Force can cause changes in the motion of objects, including changes in speed, direction, and shape. Balanced forces have equal magnitudes acting in opposite directions, causing no change in motion. Unbalanced forces have unequal magnitudes and can change an object's motion. Newton's three laws of motion describe how forces affect the motion of objects. The first law states that objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The second law relates force, mass, and acceleration. The third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Momentum is also conserved in interactions between objects.
This presentation is about rest and motion in which we study the three types of motion (Translatory motion, Rotatory motion and Vibratory motion) with their examples.
This is a summary of the topic "Energy, work and power" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Force , Newton's Laws of Motion and MomentumOleepari
Force and Newton’s laws : Force and Motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Action and Reaction
forces, Inertia of a body, Inertia and mass, Momentum, Force and Acceleration. Elementary
idea of conservation of Momentum
This presentation is about rest and motion in which we study the three types of motion (Translatory motion, Rotatory motion and Vibratory motion) with their examples.
This is a summary of the topic "Energy, work and power" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Force , Newton's Laws of Motion and MomentumOleepari
Force and Newton’s laws : Force and Motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Action and Reaction
forces, Inertia of a body, Inertia and mass, Momentum, Force and Acceleration. Elementary
idea of conservation of Momentum
Write about different classes of people on the clothes they were when they wear youngAs mentioned earlier, "Chirag" is a two-word short story by Phanishwar Nath Renu. The story goes as follows:
A lamp was burning in a room. A gust of wind blew through the window and extinguished the flame. The end.
The story may seem simple and straightforward, but it has a deeper meaning. The lamp represents life, and the wind represents death. The sudden extinguishing of the lamp symbolizes how life can be snuffed out in an instant. It also emphasizes the fragility of life and how we should cherish every moment we have.
Overall, "Chirag" is a poignant and thought-provoking story that leaves a lasting impact on the reader.Aman Pathak:
Conclusion on Trace the train in clothes worn at work,leisure, sports in the early 19th century qnd today in the world and india
Trace the impact of colonization on the handloom workers and industry and compare it with changes in handloom and khadi industry since independence in india with title
Conclusion of
Trace the impact of colonization on the handloom workers and industry and compare it with changes in handloom and khadi industry since independence in indiaWrite about different classes of people on the clothes they were when they wear youngAs mentioned earlier, "Chirag" is a two-word short story by Phanishwar Nath Renu. The story goes as follows:
A lamp was burning in a room. A gust of wind blew through the window and extinguished the flame. The end.
The story may seem simple and straightforward, but it has a deeper meaning. The lamp represents life, and the wind represents death. The sudden extinguishing of the lamp symbolizes how life can be snuffed out in an instant. It also emphasizes the fragility of life and how we should cherish every moment we have.
Overall, "Chirag" is a poignant and thought-provoking story that leaves a lasting impact on the reader.Aman Pathak:
Conclusion on Trace the train in clothes worn at work,leisure, sports in the early 19th century qnd today in the world and india
Trace the impact of colonization on the handloom workers and industry and compare it with changes in handloom and khadi industry since independence in india with title
Conclusion of
Trace the impact of colonization on the handloom workers and industry and compare it with changes in handloom and khadi industry since independence in indiaWrite about different classes of people on the clothes they were when they wear youngAs mentioned earlier, "Chirag" is a two-word short story by Phanishwar Nath Renu. The story goes as follows:
A lamp was burning in a room. A gust of wind blew through the window and extinguished the flame. The end.
The story may seem simple and straightforward, but it has a deeper meaning. The lamp represents life, and the wind represents death. The sudden extinguishing of the lamp symbolizes how life can be snuffed out in an instant. It also emphasizes the fragility of life and how we should cherish ever
In physics, a force is any interaction which tends to change the motion of an object.
In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate.
Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull.
A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time.
If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
As a formula, this is expressed as:
Related concepts to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque which produces changes in rotational speed of an object. In an extended body, each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the so-called mechanical stress.
Pressure is a simple type of stress. Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.
Aristotle famously described a force
In the realm of physics, the study of motion and the forces that cause it forms the foundation for understanding the physical world. Class 9 Science introduces students to the fundamental concepts of force and the laws of motion, a crucial chapter that lays the groundwork for more advanced studies in physics. Let's delve into these concepts to gain a comprehensive understanding.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. FORCE
A force is any influence that causes a free body to
undergo a change in speed ,a change in direction or a
change in shape
Effects of force
Force can move a body which is at rest.
Force can stop a moving body.
Force can change the speed of a moving body.
Force can change the direction of a moving body.
Force can change the shape and size of a body.
3.
4. Balanced and unbalanced forces
i) Balanced forces :-
If two forces act on a body in opposite directions and if both the
forces are equal, then the resultant force acting on the body is zero.
Such forces are called balanced forces.
Balanced forces cannot change the state of rest or motion of a
body.
F1
F2
F1 = F2
5. ii) Unbalanced forces :-
If two forces act on a body in opposite direction and if
one force is greater than the other, then the resultant force is
not equal to zero. Such forces are called unbalanced forces.
Unbalanced forces changes the state of rest or the motion
of a body.
F1 F2
F1 > F2
6. force
It is a vector quantity
It is the cause of acceleration and deceleration
of an object
Therefore:
It’s unit is ‘Newton’
7. The product of mass and velocity of an moving object
is known as its linear momentum
It is also a vector quantity
momentum is represented by the term “P”
Therefore :
8. INERTIA
It is the natural tendency of an object to resist a
change in it’s state of motion.
The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia
9. Mass and Inertia
• Heavier or more massive objects offer have
larger Inertia
• Lighter objects offer have lesser inertia
So inertia of an object is directly proportional to its
10. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton made a study on motion and proposed
three laws of motion witch are known as Newton's laws of
motion.
Newton’s Laws of motion
11. ‘An object remains in a state of rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change that state by an applied
force.’
12. Law of Inertia
If an object is at rest, it will remain at rest
with the same speed and in the same direction
until unless an external force is not
applied
13. Example 1
When a horse suddenly starts running, the rider falls
backward
14. Example 2
Only the carom coin at the bottom of a pile is removed
when a fast moving carom coin (or striker) hits it.
15. Law of Inertia
If an object is in uniform motion in a straight
path , it will remain in uniform motion , until
and unless an external force is not applied on
it.
17. ‘ The rate of change of momentum of an object
is proportional to the applied force in the
direction of force.’
18. Mathematical formulation of Second
law of motion
If an object of mass m is moving along a straight line with initial velocity u
and is accelerated to final velocity v in time t by applying a force f, then
Initial momentum p1 = mu
Final momentum p2 = mv
Change in momentum p2 – p1 = mv – mu
= m (v – u )
Rate of change of momentum = m (v – u )
t
Or the applied force F ∞ m (v – u ) / t or F = k m (v – u ) / t but
(v – u ) / t = a
So F = kma where k is a constant of proportionality
so F = ma
The SI unit of mass is kg and acceleration is m/s2 or ms-2 so the unit of
force is kg ms-2 or newton .
It’s symbol is N
19. ‘To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act
on two different bodies.’
EXAMPLE: Take two spring balances A and B connected together. Fix the spring balance B to
a rigid support. When a force is applied by pulling the free end of the spring balance A, both the
spring balances show the same readings. This shows that the force exerted by the spring
balance A on B is equal but opposite in direction to the force exerted by spring balance B on A .
The force exerted by the spring balance A on B is action and the force exerted by the spring
balance B on A is reaction.
20. Examples of ACTION and
REACTION:
i) When a bullet is fired from a gun, it exerts a forward force (action) on the
bullet and the bullet exerts an equal and opposite force on the gun
(reaction) and the gun recoils.
ii) When a sailor jumps out of a boat, he exerts a backward force of the
boat (action) and the boat exerts an equal and opposite force on the sailor
(reaction) and the sailor jumps forward.
Recoil force
on
the gun
Accelerating
force
on the bullet
action reaction
21. Conservation of momentum :-
The Law of conservation of momentum states that :-
‘The sum of momenta of two objects before collision is equal
to the sum of momenta after collision provided there is no
unbalanced forces acting on them.’
This means that the total momentum of the two objects is
unchanged or conserved by collision.
A B A B A B
mA
uA
mB
uB
FBA FAB
mA mB
vA
vB
If two balls A and B of masses mA and mB are travelling in a
straight line with initial velocities uA and uB and if uA > uB, the
two balls will collide with each other. During collision at a
time t, ball A exerts a force FAB on ball B and ball B exerts a
force F on ball A. If v and v are the velocities of balls A
22. The momenta of ball A before and after collision are mAuA and mAvA
and the momenta of ball B before and after collision are mBuB and
mBvB.
Change in momentum of ball A during collision = mAvA – mAuA
(vA - uA)
Rate of change of momentum of ball A (FAB) = mA
t
Change in momentum of ball B during collision = mBvB – mBuB
(vB - uB)
Rate of change of momentum of ball B (FBA ) = mB
t
According to Newton’s third law of motion the force FAB exerted by
ball A on ball B is equal and opposite to the force FBA exerted by ball B
on ball A.
Therefore FAB = - FBA
(vA - uA) (vB - uB)
or mA = = - mB
t t
Momentum of the two balls before collision is equal to the
momentum of the two balls after collision.
