For each of the following statements, answer with a D if the stateme.pdf
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For each of the following statements, answer with a D if the statement is true of simple diffusion, with an F if it is true for facilitated diffusion, and with an A if it is true of active transport. Any, all, or none of the choices maybe appropriate for a given statement. a) Requires the presence of an integral membrane protein. b) Depends primarily on the solubility properties of the solute. c) Work is done during the transport process. d) Applies only to ions e) Transport can occur in either direction across the membrane, depending on the prevailing concentration gradient. Solution Simple Diffusion: The term refers to process where substance through a membrane without the help of integeral membrane protien. the force used in this process is named as diffusion. Facilated Diffusion: This is the process in which solutes are transported across the plasma membranes with the help of membrane protien. Also known as passive transport. Even though transport protiens are invoved in the process its still a passive transport because solutes moving down the concentration gradient. Carrier protiens, gated channel protiens and channel protiens are the three types of transport protiens involved in this process. Active Transport: It is the process in which molecules are transported from lower concentration to higher concentration. The protiens are embeded inside the lipid bilayer and in this process the cell uses energy to transport something. In this process cell has to work to mantain proper balance of ions and molecules. If the process uses chemical energy such as ATP then it is called primary active transport and if there is use of electrochemical gradient then it is called Secondary active transport. So according to this the answers will be. a) requires the presence of integral membrane protien: F and A. b)Depends primarily on the solubility properties of the solute: D c)Work is done during the transport process: A d)Applies only to ions: A e) Transport can occur in either direction across the membrane, depending on the prevaling cncentration gradient: A..
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Mechanism of drug absorption
The document summarizes the key mechanisms of drug absorption, including transcellular, paracellular, and vesicular transport. Transcellular transport occurs across gastrointestinal epithelial cells and can involve passive diffusion, active transport, carrier-mediated transport, or ion-pair transport. Paracellular transport is between cell junctions, while vesicular transport involves endocytosis mechanisms like phagocytosis and pinocytosis. The main driving forces and characteristics of each transport mechanism are described. In under 3 sentences.
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The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins. It encloses the cytoplasm and is selectively permeable, determining what moves in and out of the cell. Materials can pass through the membrane via passive diffusion (simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion) or active transport. Active transport requires carrier proteins and metabolic energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
4. membrane transport 1
There are two main types of membrane transport - passive and active. Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport moves molecules against concentration gradients and requires energy in the form of ATP. A key example of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion gradients across cell membranes.
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membr.pdf
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membrane. a. How is
osmosis similar to simple diffusion of CO_2 across a membrane? How is it different? If an
aquaporin is involved, how does this change your answer? b. Compare and contrast carrier
proteins and channel proteins. Include information about both structure and mechanism of
transport. c. Compare and contrast indirect and direct active transport. Give a specific example
for each type of transport.
Solution
5a: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules down the concentration gradiant through a
semipermeable membrane. Both osmosis and simple diffusion of CO2 across a membrane occur
down the concentration gradiant and are passive transport. However, osmosis transports
hydrophilic water molecules while simple diffusion transports hydrophobic non polar CO2
molecules. If an aquaporin is involved, the proces would be called as facililated diffusion which
refers to transport of polar, charged, hydrophilic molecules down the concentration gradiant with
the help of membrane transport proteins.
5b: Carrier proteins are the transporter proteins that are actually the integral membrane proteins
serving in transport of ions across the membrane. These proteins have ion binding sites and
exhibit changes in shape to transport the ions. Channel proteins are the integral membrane
proteins that form the hydrophilic channels for transport of polar, charged and hydrophilic
substances across the membrane. They do not undergo the shape change.
5c: Direct active transport couples the exergonic chemical reaction for increasing the solute/ion
concentration on one side of the membrane. The indirect active transport includes coupling of
favorable downhill movement of one solute to the unfavorable uphill movement of other
substance. For ex: sodium potassium pump couples ATP hydrolysis with uphill movement of
sodium (direct active transport). Downhill movement of sodium coupled with uphill movement
of glucose (indirect active transport)..
Transport across cell membrane basics.ppt
Transport across cell membrane 1.Cell membrane
2.types of diffusion
3.Passive Diffusion,
4.Ion channels
5.osmosis
Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this.pdf
Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this case, molecules (X, Y,
Z) can gain entry into a cell: Increase the extracellular concentration (Co) of the molecule and
measure flux and keep Co constant and measure the intracellular concentration (Ci) of the
molecule over time until equilibrium is reached. Which of the molecules enters by facilitated
diffusion? explain? Which molecule enters by active transport? explain?
Solution
Answer (A) In graph A, transport of molecule Z does not show saturation, which is consistent
with diffusion.
Answer (B)
In graph A, the rate of transport (flux) of molecules X and Y saturate, which is consistent with
mediated transport (facilitated diffusion).
Answer (C)
In graph B, molecules X and Z reach equilibrium (Ci>Co) indicating active transport.
For further read the theory of simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from one location to another by random thermal motion.
The net flux between two compartments always proceeds from higher to lower concentration of
the diffusing substance.
Diffusion equilibrium is reached when the concentrations in the two compartments become
equal, resulting in zero net flux.
The magnitude of the net flux F across a plasma membrane is directly proportional to the
concentration difference across the membrane C - C, the surface area of the membrane A, and
the membrane permeability constant k.
Non-polar molecules diffuse through the lipid portions of membranes much more rapidly than
do polar or ionized molecules because nonpolar molecules can dissolve in the non-polar lipids in
the membrane.
Mineral ions diffuse across membranes by passing through ion channels formed by integral
membrane proteins.
The net diffusion of ions across a membrane depends on both the concentration gradient and the
membrane potential.
The flux of ions across a membrane can be altered by opening or closing ion channels.
MEDIATED-TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
The mediated transport of molecules or ions across a membrane involves binding of the
transported solute to a transporter in the membrane. Changes in the conformation of the
transporter move the binding site to the opposite side of the membrane, where the solute
dissociates from the protein.
The binding sites on transporters exhibit chemical specificity, affinity and saturation.
The magnitude of the flux through a mediated-transport system depends on the degree of
transporter saturation, the number of transporters in the membrane, and the rate at which the
conformational change in the transporter occurs.
Facilitated diffusion is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules from higher to lower
concentration across a membrane by means of a transporter until the two concentrations become
equal. Metabolic energy is not required for this process.
Active transport is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules against an electro-
chemical difference across a membrane by means of a transp.
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The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins. It encloses the cytoplasm and is selectively permeable, determining what moves in and out of the cell. Materials can pass through the membrane via passive diffusion (simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion) or active transport. Active transport requires carrier proteins and metabolic energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
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There are two main types of membrane transport - passive and active. Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport moves molecules against concentration gradients and requires energy in the form of ATP. A key example of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains ion gradients across cell membranes.
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membr.pdf
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membrane. a. How is
osmosis similar to simple diffusion of CO_2 across a membrane? How is it different? If an
aquaporin is involved, how does this change your answer? b. Compare and contrast carrier
proteins and channel proteins. Include information about both structure and mechanism of
transport. c. Compare and contrast indirect and direct active transport. Give a specific example
for each type of transport.
Solution
5a: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules down the concentration gradiant through a
semipermeable membrane. Both osmosis and simple diffusion of CO2 across a membrane occur
down the concentration gradiant and are passive transport. However, osmosis transports
hydrophilic water molecules while simple diffusion transports hydrophobic non polar CO2
molecules. If an aquaporin is involved, the proces would be called as facililated diffusion which
refers to transport of polar, charged, hydrophilic molecules down the concentration gradiant with
the help of membrane transport proteins.
5b: Carrier proteins are the transporter proteins that are actually the integral membrane proteins
serving in transport of ions across the membrane. These proteins have ion binding sites and
exhibit changes in shape to transport the ions. Channel proteins are the integral membrane
proteins that form the hydrophilic channels for transport of polar, charged and hydrophilic
substances across the membrane. They do not undergo the shape change.
5c: Direct active transport couples the exergonic chemical reaction for increasing the solute/ion
concentration on one side of the membrane. The indirect active transport includes coupling of
favorable downhill movement of one solute to the unfavorable uphill movement of other
substance. For ex: sodium potassium pump couples ATP hydrolysis with uphill movement of
sodium (direct active transport). Downhill movement of sodium coupled with uphill movement
of glucose (indirect active transport)..
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Transport across cell membrane 1.Cell membrane
2.types of diffusion
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Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this.pdf
Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this case, molecules (X, Y,
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measure flux and keep Co constant and measure the intracellular concentration (Ci) of the
molecule over time until equilibrium is reached. Which of the molecules enters by facilitated
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Solution
Answer (A) In graph A, transport of molecule Z does not show saturation, which is consistent
with diffusion.
Answer (B)
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Answer (C)
In graph B, molecules X and Z reach equilibrium (Ci>Co) indicating active transport.
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Diffusion equilibrium is reached when the concentrations in the two compartments become
equal, resulting in zero net flux.
The magnitude of the net flux F across a plasma membrane is directly proportional to the
concentration difference across the membrane C - C, the surface area of the membrane A, and
the membrane permeability constant k.
Non-polar molecules diffuse through the lipid portions of membranes much more rapidly than
do polar or ionized molecules because nonpolar molecules can dissolve in the non-polar lipids in
the membrane.
Mineral ions diffuse across membranes by passing through ion channels formed by integral
membrane proteins.
The net diffusion of ions across a membrane depends on both the concentration gradient and the
membrane potential.
The flux of ions across a membrane can be altered by opening or closing ion channels.
MEDIATED-TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
The mediated transport of molecules or ions across a membrane involves binding of the
transported solute to a transporter in the membrane. Changes in the conformation of the
transporter move the binding site to the opposite side of the membrane, where the solute
dissociates from the protein.
The binding sites on transporters exhibit chemical specificity, affinity and saturation.
The magnitude of the flux through a mediated-transport system depends on the degree of
transporter saturation, the number of transporters in the membrane, and the rate at which the
conformational change in the transporter occurs.
Facilitated diffusion is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules from higher to lower
concentration across a membrane by means of a transporter until the two concentrations become
equal. Metabolic energy is not required for this process.
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chemical difference across a membrane by means of a transp.
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Transporters Versus Channels
Mechanisms of Transport
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Relationship between Molecular weight and Diffusion
Carrier mediated Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Primary Active Transport
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Describe the role of soil microbes in the formation and maintenance of water-stable soil
aggregates. Can you identify two mechanisms through which soil microbes contribute to the
formation and stabilization of such aggregates?
soild science
Solution
Formation and maintenance ofwater-stable solid aggregates in the soil are important parts of soil
formation and tillage. The microorganisms play a very important role in it. The microbes
normally reside in the soil as a major part of their life cycle. The microbes residing in the soil
perform following function for maintaining soil quality and texture:
1. The microbes survive on soil as a nutrient source. Small microbes such as some bacteria and
fungi absorb nutrients from the soil, digest them in their gut and release the excreta rich in
polysaccharides and polyuronic acids. These polysaccharides are water-stable and thus help in
aggregating small particles of soil and hence bind them.
2. As the microbes gradually complete their life cycle, they die and decay in the soil. As they
decay, the bio-molecules and bio-polymers get assimilated in the soil. Since these microbial bio-
molecules and bio-polymers are rich in water stable compounds,they agglutinate with minute soil
particles to generate water-stable hydrophobic aggregates.
Thus, the two mechanisms can be distinguished as described above as:
1. Release of bio-molecules from microbes
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Chapter 9:
Problem: P 9-1:
The narrative and systems flowchart for the Bridgeport LLC cash
receipts system are included in Exhibit 9.5 and Figure 9.11 (pg. 348),
respectively.
Using Exhibit 9.5 and Figure 9.11, do the following:
a. Prepare a control matrix, including explanations of how each recommended control plan helps
to accomplish? Or would accomplish in
the case of missing plans? Each related control goal. Your choice of
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-Compliance with compensating balance agreements with the
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Control Goals of the Bridgeport Cash Receipts Process
Control Goals of the Operations Process
Control Goals of the Information Process
Ensure effectiveness of operations:
Ensure efficient employment of resources (people, computers)
Ensure security of resources (cash, accounts receivable master data)
For the remittance advice inputs (i.e., cash receipts), ensure:
For the accounts receivable master data, ensure:
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A
B
IV
IC
IA
UC
UA
Present Controls
P-1: Turnaround documents
P-2: Endorse checks immediately
P-3: Preformatted screens
P-4: Compare input data with master data
P-5: Programmed edit checks.
P-6: Procedure for rejected inputs
P-7: Manual agreement of RA batch totals
P-8: Manual agreement of deposit batch totals
Missing Controls
M-1: Document design
M-2: Enter cash receipts in the mailroom (enter data close to original source)
M-3: Computer agreement of batch totals
Possible effectiveness goals include the following:
A – Timely deposit of checks
B – Comply with compensating balance agreements with the depository bank
IV = input validity
IC = input completeness
IA = input accuracy
UC = update completeness
UA = update accuracy
Control Goals of the Bridgeport Cash Receipts Process
Control Goals of the Operations Process
Control Goals of the Information Process
Ensure effectiveness of operations:
Ensure efficient employment of resources (people, computers)
Ensure security of resources (cash, accounts receivable master data)
For the remittance advice inputs (i.e., cash receipts), ensure:
For the accounts receivable master data, ensure:
Recommended control plans
A
B
IV
IC
IA
UC
UA
Present Controls
P-1: Turnaround documents
P-2: Endorse checks immediately
P-3: Preformatted screens
P-4: Compare input data with master data
P-5: Programmed edit checks.
P-6: Procedure for rejected inputs
P-7: Manual agreement of RA batch totals
P-8: Manual agreement of deposit batch totals
Missing Controls
M-1: Document design
M-2: Enter cash receipts in the mailroom (enter data close to original source)
M-3: Computer agreement of batch totals
Possible effectiveness goals include the following:
A – Timely deposit.
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Similar to For each of the following statements, answer with a D if the stateme.pdf
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2. Membranes are selectively permeable, allowing passive transport like diffusion and osmosis. Active transport uses carriers and pumps.
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3. How ion movement through ion channels serves electrical signaling roles by changing membrane potential and intracellular ion concentrations, allowing rapid cell-environment communication.
mbbs ims msu
Mediated transport involves integral membrane proteins called transporters that facilitate the passage of molecules across membranes. There are two main types: facilitated diffusion, which moves molecules down their concentration gradient without energy, and active transport, which moves molecules against their gradient by using energy. Primary active transport directly uses ATP to pump ions like sodium and potassium, while secondary active transport uses ion gradients established by primary transport to move other molecules.
Ion Transport Through cell Membrane
Ion transport through cell membranes occurs through passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Simple diffusion allows small, nonpolar molecules to freely pass through the phospholipid bilayer. Facilitated diffusion uses channel and carrier proteins to transport ions and larger molecules down their concentration gradients without expending energy. Osmosis allows for the diffusion of water through semipermeable membranes. Active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradients and requires energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis. Primary active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins like Na+/K+ ATPase to pump ions. Secondary active transport couples the uphill transport of one solute to the downhill flow of another.
Basic Mechanisms of Membrane Transport
'Basic mechanisms of membrane transport is the topic of general pharmacology.
Introduction- Membrane Transport
Plasma Membrane
Lipid solubility in membrane permeation
Transporters Versus Channels
Mechanisms of Transport
Passive Diffusion
Relationship between Molecular weight and Diffusion
Carrier mediated Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Primary Active Transport
P type- Na+ K+-ATPase
Secondary Active transport- Symport, Antiport
Intestinal Transporters with e.g
Vesicular Transport-Exocytosis, Endocytosis-Phagocytosis,Pinocytosis
Pore (Convective) Transport
Ion Pair Formation
Membrane transport
Membrane transport systems move molecules into and out of cells across cell membranes. There are two major types of membrane transport: passive transport, which does not require energy, and active transport, which uses cellular energy. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport uses transporter proteins and ATP or ion gradients to move molecules against their concentration gradients. Primary active transport directly uses ATP, while secondary active transport utilizes ion gradients generated by primary transporters.
BIOPHAMACEUICS- UNIT 1- DRUG ABSORPTION
Introduction to biopharmaceutics, mechanism of drug absorption, ADME, Transport mechanism of drug absorption.
Mechanisms of absorption of drugs
This document discusses drug absorption mechanisms. It begins by defining absorption and noting the importance of both drug concentration and rate of absorption. The main mechanisms of drug absorption are then described in detail: passive diffusion, pore transport, carrier-mediated transport including facilitated diffusion and active transport, ionic or electrochemical diffusion, ion-pair transport, and endocytosis. Various factors affecting each mechanism are also discussed. In conclusion, the mechanisms by which different drug types are typically absorbed are summarized.
membrane transport.pptx
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
mechanism of drug absorbtion
The document discusses the mechanisms of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. There are several mechanisms for drug absorption including passive diffusion, active transport, and paracellular transport. Passive diffusion is the most common mechanism and involves drugs crossing cell membranes down their concentration gradients without expending energy. Active transport mechanisms use energy to transport drugs against concentration gradients and include primary active transport using ATP and secondary active transport coupling to other ion gradients.
Similar to For each of the following statements, answer with a D if the stateme.pdf (20)
Different types of Drug Transporters in body By Anubhav Singh M.pharm 1st year
Different types of Drug Transporters in body By Anubhav Singh M.pharm 1st year
Cell Membrane Transport/Factors/Transport of Substances
Cell Membrane Transport/Factors/Transport of Substances
More from amitbagga0808
Describe the role of soil microbes in the formation and maintenance .pdf
Describe the role of soil microbes in the formation and maintenance of water-stable soil
aggregates. Can you identify two mechanisms through which soil microbes contribute to the
formation and stabilization of such aggregates?
soild science
Solution
Formation and maintenance ofwater-stable solid aggregates in the soil are important parts of soil
formation and tillage. The microorganisms play a very important role in it. The microbes
normally reside in the soil as a major part of their life cycle. The microbes residing in the soil
perform following function for maintaining soil quality and texture:
1. The microbes survive on soil as a nutrient source. Small microbes such as some bacteria and
fungi absorb nutrients from the soil, digest them in their gut and release the excreta rich in
polysaccharides and polyuronic acids. These polysaccharides are water-stable and thus help in
aggregating small particles of soil and hence bind them.
2. As the microbes gradually complete their life cycle, they die and decay in the soil. As they
decay, the bio-molecules and bio-polymers get assimilated in the soil. Since these microbial bio-
molecules and bio-polymers are rich in water stable compounds,they agglutinate with minute soil
particles to generate water-stable hydrophobic aggregates.
Thus, the two mechanisms can be distinguished as described above as:
1. Release of bio-molecules from microbes
2. Decay and assimilation of microbes in soil
For example: Zygomyceta (vascular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and some bacteria..
Chapter 9Problem P 9-1The narrative and systems flowchart for.pdf
Chapter 9:
Problem: P 9-1:
The narrative and systems flowchart for the Bridgeport LLC cash
receipts system are included in Exhibit 9.5 and Figure 9.11 (pg. 348),
respectively.
Using Exhibit 9.5 and Figure 9.11, do the following:
a. Prepare a control matrix, including explanations of how each recommended control plan helps
to accomplish? Or would accomplish in
the case of missing plans? Each related control goal. Your choice of
recommended control plans should come from Figure 9.4 (pg. 325)/
Exhibit 9.3 (pp. 329? 330) or Figure 9.6 (pg. 334)/Exhibit 9.4 (pg. 338), as appropriate. Be sure
to tailor the matrix columns to conform to the
specifics of the Bridgeport system. In doing so, assume the following
two effectiveness goals only:
- Timely deposit of checks?
-Compliance with compensating balance agreements with the
depository bank?
Control Goals of the Bridgeport Cash Receipts Process
Control Goals of the Operations Process
Control Goals of the Information Process
Ensure effectiveness of operations:
Ensure efficient employment of resources (people, computers)
Ensure security of resources (cash, accounts receivable master data)
For the remittance advice inputs (i.e., cash receipts), ensure:
For the accounts receivable master data, ensure:
Recommended control plans
A
B
IV
IC
IA
UC
UA
Present Controls
P-1: Turnaround documents
P-2: Endorse checks immediately
P-3: Preformatted screens
P-4: Compare input data with master data
P-5: Programmed edit checks.
P-6: Procedure for rejected inputs
P-7: Manual agreement of RA batch totals
P-8: Manual agreement of deposit batch totals
Missing Controls
M-1: Document design
M-2: Enter cash receipts in the mailroom (enter data close to original source)
M-3: Computer agreement of batch totals
Possible effectiveness goals include the following:
A – Timely deposit of checks
B – Comply with compensating balance agreements with the depository bank
IV = input validity
IC = input completeness
IA = input accuracy
UC = update completeness
UA = update accuracy
Control Goals of the Bridgeport Cash Receipts Process
Control Goals of the Operations Process
Control Goals of the Information Process
Ensure effectiveness of operations:
Ensure efficient employment of resources (people, computers)
Ensure security of resources (cash, accounts receivable master data)
For the remittance advice inputs (i.e., cash receipts), ensure:
For the accounts receivable master data, ensure:
Recommended control plans
A
B
IV
IC
IA
UC
UA
Present Controls
P-1: Turnaround documents
P-2: Endorse checks immediately
P-3: Preformatted screens
P-4: Compare input data with master data
P-5: Programmed edit checks.
P-6: Procedure for rejected inputs
P-7: Manual agreement of RA batch totals
P-8: Manual agreement of deposit batch totals
Missing Controls
M-1: Document design
M-2: Enter cash receipts in the mailroom (enter data close to original source)
M-3: Computer agreement of batch totals
Possible effectiveness goals include the following:
A – Timely deposit.
Compare and contrast the thick and thin filaments.SolutionTher.pdf
Compare and contrast the thick and thin filaments.
Solution
There are two different types of filaments that extend along the muscle tissues in cylindrical
shapes. Together these two filaments are known as myofibrils.
Thick Filaments:
1. Myosin(a large family of motor protein ) are found to be present in these thick filaments in a
bipolar fashion
2. These filaments can be found in one of the bands of sarcomere (skeletal muscle tissue) called
A-Band (anisotropic band named after its property to be directionally dependent unlike isotropy )
3. These filaments are divided/separated by an M-Line which is made up of myomesin protein
Thin Filaments
1.Unlike thick filaments, thin filaments are made up of 3 types of proteins (actin, tropomyosin,
and troponin) while troponin and tropomyosin are engaged is muscle contraction, actin is
engaged in cell shape and cell adhesion.
2. Thin filaments are present in both A-Band and I-Band (While A-Band is anisotropic due to its
quality of being directionally dependent, I-Band is isotropic band being directionally
independent
3. It is divided by a different proteinaceous non-contractile line called Z-Line.
Anatomy can be studied in many ways. Regional anatomy is the study of.pdf
Anatomy can be studied in many ways. Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas of the
body, such as the head or leg. Most undergraduate college courses in anatomy and physiology
(and the format of this lab manual) involve systemic anatomy he study of organ systems, such as
the skeletal system and nervous system. Although organ systems are studied separately, it is
important to realize the intimate connections between the systems. If the heart fails to pump
blood as part of the circulatory system, then the lungs do not receive blood for oxygenation and
the intestines do not transfer nutrients to the blood as fuel. The brain and other organs are no
longer capable of functioning, and the result is death. From a clinical standpoint, the failure of
one system has impacts on many other organ systems. There are 11 organ systems that have
functions unique to them. A brief overview of these systems is presented in the following
paragraphs. Reproductive the gonads (testes and ovaries) contain the sex-producing cells of the
body, and the accessory organs, such as the uterus, vagina, penis, and seminal vesicles, play a
part in the transport of the sex cells and the development of the fetus. Urinary the kidneys serve
as filters of the body, and the urinary bladder is a storage organ. The
Solution
The procedure to study the reproductive system of human is follow regional anatomy process
and; to view and study all organs seperately. The male reproductive system consists of series of
oragans. The major organs are testes and scrotal sac which help in the production and storage of
spermatozoa. There are various glands such as seminal vesicle, prostate and vas deferens; they
are responsible for ejaculation of fluids. The final category are useful during copulation; these
are penis, urethra, and cowper\'s gland.
The female reproductive system consists of the following organs; the vaginal area, the uterus and
the ovaries. The female reproductive system recieves the male sex cells (sperms) through the
vaginal area and is transported to the fallopian tube where they meet the female sex cell (ovum).
This event leads to fertilization of the ovum and initiation of development of the fetus..
A red blood cell enters the right atrium from the superior vena cava..pdf
A red blood cell enters the right atrium from the superior vena cava. In order, list ALL the
structures it passes through to reach the right coronary artery. Be sure to include ALL the
chambers of the heart, and the valves of the heart that it passes through. A red blood cell enters
the celiac trunk from the aorta. In order, list ALL the structures it passes through to reach the
right carotid artery. Be sure to include ALL the chambers of the heart, and the valves of the heart
that it passes through.
Solution
Q.No 1
Heart contains four chambers, two atria and a couple of ventricles. The blood that is definitely
returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated and s passed into the right ventricle to be pumped
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for reoxygenation and elimination of carbon dioxide.
The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood through the lungs with the pulmonary veins,
that may be passed throughout the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the
various organs of one\'s body.
Superior Vena Cava
The superior vena cava is one of these two main veins bringing de-oxygenated blood from the
entire body to heart. Veins through the head and upper body feed into the superior vena cava,
which empties into the right atrium of the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava
The inferior vena cava is one of these two main veins bringing de-oxygenated blood from the
entire body to heart. Veins through the legs reducing torso feed into the inferior vena cava, which
empties into the right atrium of the heart.
Aorta
The aorta is the main single circulatory around the body. It is around the diameter from your
thumb. This vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to different parts of one\'s
body.
Pulmonary Artery
The pulmonary artery is the vessel transporting de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to
the lungs. Perhaps the most common misconception is all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. It
really is appropriate to classify arteries as vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Pulmonary Vein
The pulmonary vein is the vessel transporting oxygen-rich blood through the lungs to the left
atrium. Perhaps the most common misconception is all veins carry de-oxygenated blood. It really
is appropriate to classify veins as vessels carrying blood to heart.
Papillary Muscles
The papillary muscles attach to the reduced percentage of the interior wall of one\'s ventricles.
They connect with the chordae tendineae, which attach to the tricuspid valve in the right
ventricle and the mitral valve around the left ventricle. The contraction of the papillary muscles
closes these valves. When the papillary muscles relax, the valves open.
Chordae Tendineae
The chordae tendineae are tendons linking the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve in the
right ventricle and the mitral valve around the left ventricle. As the papillary muscles contract
and relax, the chordae tendineae transmit the resulting increase and reduce in tension to
respecti.
You have been hired by Planet Poachers to write a Java console appli.pdf
You have been hired by Planet Poachers to write a Java console application that reads, converts,
sorts, and writes planet data. Create text file PlanetDataEnglish.txt, paste the following data into
it, and place the file in your project folder.
PlanetDataEnglish.txt
Planet Escape Velocity (miles/s) Mean Temperature (F) Number of Moons
Mercury 2.7 333 0
Venus 6.4 867 0
Earth 7.0 59 1
Mars 3.1 -85 2
Jupiter 37.0 -166 67
Saturn 22.1 -220 62
Uranus 13.2 -320 27
Neptune 14.6 -330 13
Pluto 0.7 -375 5
Create the following methods:
Column Purpose
readTextFile To read the data from file PlanetDataEnglish.txt into four parallel arrays: planets,
escapes, means, and moons.
printArrays To print the unsorted, converted, and sorted data using the appropriate column
headers.
convertArrays To convert the escape velocities from miles/s to km/s, and to convert the mean
temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
bubbleSortArray To sort the data by planet name in ascending order. Note that when values are
swapped in one array, the same values must be swapped in the other arrays.
writeTextFile To write the data to file PlanetDataMetric.txt in the same layout as the input file.
Sample Output on .txt file
PlanetDataMetric.txt
Planet Escape Velocity (miles/s) Mean Temperature (F) Number of Moons
Earth 11.3 15 1
Jupiter 59.5 -110 67 …
Solution
Following will be program for the planet as requested
//Inclusion of the lib files
Import Java.util.scanner;
import java.io.Filewriter;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
Import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.File;
Public class Planets // Main method is followed
{
public static void main(String[] args) // main mehtod
{
// variables are declared
scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); // here the keyboard will be connected
Scanner fileIn = null; //file variable are declared
String fileInName = \"PlanetSourceData.txt\";// File name variable is declared
int i=0;
int j=0;
int k =0;
int Usednumber = 10;
String [] Plantets = new String[20];
int [] diameters = new int[15];
double [] leng = newdouble [12];
try
{
fileIn = new Scanner(new FileInputStream(fileInName)); //Scanning of the text file is done
}
Catch(FileNotFoundException e) \\\\catching of the exception
{
System.out.printIn(\"Error:File \'\" +fileInName+ \"\' not found.\"); //gives the error message that
file is not found
System.exit(-1);
}
System.out.println(\"This is templelate from Java keyboard entry\");
// To read the input file this loop is formed
while(fieIn.hasNextLine())
{
Planets[i] = fileIn.next();
diameters[j] = fileIn.nextInt();
lengths[k] = fileIn.nextDouble();
System.out.Printf(\"%-10 %8s %8s %n\" , \"Planets\", \"Diameter(miles)\",\" Hours of the
planest(Length of the planet:);
System.out.printf(\"%-10s %8d %8.1f 5n \", planets[i], diameters[j] , lenths [k]);
}
PrintArray(diameters, numberUsed);
bubbleSortArray(diameters,numberUsed); //finding the miles(escape velocity)
printArray(dua.
An organism that has a normal diploid autosome set with an XXY sex c.pdf
An organism that has a normal diploid autosome set with an XXY sex chromosome complement.
It would be a
a.
intersex fly, male human being
b.
female fly, female human being
c.
male fly, male human being
d.
male fly, female human being
e.
female fly, male human being
Solution
Option E .
female fly and male human being..
Which level of Orange Book protection is considered mandatory protec.pdf
Which level of Orange Book protection is considered mandatory protection and is the first level
in which labels are required?
A. B3
B. C2
C. B1
D. A1
Solution
C. The Orange Book rates systems as one of four categories. Category A is verified protection, B
is mandatory protection, C is discretionary protection, and D is minimal protection. B1 is the first
level in which labels are required. Therefore, answers A, B, and D are incorrect.
Why is it an advantage for the epiglottis to fit over the trachea.pdf
Why is it an advantage for the epiglottis to fit over the trachea?
Solution
Epiglottis is a leaf like , yellow, elastic cartilage forming anterior wall of the laryngeal inlet.
The epiglottis is located on the trachea that is closed during the swallowing of meals which
prevents the aspiration of food , water and other sunstances into the Lungs. Aspiration of food
into Lungs leads to obstruction of trachea is called as choking, and also leads to fibrosis of lung
leads to death of the patient. Hence the epiglottis is fitted in the trachea..
This is Function Class public abstract class Function { .pdf
This document describes a Java program that graphs functions. It includes abstract Function and GraphManager classes, and subclasses that implement specific functions. The GraphManager handles function selection and calculating graph extents. The GUI displays the functions, prompts the user to select one and input bounds, and calls GraphManager to draw the function on a Canvas between the bounds. Any errors from user input are caught and handled.
What factors are likely to be involved in setting the limit to how lo.pdf
What factors are likely to be involved in setting the limit to how long an animal migration can
be? In other words, could you predict an animals1 longest possible migration given measures of
physiological performance, morphology etc...? If yes, what would those be?
Solution
Migration is a typical conduct of eukayotic animals.Migration is refinement of complex
connection between inside components, for example, genetics,physiology and conduct and outer
variables weather,habitat condition, sustenance accessibility, predation geology. Migration is
the development of individuals starting with one area then onto the next and broadly connected
with change of perpetual place of habitation. Reasons of Migration are between local and
intraregional differences at full scale level and generally absence of business openings coming
about low expectation for everyday comforts conditions among various financial gatherings at
smaller scale level. There are three segments of populace change. They are mortality, richness
and migration. There are two sorts of movement: interior migration and worldwide movement.
Inner migration is the development of individuals from one place to other place in a given nation.
Universal migration is the development of individuals starting with one nation then onto the next
so as to take up work of set up living arrangement or to increment in expectation for everyday
comforts.
The vital elements which rouse individuals to move can be ordered into five classifications. They
are financial components, statistic variables, socio-social elements, political elements and
incidental elements. (i) Economic Factors Most of the reviews show that migration is basically
roused by financial elements. In creating nations, low agrarian wage, horticultural unemployment
and underemployment are viewed as essential elements pushing the vagrants towards created
zone with more prominent openings for work. Accordingly, all reviews agree that the vast
majority of transients have moved looking for better monetary open doors.
The essential financial variables which inspire migration might be further named \'Push Factors\'
and \'Force Factors\'. The push components are variables that force a man, because of various
reasons, to leave that place and go to some other place. The regular push components are low
efficiency, unemployment and underdevelopment, poor monetary conditions, absence of chances
for headway, fatigue of normal assets and characteristic cataclysms. Presentation of capital
serious techniques for generation into farming part, and automation of specific procedures
diminish work necessity in rustic regions. The non-accessibility of option wellsprings of wage in
country region is additionally essential component for movement. The Pull Factors will be
components which draw in the transients to a zone. Open doors for better business, higher wages,
offices, better working conditions and appealing pleasantries are draw components of a range.
(ii) Demo.
What is alternative splicing What is the difference between mRNA sp.pdf
What is alternative splicing? What is the difference between mRNA splicing and editing?
Solution
Alternative splicing is a process by which exons or portions of exons or noncoding regions
within a pre-mRNA transcript are differentially joined or skipped, resulting in multiple protein
isoforms being encoded by a single gene
RNA splicing is a process that removes introns and joins exons in a primary transcript. Where as
RNA editing is any process, other than splicing, that results in a change in the sequence of a
RNA
transcript such that it differs from the sequence of
the DNA template.
What are histones and their role in regulating transcription. .pdf
What are histones and their role in regulating transcription.
What is histone methylation and histone acetylation and how do these effect transcription.
How are genes subdivided?
What are histones and their role in regulating transcription.
What is histone methylation and histone acetylation and how do these effect transcription.
How are genes subdivided?
What is histone methylation and histone acetylation and how do these effect transcription.
How are genes subdivided?
Solution
Histones are alkaline proteins which are found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that
condense and structure the DNA into units called nucleosomes.They function as spools for the
thread like DNA to wrap around and play a role in gene regulation.
2 types of histones
Core histones (H2A, H2B, H3and H4) and linker his tones ( H1 and H5).
Histone methylation (lysine methylation) can either activate or repress gene expression
depending on both the location of the modified lysine and which his tone is the target. For
example, if this occurs in histone H3 at lysine 4, it is linked to gene activation and if it occurs at
lysine 9 it is a marker for gene silencing.
His tone acetylation removes the negative charge from lysine so it can no longer bind to the
DNA phosphate backbone. This weakens the interaction between histones and DNA, resulting in
a more relaxed DNA structure which is more available for DNA transcription. Histone acetyl
transferase (HAT) complexes are recruited by transcription activator proteins, while the repressor
proteins recruit his tone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes. These add and remove acetylations
respectively..
What are the cellular differences between fungi and protistsSol.pdf
What are the cellular differences between fungi and protists?
Solution
1.Fungi live in aerobic environment to survive, whereas protists live in an anaerobic
environment.
2. protists are single-celled, however fungi are multi-celled.
3.The protista kingdom consists of members which are autotrophic and heterotrophic. The
autotrophs are able to make their own food even as heterotrophs depend on others for food.
Fungi can not be considered autotrophic or heterotrophic, although they extra closely relate to
the heterotrophs. Members of the fungi are saprophytes I.e. consume dead or composing
material..
on the basis of the above data, list the media in order according to.pdf
on the basis of the above data, list the media in order according to their ability to support the
growth of the bacteria
List the three bacterial species in order of their increasing fastidiosness
Why did the most fastidious organism grow poorly in the chemically defined medium? Date
Section Observations and Results Optical Density Readings Nutrient Broth Glucose Broth 1. On
the basis of the above data, lit the media in order (from best toworst) according to their ability to
support the growth of bacteria. 2. List the three bacterialspeciesinorder of their increasing
fastidiousness. 3. Why did the most fastidious organismgrow poorly in the chemically defined
Lab Re Synthetic Broth
Solution
The media most able to support bacterial growth in decreasing order are:
Yeast extract broth, nutrient broth, inorganic synthetic broth, glucose broth.
The bacteria in increasing order of fastidiousness are:
E. coli, A. faecalis, S. mitis
The most fastidious bacteria grew the slowest as it has a complex nutritional requirement, and as
the chemically defined broth has the least variety of nutrients, a fastidious bacteria will take time
to digest the few compounds and make the molecules necessary for survival..
Program In C You are required to write an interactive C program that.pdf
Program In C You are required to write an interactive C program that prompts the user for
commands, accepts commands from the keyboard (stdin) and executes those commands. When a
command requires output, it must be written to stdout. The program must continue to accept and
process commands until the user types the end command ourput, it must be writen to stdout. The
program must continue to accept and proces.commands The program deals with linked lists.
Each node of such a list contains a string of length at most 10, a positive integer (i.e., an integer
value 2 1) and a pointer to the next node of the list. For any node, the string and the integer
stored in that node will be referred to as the symbol and count for that node respectively. At all
times, the list must satisfy the following two important properties. 1. The symbols appearing in
the list are all distinct; that is, no two nodes have the same symbol. 2. When the list is scanned
from left to right, the counts must be in non-increasing order. An example of such a linked list is
shown below. Search 4 Maxval4 begin/ Loop head
Solution
/**********************************************/
/****** NAMES ******************** COMMANDS ***/
/* Insert Command : ins str */
/* Delete Command : del str */
/* Forced Delete Command : fde val */
/* Print Statistics Command : pst */
/* Print List Command : prl */
/* Print using Count Range Command: pcr v1 v2 */
/* Print Prefix Command : ppr str */
/* Print Suffix Command : psu str */
/* End Command : end */
/***********************************************/
#include
#include
#include
#define CSIZE 4
#define SSIZE 11
/* Struct for each node in the linked list */
struct node
{
int count;
char symbol[SSIZE];
struct node *next;
};
struct node *head;
/* Prototypes for the functions */
void insert(char *);
void delete(char *);
void forced_delete(int value);
void print_stats();
void print_list();
void print_count(int, int);
void print_prefix(char pre[]);
void print_suffix(char suf[]);
void sort_list();
/****************
** Main Method **
****************/
int main(void)
{
int count;
char symbol[SSIZE];
char cmd[CSIZE];
int v1;
int v2;
/* Enter commands */
printf(\"Command? \"); fflush(stdout);
scanf(\"%s\", cmd);
/* Check for command*/
while(strcmp(cmd,\"end\") != 0)
{
/* check which function to use */
if(strcmp(cmd,\"ins\") == 0) { scanf(\"%s\", symbol); insert(symbol); }
if(strcmp(cmd,\"del\") == 0) { scanf(\"%s\", symbol); delete(symbol); }
else if(strcmp(cmd,\"fde\")==0){scanf(\"%d\",&count); forced_delete(count); }
if(strcmp(cmd,\"pst\") == 0) { print_stats();}
if(strcmp(cmd,\"prl\") == 0) { print_list(); }
if(strcmp(cmd,\"pcr\") == 0) { scanf(\"%d %d\",&v1,&v2); print_count(v1,v2); }
if(strcmp(cmd,\"ppr\") == 0) { scanf(\"%s\", symbol); print_prefix(symbol);}
if(strcmp(cmd,\"psu\") == 0) { scanf(\"%s\", symbol); print_suffix(symbol);}
printf(\"Command? \"); fflush(stdout);
scanf(\"%s\", cmd);
}// End of While Loop
return 0;
}// End of main method
/*********.
Prove that is L is regular and h is a homomorphism, then h(L) is.pdf
This document proves that if L is a regular language and h is a homomorphism, then h(L) is also a regular language. It shows that if E is a regular expression for L, applying the homomorphism h to each symbol in E results in a regular expression for h(L). As a specific example, it shows that if L is the language of the regular expression 01* + 10* and h maps 0 to a and 1 to b, then h(L) is the language of the regular expression (ab)*, which is a regular language.
Not sure how to do this case analysis please help me do it!1.Are t.pdf
Not sure how to do this case analysis please help me do it!
1.Are the regions similar?
2.What would be a good forecasting method to use?
3.Are there more advanced methods that might be considered?
Here is the data
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LYZHLx9f0Av9FJ6NLfULMU61cZPV3voqrVzbJNfV
jKk/edit?usp=sharing
Solution
Most people view the world as consisting of a large number of alternatives. Futures research
evolved as a way of examining the alternative futures and identifying the most probable.
Forecasting is designed to help decision making and planning in the present.
Forecasts empower people because their use implies that we can modify variables now to alter
(or be prepared for) the future. A prediction is an invitation to introduce change into a system.
There are several assumptions about forecasting:
1. There is no way to state what the future will be with complete certainty. Regardless of the
methods that we use there will always be an element of uncertainty until the forecast horizon has
come to pass.
2. There will always be blind spots in forecasts. We cannot, for example, forecast completely
new technologies for which there are no existing paradigms.
3. Providing forecasts to policy-makers will help them formulate social policy. The new social
policy, in turn, will affect the future, thus changing the accuracy of the forecast.
Many scholars have proposed a variety of ways to categorize forecasting methodologies. The
following classification is a modification of the schema developed by Gordon over two decades
ago:
Genius forecasting - This method is based on a combination of intuition, insight, and luck.
Psychics and crystal ball readers are the most extreme case of genius forecasting. Their forecasts
are based exclusively on intuition. Science fiction writers have sometimes described new
technologies with uncanny accuracy.
There are many examples where men and women have been remarkable successful at predicting
the future. There are also many examples of wrong forecasts. The weakness in genius forecasting
is that its impossible to recognize a good forecast until the forecast has come to pass.
Some psychic individuals are capable of producing consistently accurate forecasts. Mainstream
science generally ignores this fact because the implications are simply to difficult to accept. Our
current understanding of reality is not adequate to explain this phenomena.
Trend extrapolation - These methods examine trends and cycles in historical data, and then use
mathematical techniques to extrapolate to the future. The assumption of all these techniques is
that the forces responsible for creating the past, will continue to operate in the future. This is
often a valid assumption when forecasting short term horizons, but it falls short when creating
medium and long term forecasts. The further out we attempt to forecast, the less certain we
become of the forecast.
The stability of the environment is the key factor in determining whether tren.
In each of the following situations, data are obtained by conducting .pdf
In each of the following situations, data are obtained by conducting a research study. Classify
each Experimental or Correlational. Research Study A researcher is interested in whether
listening to different types of music or no music while taking a test affects test scores. Students
are randomly assigned to one of three groups: The first group takes a test without listening to an
iPod, the second group takes the same test while listening to classical music on an iPod, and the
third group takes the test while listening to rock music on an iPod. The researcher compares the
test scores across the three groups. A psychologist is interested in gender and cognition. She
collects data on a large sample of siblings, recording their gender, birth order, and IQ. A
professor of ophthalmology is interested in developmental precursors of vision disorders. He
collects data from a sample of teenagers on right-eye vision, left-eye vision, and whether the
bedroom light was kept off or on as they slept during the night as babies.
Solution
1) Experimental ( There is intervention- types of music)
2) correlational ( There is No intervention, only collection of data)
3) correlational ( There is No intervention, only collection of data).
i need a summary book report on thw Iwoby richard wheelerSolut.pdf
i need a summary book report on thw Iwo
by richard wheeler
Solution
As part of my ongoing research on a historical novel I want to write set in the 1930s and 40s, I
bought this book on the Battle of Iwo Jima. My father was there as a radioman and gunner on a
landing craft, and I had known some basic information about the battle, but this book did a good
job of filling in the gaps. Further, Wheeler does a thorough job of including the visceral details
that add both incredible realism and admiration for those who experienced this battle.
A wounded veteran of Iwo Jima himself, Wheeler did comprehensive interviewing as part of the
background research for this book. He also interviewed Japanese survivors and got access to
letters written by notable Japanese soldiers such as General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, the architect
of the defenses on Iwo and commander of forces there. Having the Japanese perspective added
greatly to the telling of the story.
This is not fiction; this was a nonfiction retelling of the story. There was substantial detail in the
recounting of many individual incidents. The only downside of the story was that it was
encyclopedic in approach. Whether it was the chosen approach of the author or his writing style,
the story never got personal. Perhaps if it had gotten too personal, the numerous anecdotes would
have suffered somehow. Unfortunately, I found the writing stiff and formal, more like a textbook
than narrative.
The information and individual incidents were extensive, visceral and incredible. Wheeler writes
in one place of a Marine who suffered injuries from five artillery shells, one after the other, but
remarkable survived them, albeit with major injuries. He also goes into detail as to which units
were involved in which assaults and who took the most damage, include Easy Company’s assault
on Mount Surabachi and the famous hoisting of American colors on that mountain..
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- 1. For each of the following statements, answer with a D if the statement is true of simple diffusion, with an F if it is true for facilitated diffusion, and with an A if it is true of active transport. Any, all, or none of the choices maybe appropriate for a given statement. a) Requires the presence of an integral membrane protein. b) Depends primarily on the solubility properties of the solute. c) Work is done during the transport process. d) Applies only to ions e) Transport can occur in either direction across the membrane, depending on the prevailing concentration gradient. Solution Simple Diffusion: The term refers to process where substance through a membrane without the help of integeral membrane protien. the force used in this process is named as diffusion. Facilated Diffusion: This is the process in which solutes are transported across the plasma membranes with the help of membrane protien. Also known as passive transport. Even though transport protiens are invoved in the process its still a passive transport because solutes moving down the concentration gradient. Carrier protiens, gated channel protiens and channel protiens are the three types of transport protiens involved in this process. Active Transport: It is the process in which molecules are transported from lower concentration to higher concentration. The protiens are embeded inside the lipid bilayer and in this process the cell uses energy to transport something. In this process cell has to work to mantain proper balance of ions and molecules. If the process uses chemical energy such as ATP then it is called primary active transport and if there is use of electrochemical gradient then it is called Secondary active transport. So according to this the answers will be. a) requires the presence of integral membrane protien: F and A. b)Depends primarily on the solubility properties of the solute: D c)Work is done during the transport process: A d)Applies only to ions: A e) Transport can occur in either direction across the membrane, depending on the prevaling cncentration gradient: A.