Thermal Physiology: The Effects of Environmental Temperatures on Energy Expen...InsideScientific
Mice are generally an excellent model of human biology with nearly identical metabolic pathways. In contrast, the 3000-fold difference in body mass causes huge differences in thermal physiology and energy homeostasis. Humans generally live in a thermoneutral environment, while mice live and are typically studied below thermoneutrality. A mouse housed singly at 22 °C devotes 42% of its energy expenditure to maintaining its body temperature; the corresponding value in humans is approximately 0%. Understanding this different physiology is important, allowing one to avoid incorrect application of mouse observations to humans. It also boosts elucidation of physiology that is subtle or difficult to study in humans.
The goal is to understand thermal physiology and to use it to develop conditions under which mice better model humans. This is important for studying the effectiveness of drug treatments for metabolic diseases, like obesity and diabetes. Marc and Oksana discuss what thermoneutrality means in the mouse and the concept of the thermoneutral point. They also explore the effects of cold, hot, and near-thermoneutral environments on mouse energy expenditure, body temperature, and behavior.
1 Exercise 1 THE CALORIE INTRODUCTION A.docxaryan532920
1
Exercise 1
THE CALORIE
INTRODUCTION
All animals, including humans, need to consume energy in order to survive. We
call this energy food. The unit which is used to describe the energy content of food is
the Calorie (food calorie, note the capital ‘C’). One calorie (note the lower case ‘c’) is the
energy required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius. The food Calorie is
defined as 1000 calories or one kilocalorie (kcal). Most scientists not dealing with food
now use other units such as joules or British Thermal Units (BTUs) to measure energy,
but the Calorie is still used to describe food energy.
The Calories in food are measured using a CALORIMETER, which is a special
combustion device designed to burn food samples completely and capture the energy in
a water jacket. For a 100% efficient calorimeter, the energy captured is equal to the
energy content of the food as shown below:
Energy captured = (mass of water) ´ c ´ (Temp. change) = Energy Content (1)
The constant c is the specific heat of water and is equal to 1
Cg
cal
°
(one calorie per
gram per degree C). In our case, however, the calorimeter we use will capture only a
fraction of the total energy, so we must account for this reduced efficiency.
THE CALORIMETER
The device that scientists use to capture the heat energy of a combustible mixture
is a bomb calorimeter. It is a metal chamber which is supplied with a measured amount
of oxygen during the combustion of the test material. The heat from the burning
material is transferred to a water reservoir that surrounds the metal chamber containing
the test material. The change in temperature is used to determine the number of calories
that the material originally held. A bomb calorimeter is very nearly 100% efficient. It is
also very dangerous (thus the name ‘bomb’ calorimeter) and so we will use a simpler
(but less efficient) type of calorimeter.
A SIMPLE CALORIMETER
The simple but effective calorimeter we will use consists of a calorimeter can (a
metal cylinder with a notch out of the bottom), a calorimeter lid to hold a 125 ml flask, a
flask stopper and thermometer, a sample holder and some tools. Each group of students
will have their own calorimeter to use. Because these simple calorimeters are not 100%
efficient, the water will not capture all of the energy content of the food. Therefore, the
equation for this calorimeter must be modified to:
Energy captured = (mass of water) ´ c ´ (Temp. change) = Energy Content ´ e (2)
where e is the efficiency of energy capture by the water. With this equation and a food
item of known caloric content, we can determine the efficiency of our calorimeter and
2
explore why the efficiency might vary from one group to another. Once a consistent
efficiency is achieved, we can use that efficiency to determine the caloric content of any
combustible item.
OBJECTIVES:
1) To measure the energy content of a food sample. ...
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2. GROUP MEMBERS NAME MATRIC NO. WONG SIEW CHING D20091034815 MARIA TING MEE SING D20081032208 PUI WAN TING D20091034840 SITI RAHAYU BT MOHAMED NOOR D20091034855 UMI ABIBAH BT SULAIMAN D20091034811