic control systems have evolved over time to safely manage increasing air traffic. Early systems included transponders that identified friendly aircraft and provided altitude information. Current systems like Mode S allow discrete aircraft addressing and ADS-B data sharing. Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) monitors nearby aircraft and recommends collision avoidance maneuvers. Radar systems provide air traffic controllers with aircraft location to direct traffic and prevent collisions.
Air traffic control systems have evolved over time to safely manage increasing air traffic. Early systems included transponders that identified friendly aircraft and provided altitude information. Current systems like Mode S allow discrete aircraft addressing and additional data transmission. Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) monitors nearby aircraft and advises pilots on collision avoidance maneuvers. Radar systems are also important, with altimeters measuring altitude and weather radar imaging storms. These technologies collectively enable air traffic control to direct aircraft efficiently and prevent accidents.
2016 Next Gen ISR Velocity Group PresentationVelocity Group
This was a presentation given by Commercial UAV/UAS expert and Velocity Group Business Development Director, Ron Stearns, at the TTC Next-Generation ISR Symposium for Military and Government. Ron presents his forecast analysis for budgets and spending in the UAV/UAS ISR space for commercial and defense verticals. He also looks at new data applications and opportunities in private and public sectors as a result of the FAA's Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 and subsequent changes since the bill became law (eg - Section 333 vs. Part 107).
AViation Meteorology weather effects hazards Muhammad Umair
This document summarizes various weather hazards that can impact aviation safety. It discusses hazards at both local and regional/global scales that can be encountered in airport terminal areas or en-route. Some key hazards mentioned include thunderstorms, icing, reduced visibility, hurricanes, and wind shear. The document also provides an overview of instrument meteorological conditions and forecast products available to pilots to help assess weather risks, such as TAFs, AIRMETs, and resources from the Aviation Weather Center.
JPSS will continue critical environmental monitoring from polar orbiting satellites by maintaining observations from sensors like CrIS, ATMS, VIIRS, OMPS, and CERES. The NPP satellite will fly the first set of these instruments in order to ensure continuity of data until JPSS-1 is launched. JPSS will provide global observations for weather forecasting and climate monitoring through environmental data records from multiple instruments measuring atmospheric, oceanic, and land surface variables. Continuity of long term data sets is essential for detecting climate change and improving weather prediction.
2. Why NOAA Observes the Atmosphere? Current verses Objective Resolution Requirements ▼ ▼ Reference: Schlatter, et al, 2005: A Phenomenological Approach to the Specification of Observational Requirements ▼ ▼ Current Objective Req.
16. High Winds AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NWS SAN DIEGO CA 1120 PM PST FRI DEC 22 2006 .DISCUSSION... UPDATE TO UPGRADE THE WIND ADVISORY FOR THE INLAND EMPIRE AND THE SANTA ANA MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS TO A HIGH WIND WARNING THROUGH EARLY AFTERNOON SATURDAY. RECENT ACARS SOUNDINGS FROM ONTARIO SHOW A VERY IMPRESSIVE SUBSIDENCE INVERSION NEAR 700 MB FAVORABLE FOR MOUNTAIN WAVE DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS AN OVERALL STRONG WIND FIELD BELOW 700 MB WITH WINDS UP TO 50 KNOTS OR SO. WINDS IN THE WINDIER LOCATIONS...BELOW THE CAJON PASS AND NEAR FREMONT CANYON HAVE GUSTED TO AROUND 60 MPH IN THE PAST HOUR. Santa Ana
17. High Winds AMDAR sounding at 0411 UTC December 23, 2006 from Ontario, California showing mountain top inversion and strong wind field. Santa Ana
22. AMDAR Links: AMDAR Flyer http://www.wmo.ch/web/aom/amprog/Publications/Final%20Production%20AMDAR%20Flyer.pdf U.S. AMDAR Page http://amdar.noaa.gov/ Automated Meteorological Reports from Commercial Aircraft by Bill Moninger, Rich Mamrosh, and Pat Pauley (2003). Published in the February, 2003 issue of the Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 84, 203-216. http://amdar.noaa.gov/docs/bams/ Optimization Requirements Document for the Meteorological Data Collection and Reporting System / Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay System, 2006, submitted to NOAA by ARINC. http://amdar.noaa.gov/docs/ARINC_Optimization_%20Req_March2006.pdf
23. Comments??? David Helms 301-713-3557 x193 [email_address] NOAA/ NWS Office of Science and Technology
24. Observation Accuracies – Temperature and Wind Speed - More discussions of observed data quality will follow Comparison of AMDAR and GPS radiosonde winds
25. Avg # Reports per 6hr Cycle (+/- 3 hr window) per Layer Count by Pressure Layer (mb) Temperature Observation Counts North American Domain (20-70 North, 60-140 West) January 2006 2500 Aircraft Obs vs. 200 Radiosonde Obs per Layer
26. Avg # Reports per 6hr Cycle (+/- 3 hr window) per Layer Count by Pressure Layer (mb) Wind Observation Counts North American Domain (20-70 North, 60-140 West) January 2006 2500 Aircraft Obs vs. 200 Radiosonde Obs per Layer Max Count = VAD Winds
27. Avg # Reports per 6hr Cycle (+/- 3 hr window) per Layer Count by Pressure Layer (mb) Relative Humidity Observation Counts North American Domain (20-70 North, 60-140 West) January 2006 300 Aircraft Obs vs. 170 Radiosonde Obs per Layer
28. AMDAR Data Collection: Sometimes too much data?? Numbers indicate average number of ascent/descent soundings per day during the week of April 10, 2005 157 100 208 64 96 DAL: 31 DFW: 23 AFW: 10 64 135 53 20 151 18 131 LAX:120 SAN: 24 ONT: 23 BUR: 3 170 54 SFO: 78 OAK: 39 SMF: 10 MHR: 7 SJC: 7 FAT: 1 142 JFK: 64 EWR: 39 LGA: 32 135 43 15 22 24 35 31 6 7 13 13 10 10 17 5 64 7 14 5 5 18 22 8 2 88 13 7 8 5 9 1 17 Average Daily MDCRS Aircraft Soundings (Ascents and Descents) 26 15 13 13 9 9 9 7 7 7 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 6 142 3 170 1 4
29. MDCRS Data: Surface to 15K ft MDCRS Data: 15Kft to 40K ft Most Observations Above 25K ft Most Ascents/Descents In the Midwest and East and West Coasts AMDAR Data Collection: Spatial Coverage
30. Weekly Data Availability Varies by 40% Daily Data Availability Varies by 60% AMDAR Data Collection: Temporal Coverage
Editor's Notes
Invited Panel Presentation for the Regional Airline Association: http://www.raa.org/
External Users: Executive Director, Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARMA) Lead Scientist, Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems (NANOOS) Lead Meteorologist, Northwest Airlines Aviation Modeler, National Center for Atmospheric Research Hydrologist, National Hydrologic Warning Council (NHWC) Lead Meteorologist, Pacific Gas & Electric Meteorological Services CEO, WindLogics Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) Chair, Weather Coalition Northwest Pacific Fishermen’s Association Maryland Emergency Management Agency European Composite Observing System (EuCOS) Chair, AMS Board on Private Sector Meteorology Director, IPS MeteoStar National Weather Association Chair, Expert Team on Observational Data Requirements And Redesign of the Global Observing System, WMO Chair, OPAG on Upper-Air Observation Technology, WMO Chief Scientist, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Internal Users: Director, NOAA OAR Air Resources Lab Program Lead, - Meteorological Requirements (ATO), FAA, DoT Lead Energy Initiative Modeler, National Severe Storms Lab, NOAA/OAR Principal Hydrologic Engineer, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Science and Operations Officer, NOAA/NWS USAF Liaison to NOAA National Fire Weather Program Manager, Bureau of Land Management, DoI Director of Operations, National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC), DoE IMAAC Deputy Program Manager, DHS Hazardous Materials Response Division (HAZMAT), Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA/NOS Scientist, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, DoD Chief Scientist, NOAA Rapid Update Cycle Model
Selected aircraft were collecting atmospheric observations in the 1920’s, and only after this date did radiosondes commence operations in the 1950’s as the main in situ atmospheric observing system. From: Automated Meteorological Reports from Commercial Aircraft by Bill Moninger, Rich Mamrosh, and Pat Pauley (2003). Published in the February, 2003 issue of the Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 84 , 203-216 http://acweb.fsl.noaa.gov/docs/bams/
Automated Meteorological Reports from Commercial Aircraft by Bill Moninger, Rich Mamrosh, and Pat Pauley (2003). Published in the February, 2003 issue of the Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 84 , 203-216. http://amdar.noaa.gov/docs/bams/
Automated Meteorological Reports from Commercial Aircraft by Bill Moninger, Rich Mamrosh, and Pat Pauley (2003). Published in the February, 2003 issue of the Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 84 , 203-216. http://amdar.noaa.gov/docs/bams/
From 2006 ARINC Optimization Study.
From 2006 ARINC Optimization Study.
From 2006 ARINC Optimization Study.
We will divide this part of the presentation into the seven different phenomenon based groups above.
AMDAR provide yet another means of comparing data from different upper air systems. AMDAR is frequently used by meteorologists to verify the initialization and performance of the numerical weather prediction models. It has also been used to flag erroneous radiosonde, profiler, and WSR-88D VAD winds, and to verify GOES and POES satellite soundings.
Randy Baker/UPS
Aircraft observations provide opportunities to cost effectively enhance our public/private partnership including adding water vapor sensors, turbulence, and icing observations. WVSS II AMS Poster, August 2005 http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ost/wvss/AMS_NWP-WVSSII_Poster_JUL05.pdf
From Ralph Petersen
Brad Ballish, NOAA/NCEP, 2006.
Brad Ballish, NOAA/NCEP, 2006.
Brad Ballish, NOAA/NCEP, 2006.
A leveling of data collection is sorely needed to more equally provide data in time and space.
1. ACARS Coverage - May 2001: A study in support of the TAMDAR project by Brian D. Jamison and Bill Moninger, Forecast Systems Laboratory. 2. Data (lower left and right figures) is from December 11, 2003.
ACARS Coverage - May 2001: A study in support of the TAMDAR project by Brian D. Jamison and Bill Moninger, Forecast Systems Laboratory.