This document discusses fluid and electrolyte therapy. It covers:
- Body fluid composition and distribution, including total body water percentage and classifications of extracellular and intracellular fluid.
- Electrolyte composition and functions in extracellular and intracellular fluid. Electrolytes are essential for life processes and fluid volumes are maintained by electrolyte concentrations.
- Acid-base balance is tightly regulated by the pH of extracellular fluid. Buffers help maintain pH within a narrow range required for biological processes.
- Common disturbances in water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance like dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis.
- Fluid therapy principles involving assessing volume
Urinary catheterization involves inserting a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube called a catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It can be used to inject fluids for treatment or diagnosis. There are two main types: indwelling catheters that remain in place and intermittent catheters that are inserted and removed. The procedure involves preparing equipment, positioning the patient, cleaning the area, lubricating and inserting the catheter, inflating the balloon, and securing drainage. Complications can include infection, injury, and incontinence. Proper technique and aftercare are important to prevent issues.
This document provides an overview of intravenous (IV) infusion, including definitions, purposes, types of solutions, equipment used, flow rate calculation, factors affecting flow rate, nursing considerations, and potential complications. Specifically, it defines IV infusion as administering medication or solution into a patient's vein using gravity. It describes various solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose that can be used and factors like viscosity and tubing length that influence flow rate. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients, maintaining sterile technique, and monitoring for signs of infection, air embolism, or fluid overload during IV therapy.
Oxygen therapy involves administering supplemental oxygen to patients through various delivery methods like nasal cannulas, masks, and tents. It is used to treat hypoxemia by relieving symptoms, facilitating tissue metabolism, and reducing arterial oxygen deficiencies. Potential complications include infections, collapsed alveoli, oxygen toxicity, and drying of mucous membranes. Proper technique is required to safely deliver the prescribed flow rate of oxygen via the appropriate interface while monitoring for complications and therapeutic response.
This document provides information and instructions for performing a bowel wash or colonic lavage procedure. It defines bowel wash as washing out the colon with large quantities of solution. It lists purposes such as preparing for exams or surgery, relieving inflammation, and cleaning the colon. Contraindications and general instructions are outlined. The document describes methods, suitable solutions, temperature considerations, preliminary assessments, patient preparation, equipment, and the step-by-step procedure for performing a bowel wash. Post-procedure care and references are also included.
Details about subcutaneous injection. We know about subcutaneous injection but do we know about the right information? Maybe you know, I here try to upgrade your current knowledge about the topic. Here, we discuss about the indications, contraindications, precautions, procedure, nursing care plan of subcutaneous injection, complications and many more. Feel free to learn.
Thanks
An intravenous injection is defined as giving medication directly into a vein. It allows for rapid absorption and is used when oral administration is not possible. The main types are peripheral and central lines. IV injection ensures the full dosage is received and can administer medications that cannot be taken orally. Proper procedure and aseptic technique are required to prevent infection. Potential risks include pain, infection, fluid overload and embolism. It provides complete bioavailability but requires technical ability and carries more risk than other routes of administration.
Urinary catheterization involves inserting a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube called a catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It can be used to inject fluids for treatment or diagnosis. There are two main types: indwelling catheters that remain in place and intermittent catheters that are inserted and removed. The procedure involves preparing equipment, positioning the patient, cleaning the area, lubricating and inserting the catheter, inflating the balloon, and securing drainage. Complications can include infection, injury, and incontinence. Proper technique and aftercare are important to prevent issues.
This document provides an overview of intravenous (IV) infusion, including definitions, purposes, types of solutions, equipment used, flow rate calculation, factors affecting flow rate, nursing considerations, and potential complications. Specifically, it defines IV infusion as administering medication or solution into a patient's vein using gravity. It describes various solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose that can be used and factors like viscosity and tubing length that influence flow rate. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients, maintaining sterile technique, and monitoring for signs of infection, air embolism, or fluid overload during IV therapy.
Oxygen therapy involves administering supplemental oxygen to patients through various delivery methods like nasal cannulas, masks, and tents. It is used to treat hypoxemia by relieving symptoms, facilitating tissue metabolism, and reducing arterial oxygen deficiencies. Potential complications include infections, collapsed alveoli, oxygen toxicity, and drying of mucous membranes. Proper technique is required to safely deliver the prescribed flow rate of oxygen via the appropriate interface while monitoring for complications and therapeutic response.
This document provides information and instructions for performing a bowel wash or colonic lavage procedure. It defines bowel wash as washing out the colon with large quantities of solution. It lists purposes such as preparing for exams or surgery, relieving inflammation, and cleaning the colon. Contraindications and general instructions are outlined. The document describes methods, suitable solutions, temperature considerations, preliminary assessments, patient preparation, equipment, and the step-by-step procedure for performing a bowel wash. Post-procedure care and references are also included.
Details about subcutaneous injection. We know about subcutaneous injection but do we know about the right information? Maybe you know, I here try to upgrade your current knowledge about the topic. Here, we discuss about the indications, contraindications, precautions, procedure, nursing care plan of subcutaneous injection, complications and many more. Feel free to learn.
Thanks
An intravenous injection is defined as giving medication directly into a vein. It allows for rapid absorption and is used when oral administration is not possible. The main types are peripheral and central lines. IV injection ensures the full dosage is received and can administer medications that cannot be taken orally. Proper procedure and aseptic technique are required to prevent infection. Potential risks include pain, infection, fluid overload and embolism. It provides complete bioavailability but requires technical ability and carries more risk than other routes of administration.
A chest tube is a catheter inserted through the chest wall to drain air, fluid, or pus from the pleural space and maintain negative pressure. It is indicated for conditions like pneumothorax, hemothorax, and pleural effusions. The chest tube is connected to a drainage system, usually a three bottle system, to continuously drain the pleural space and prevent a build up of air or fluid that could impair lung function. Nurses monitor the chest tube drainage closely and ensure the system remains intact and functioning properly to allow for full lung re-expansion and recovery following chest tube insertion.
Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. It involves infusing dialysate fluid into the abdomen through a catheter for diffusion and osmosis to occur. There are various types of peritoneal dialysis including continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, automated peritoneal dialysis, and intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Nursing management focuses on preventing infections, monitoring for fluid overload, managing pain, and providing education on catheter care and lifestyle adjustments. Peritoneal dialysis offers patients greater independence compared to hemodialysis.
The document outlines the nurse's roles and responsibilities regarding intravenous (IV) therapy and blood/blood product administration. It defines IV infusion and IVI therapy, lists indications, types of IV solutions, supplies needed, and the procedure for IV insertion. It also defines blood and blood products, explains blood typing and groups, and covers storage, handling, and nursing responsibilities related to blood transfusions. Complications of IVI therapy and post-transfusion reactions are also discussed.
This document provides information on oxygen administration including definitions, sources, purposes, indications, precautions, equipment, and methods. It defines oxygen administration as supplementing oxygen at a higher concentration than atmospheric air. Therapeutic oxygen sources are wall outlets and cylinders. Oxygen is administered through masks or nasal cannulas to treat conditions like respiratory distress and hypoxia. Precautions include avoiding sparks and open flames near cylinders. The two main methods described are mask administration and nasal cannula administration, including equipment requirements and step-by-step procedures.
Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the bone marrow to obtain a tissue sample. It is used to diagnose or stage diseases like leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The nurse's roles include preparing equipment aseptically, assisting the doctor during the procedure, monitoring the client's vital signs, and observing the client post-procedure to check for complications like bleeding or infection.
Nosebleeds are very common in young children, affecting most at some time or another. From the outset, it is important to be aware that nosebleeds will often settle down on their own, sometimes requiring medical treatment, but that major underlying causes (blood clotting problems or abnormalities in the nose) are very rare.
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
This document provides instructions for instilling ear drops. It describes the purpose of ear drops which is to treat infections, soften ear wax, produce local anesthesia, reduce ear pain, and kill insects in the auditory canal. It lists the contraindication of a ruptured eardrum. Equipment needed includes a bowl, cotton balls, gauze, dropper, and medication. Steps provided include explaining the process to the patient, positioning them, cleaning the ear, warming the drops, inserting them drop by drop, having the patient remain positioned, and recording any complaints. Additional instructions are given for instilling drops in children.
Urinary Tract Infection with Nursing ManagementSwatilekha Das
Urinary Tract Infection introduction, definition, common microorganisms, classification, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic studies, medical management and nursing management along with assessment, nursing diagnosis, goal, nursing interventions and expected outcome after the intervention.
Fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for life and homeostasis. Imbalances can result from various factors and illness. The body maintains balance through fluid compartments and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen/bicarbonate ions. Kidneys, lungs, skin, and GI tract help regulate levels. Common imbalances include hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, and respiratory/metabolic acidosis/alkalosis. Precise diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes are needed to correct imbalances.
A tracheostomy is an opening in the neck into the trachea that aids breathing. Tracheostomy care includes cleaning the tracheostomy site and changing dressings and inner tubes. The nurse must follow sterile technique, assess the tracheostomy site for signs of infection, clean the inner cannula and site, replace dressings and ties securely, and document the procedure. Tracheostomy care promotes airway patency, prevents infection, and provides patient comfort.
Bladder irrigation involves flushing the bladder with liquid to clean it and maintain catheter patency. It can be done manually or continuously. Manual irrigation is used to clear clots or debris when a catheter is blocked. Continuous bladder irrigation prevents clot formation and maintains flow by continuously irrigating the bladder with saline. The procedure must be done aseptically to prevent infection and complications can include UTI, tissue trauma, urethral irritation, and bladder spasm.
This presentation contains :-
1.Bowel washing
2. Defination of bowel washing
3. Purpose of bowel washing
4. Solution used for bowel washing
5. Temperature of solution while during bowel washing
6. Articles use for bowel washing
7. Procedure of bowel washing
8. Insertion of flatus tube
9. Insertion of flatus tube
This document discusses assessing and managing dehydration in children. It defines dehydration and lists common causes like gastroenteritis and burns. The assessment of dehydration is difficult but involves factors like weight loss, skin turgor, tears, and urine output. Dehydration is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on these clinical signs. Oral rehydration solution is given to rehydrate children and recipes for making ORS are provided.
1) A chest tube is a catheter inserted through the chest wall to drain fluid or air from the pleural space.
2) Chest tubes are used to treat pneumothorax, hemothorax, and pleural effusions by removing fluid/air and restoring negative pressure in the pleural space.
3) Chest drainage systems like the one, two, and three bottle systems maintain suction and prevent fluid/air from re-entering the chest through the use of valves and fluid seals.
Hemodialysis is a medical procedure that uses a machine to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure or injury. During hemodialysis, the patient's blood is pumped through a dialyzer filter to remove toxins and regulate electrolyte and mineral levels before being returned. It helps control symptoms but is not a cure for kidney disease. Vascular access is required, either through an arteriovenous fistula, graft, or temporary catheter placed in the subclavian, jugular, or femoral vein. Precise regulation of dialysate solutions, blood flow rates, and treatment time is needed to safely remove waste while avoiding complications.
The document provides information about a seminar on fractures presented by Ms. Durga Joshi. It defines a fracture as a break in the bone's continuity. It then lists the objectives of the seminar which are to define fracture, discuss causes and types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and medical and nursing management. It proceeds to define types of fractures such as complete, incomplete, closed, and open fractures. It also discusses classification, causes, and complications of fractures as well as diagnosis, management including splinting and traction, and nursing care of patients with fractures.
Hospitalization in children can occur for a variety of medical reasons including scheduled tests, procedures, surgery, or emergency treatment. Prior to admission, parents should prepare their child by explaining what to expect in an age-appropriate way. Upon admission, paperwork is completed, consent is obtained, and the child is given an ID bracelet. Risks depend on the specific treatment, but hospitalization can also have negative effects like isolation, anxiety, or pain. However, it may also enable bravery and new social contacts. Before discharge, instructions are reviewed to aid the child's recovery at home.
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia and as an adjunct in magnesium intoxication. It contains 90mg or 4.5mEq of elemental calcium per gram. Calcium gluconate is administered intravenously or orally and plays an important role in muscle contraction and cell signaling. Adverse reactions include CNS effects, cardiac issues, constipation, and hypercalcemia. It should be used cautiously in patients with cardiac or renal diseases. Nursing considerations include monitoring calcium levels and signs of hypercalcemia.
1) IV fluids are used to restore or maintain fluid and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible. They are categorized based on their tonicity as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
2) Isotonic fluids like normal saline and lactated ringer's solution maintain the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma. Hypotonic fluids like D5W cause fluid to shift into cells while hypertonic fluids like 3% saline cause fluid to shift out of cells.
3) The appropriate fluid must be selected based on the patient's condition and fluid needs to avoid complications like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and cell swelling or shrinkage. Close monitoring is needed
1. Ringers lactate is the most physiological intravenous fluid. Isotonic saline and DNS have the highest sodium content while isotonic saline, DNS, and ISO-G have the highest chloride levels.
2. Isolyte-G is the only intravenous fluid that can directly correct metabolic alkalosis. Isolyte-M, P, G, and E along with Ringer's lactate should generally be avoided in patients with renal failure.
3. Ringer's lactate, isotonic saline, and 5% dextrose are preferred for diabetic patients as they do not contain glucose. NS, DNS, and dextrose solutions do not contain potassium and do not directly correct acid-
A chest tube is a catheter inserted through the chest wall to drain air, fluid, or pus from the pleural space and maintain negative pressure. It is indicated for conditions like pneumothorax, hemothorax, and pleural effusions. The chest tube is connected to a drainage system, usually a three bottle system, to continuously drain the pleural space and prevent a build up of air or fluid that could impair lung function. Nurses monitor the chest tube drainage closely and ensure the system remains intact and functioning properly to allow for full lung re-expansion and recovery following chest tube insertion.
Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. It involves infusing dialysate fluid into the abdomen through a catheter for diffusion and osmosis to occur. There are various types of peritoneal dialysis including continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, automated peritoneal dialysis, and intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Nursing management focuses on preventing infections, monitoring for fluid overload, managing pain, and providing education on catheter care and lifestyle adjustments. Peritoneal dialysis offers patients greater independence compared to hemodialysis.
The document outlines the nurse's roles and responsibilities regarding intravenous (IV) therapy and blood/blood product administration. It defines IV infusion and IVI therapy, lists indications, types of IV solutions, supplies needed, and the procedure for IV insertion. It also defines blood and blood products, explains blood typing and groups, and covers storage, handling, and nursing responsibilities related to blood transfusions. Complications of IVI therapy and post-transfusion reactions are also discussed.
This document provides information on oxygen administration including definitions, sources, purposes, indications, precautions, equipment, and methods. It defines oxygen administration as supplementing oxygen at a higher concentration than atmospheric air. Therapeutic oxygen sources are wall outlets and cylinders. Oxygen is administered through masks or nasal cannulas to treat conditions like respiratory distress and hypoxia. Precautions include avoiding sparks and open flames near cylinders. The two main methods described are mask administration and nasal cannula administration, including equipment requirements and step-by-step procedures.
Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the bone marrow to obtain a tissue sample. It is used to diagnose or stage diseases like leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The nurse's roles include preparing equipment aseptically, assisting the doctor during the procedure, monitoring the client's vital signs, and observing the client post-procedure to check for complications like bleeding or infection.
Nosebleeds are very common in young children, affecting most at some time or another. From the outset, it is important to be aware that nosebleeds will often settle down on their own, sometimes requiring medical treatment, but that major underlying causes (blood clotting problems or abnormalities in the nose) are very rare.
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
This document provides instructions for instilling ear drops. It describes the purpose of ear drops which is to treat infections, soften ear wax, produce local anesthesia, reduce ear pain, and kill insects in the auditory canal. It lists the contraindication of a ruptured eardrum. Equipment needed includes a bowl, cotton balls, gauze, dropper, and medication. Steps provided include explaining the process to the patient, positioning them, cleaning the ear, warming the drops, inserting them drop by drop, having the patient remain positioned, and recording any complaints. Additional instructions are given for instilling drops in children.
Urinary Tract Infection with Nursing ManagementSwatilekha Das
Urinary Tract Infection introduction, definition, common microorganisms, classification, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic studies, medical management and nursing management along with assessment, nursing diagnosis, goal, nursing interventions and expected outcome after the intervention.
Fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for life and homeostasis. Imbalances can result from various factors and illness. The body maintains balance through fluid compartments and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen/bicarbonate ions. Kidneys, lungs, skin, and GI tract help regulate levels. Common imbalances include hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, and respiratory/metabolic acidosis/alkalosis. Precise diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes are needed to correct imbalances.
A tracheostomy is an opening in the neck into the trachea that aids breathing. Tracheostomy care includes cleaning the tracheostomy site and changing dressings and inner tubes. The nurse must follow sterile technique, assess the tracheostomy site for signs of infection, clean the inner cannula and site, replace dressings and ties securely, and document the procedure. Tracheostomy care promotes airway patency, prevents infection, and provides patient comfort.
Bladder irrigation involves flushing the bladder with liquid to clean it and maintain catheter patency. It can be done manually or continuously. Manual irrigation is used to clear clots or debris when a catheter is blocked. Continuous bladder irrigation prevents clot formation and maintains flow by continuously irrigating the bladder with saline. The procedure must be done aseptically to prevent infection and complications can include UTI, tissue trauma, urethral irritation, and bladder spasm.
This presentation contains :-
1.Bowel washing
2. Defination of bowel washing
3. Purpose of bowel washing
4. Solution used for bowel washing
5. Temperature of solution while during bowel washing
6. Articles use for bowel washing
7. Procedure of bowel washing
8. Insertion of flatus tube
9. Insertion of flatus tube
This document discusses assessing and managing dehydration in children. It defines dehydration and lists common causes like gastroenteritis and burns. The assessment of dehydration is difficult but involves factors like weight loss, skin turgor, tears, and urine output. Dehydration is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on these clinical signs. Oral rehydration solution is given to rehydrate children and recipes for making ORS are provided.
1) A chest tube is a catheter inserted through the chest wall to drain fluid or air from the pleural space.
2) Chest tubes are used to treat pneumothorax, hemothorax, and pleural effusions by removing fluid/air and restoring negative pressure in the pleural space.
3) Chest drainage systems like the one, two, and three bottle systems maintain suction and prevent fluid/air from re-entering the chest through the use of valves and fluid seals.
Hemodialysis is a medical procedure that uses a machine to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure or injury. During hemodialysis, the patient's blood is pumped through a dialyzer filter to remove toxins and regulate electrolyte and mineral levels before being returned. It helps control symptoms but is not a cure for kidney disease. Vascular access is required, either through an arteriovenous fistula, graft, or temporary catheter placed in the subclavian, jugular, or femoral vein. Precise regulation of dialysate solutions, blood flow rates, and treatment time is needed to safely remove waste while avoiding complications.
The document provides information about a seminar on fractures presented by Ms. Durga Joshi. It defines a fracture as a break in the bone's continuity. It then lists the objectives of the seminar which are to define fracture, discuss causes and types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and medical and nursing management. It proceeds to define types of fractures such as complete, incomplete, closed, and open fractures. It also discusses classification, causes, and complications of fractures as well as diagnosis, management including splinting and traction, and nursing care of patients with fractures.
Hospitalization in children can occur for a variety of medical reasons including scheduled tests, procedures, surgery, or emergency treatment. Prior to admission, parents should prepare their child by explaining what to expect in an age-appropriate way. Upon admission, paperwork is completed, consent is obtained, and the child is given an ID bracelet. Risks depend on the specific treatment, but hospitalization can also have negative effects like isolation, anxiety, or pain. However, it may also enable bravery and new social contacts. Before discharge, instructions are reviewed to aid the child's recovery at home.
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia and as an adjunct in magnesium intoxication. It contains 90mg or 4.5mEq of elemental calcium per gram. Calcium gluconate is administered intravenously or orally and plays an important role in muscle contraction and cell signaling. Adverse reactions include CNS effects, cardiac issues, constipation, and hypercalcemia. It should be used cautiously in patients with cardiac or renal diseases. Nursing considerations include monitoring calcium levels and signs of hypercalcemia.
1) IV fluids are used to restore or maintain fluid and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible. They are categorized based on their tonicity as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
2) Isotonic fluids like normal saline and lactated ringer's solution maintain the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma. Hypotonic fluids like D5W cause fluid to shift into cells while hypertonic fluids like 3% saline cause fluid to shift out of cells.
3) The appropriate fluid must be selected based on the patient's condition and fluid needs to avoid complications like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and cell swelling or shrinkage. Close monitoring is needed
1. Ringers lactate is the most physiological intravenous fluid. Isotonic saline and DNS have the highest sodium content while isotonic saline, DNS, and ISO-G have the highest chloride levels.
2. Isolyte-G is the only intravenous fluid that can directly correct metabolic alkalosis. Isolyte-M, P, G, and E along with Ringer's lactate should generally be avoided in patients with renal failure.
3. Ringer's lactate, isotonic saline, and 5% dextrose are preferred for diabetic patients as they do not contain glucose. NS, DNS, and dextrose solutions do not contain potassium and do not directly correct acid-
Human excretory system for Nurses Class 2.pptxJacobKurian22
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers topics such as fluid compartments, electrolyte distribution, mechanisms of fluid movement, assessment of fluid status, causes of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and management of volume deficits and excesses. Specifically, it provides details on:
- The normal distribution of total body water and fluid compartments in a 70kg male.
- How the kidneys and hormones regulate fluid volume and balance sodium levels.
- Common intravenous fluid types used in treatment, including crystalloids and colloids.
- Clinical signs of moderate and severe volume deficits and how to evaluate chronic vs acute deficits.
- Causes of fluid losses or gains in surgical
This document summarizes a seminar on fluid and electrolyte management in surgical patients. It discusses body fluid compartments and composition, causes of fluid imbalance, evaluation of fluid status, and fluid therapy for surgical patients. It also covers causes and treatment of various electrolyte abnormalities like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium imbalances that can occur in surgical patients. The objective is for attendees to understand fluid disturbances and therapy, and be able to manage electrolyte abnormalities in surgical patients.
This document provides an overview of intravascular fluids used for fluid management, including crystalloids and colloids. It discusses the types of crystalloids such as normal saline, Ringer's lactate, dextrose solutions, and their indications, contraindications, and complications. It also covers colloid solutions such as albumin and hydroxyethyl starches. The document aims to educate medical students and residents on selecting the appropriate fluid for different clinical situations and how to administer fluids safely and effectively.
This slide share includes definition,indications,dehydration status,types of fluids,when to administer which fluid,how to calculate the fluid to be administered and how to monitor fluid therapy.Hope its helpful.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the human body. It defines key terms like homeostasis, electrolytes, osmosis, and body water content. It describes the characteristics, functions and normal ranges of important fluids and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. It also discusses electrolyte abnormalities like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia and their potential causes, clinical signs, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance and replacement. It covers the body's fluid compartments, composition of body fluids including electrolytes and solutes, kidney function in fluid regulation, hormonal control of fluid balance, causes of fluid imbalances, diagnostic tests, and electrolyte abnormalities including sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium imbalances. Treatment approaches are provided for restoring normal fluid and electrolyte levels.
Intravenous fluid administration is an effective method for rapidly delivering large volumes of fluid directly into the bloodstream. It allows for immediate correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances. The main advantages are precise control over volume and rate of fluid delivery compared to other administration methods. The document discusses the roles and normal ranges of important electrolytes in the body like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and others. It also covers intravenous fluid types like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and plasma volume expanders.
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It discusses water balance and the roles of ADH and thirst in maintaining appropriate plasma osmolality. Sodium balance is also reviewed, including the causes and management of hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Potassium disorders like hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are examined as well. Treatment approaches aim to correct fluid deficits and shifts while avoiding overly rapid changes in electrolyte concentrations.
- Fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for normal human functioning. The body maintains balance through regulating water intake and output and electrolyte levels.
- Sodium is a key electrolyte that helps regulate blood volume, pressure, and pH. Both too little (hyponatremia) and too much (hypernatremia) sodium can cause issues. Other important electrolytes include potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
- Imbalances can occur from excessive intake/loss, medical conditions, or medications. Symptoms depend on the electrolyte and severity of imbalance. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause while correcting electrolyte levels. Careful fluid management is often important.
This document discusses fluid and blood resuscitation. It begins by outlining the body's fluid compartments, then discusses causes of hypovolemia including hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic causes. The aim of fluid resuscitation is to restore tissue oxygenation while minimizing biochemical disturbance and preserving renal function. Types of fluids discussed include crystalloids like lactated Ringer's, 0.9% saline, D5W as well as colloids like albumin, dextrans, hetastarch, and gelatins. Isotonic fluids like 0.9% saline are used to treat volume deficits while hypotonic fluids can treat conditions causing intracellular dehydration. Precautions for fluid
This document summarizes fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It discusses total body fluid volumes and water balance, fluid compartments, intravascular fluid volume, movement of body fluids through filtration, osmosis and diffusion, and factors affecting fluid and electrolyte movement like osmotic pressure and tonicity. It also covers electrolytes in the extracellular fluid, sodium regulation, water regulation, manifestations of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and acid-base balance.
This document discusses various types of intravenous fluids and their uses. It begins by outlining the basic indications for IV fluid therapy, including treatment of fluid and electrolyte deficits as well as associated illnesses. It then describes different types of IV fluids in more detail, including crystalloids like saline and dextrose solutions, as well as colloid solutions like albumin, dextrans, gelatins, and hydroxyethyl starch. For each fluid, the document discusses properties, indications, contraindications, and complications. It also addresses principles of fluid management like redistribution, maintenance fluids, and fluid rates for different levels of surgical trauma.
The document discusses acid-base balance and electrolytes in the human body. It covers topics like water distribution in the body, pH and buffering systems, acid-base chemistry, electrolytes and their roles. It defines conditions like hypovolemia and hypervolemia caused by fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Sodium imbalance conditions of hyponatremia and hypernatremia are explained in detail including their causes, signs, diagnostic findings and management approaches. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for normal cellular and organ function in the human body.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance and management. It covers the composition of body fluids, mechanisms that regulate fluid homeostasis, and types of parenteral fluid therapy including crystalloids like saline solutions and dextrose solutions, as well as colloid solutions. It provides guidelines on fluid replacement and maintenance requirements, and examples of intravenous fluid orders.
The document discusses the body's fluid management and intravenous (IV) therapy. It defines different types of body fluids and their roles in homeostasis. It also explains the uses of IV therapy and classifications of IV fluids, including crystalloids, colloids, and blood/blood products. The document discusses electrolytes, their functions, and imbalances. It provides information on potential complications of IV therapy and guidelines for fluid management.
The document provides information on fluid and electrolyte imbalance. It discusses the composition of body fluids, electrolytes, regulation of body fluid compartments, intravenous fluids, fluid volume disturbances including hypovolemia and hypervolemia, and electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Causes, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and management are described for various fluid and electrolyte disorders.
The document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances. It covers fluid compartments and regulation, electrolyte composition and balance, acid-base balance mechanisms, causes and assessment of dehydration, and management of dehydration through oral rehydration and intravenous fluids. Common electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and causes of hyponatremia are also mentioned.
This document discusses water and electrolyte balance, which is important for homeostasis and maintained by the kidneys. Changes can occur pre, intra, and postoperatively or with trauma/sepsis. Total body water is about 60% of body weight, with two thirds being intracellular fluid and one third extracellular fluid. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium are also discussed in relation to their distribution and role in fluid balance.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
2. Body Fluids Water Solutes 2
TOTAL BODY WATER
60% of BW
ICF
(40%)
ECF (20%)
INTRAVAS
CULAR
FLUID
TRANSCEL
LULAR
FLUID
EXTRAVAS
CULAR
FLUID
INACCESSI
BLE BONE
FLUID
Blood
plasm
a
Interstitial
fluid
Lymph
Secretions from glandular
secretion, GI fluid, respiratory
fluid, CSF, aqueous humor,
peritoneal fluid
3. Electrolyte
Compounds which exist as charged particles
in solution
ECF contains mainly Na⁺ as major cation and
Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻ & HPO₄ 2⁻ as anions
ICF contains K⁺ as major cation and HCO₃⁻,
PO₄ 3⁻, SO₄ 2⁻ & citrate as anions
Electrolytes are essential for various life
processes
ECF volume is mainly maintained by Na⁺ &
ICF volume is a function of K⁺ content-
maintained by Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pumps
3
5. Acid-base balance
Balance between acidity & alkalinity
Determined by H⁺ ion concentration in various body
fluids
pH of ECF is maintained within narrow limits of 40nEq
(pH-7.4) in arterial blood & 45nEq (pH- 7.35) in venous
blood & interstitial fluid
Most enzymatic reactions have narrowly defined range
of pH optimum, a small variation in H⁺ ion will affect the
reaction rates & various biological processes
pH of ECF above 7.8 & below 7.0 is incompatible with
life
Normally a pH of arterial blood below 7.4 is considered
as acidosis/ acidemia & above 7.4 is considered as
5
6. H⁺ ion concentration is
maintained by
6
RESPIRATI
ON
RENAL
EXCRETION
CHEMICAL
BUFFER
Bicarbonate
buffer
Phosphate buffer
Protein buffer
8. Water imbalance
DEHYDRATION
Hypertonic- Water
loss with little or no
electrolyte loss
Treated with
hypotonic solution
Isotonic- Water loss
with proportionate
electrolyte loss
Treated with
isotonic fluids
OVERHYDRATION
Does not occur
commonly in animals
Over hydration is
usually balanced
through renal water
excretion
Treated with diuretics
8
10. HYPONATREMIA
Rapid in onset
Acute hyponatremia
Causes influx of water
into CNS
Early signs include
lethargy, nausea &
vomiting
More severe signs
include pulmonary &
cerebral edema, coma,
increase in body weight
Seizures due to acute
water intoxication
Clinical signs absent in
chronic loss of Na⁺
HYPERNATREMIA
Related to cerebral
dehydration
Depression, lethargy,
muscle rigidity, tremors,
myoclonus & hyper-
reflexia
Vomiting, diarrhea,
polydipsia & polyuria
Seizures, coma & death
in severe cases
10
CL
I
N
I
CA
L S
I
GN
S
11. HYPONATREMIA
Severe symptomatic
hyponatremia-
hypertonic saline
solution (3-5% NaCl)
Mild to moderate
hyponatremia- isotonic
saline solution (0.9%
NaCl)
Adrenocortical
insufficiency – HRT
Overhydrated patients-
hypertonic saline + loop
diuretics
Normovolemic patients-
water restricted,
discontinue the AD
drugs
HYPERNATREMIA
Hypermatremia with
pure water loss, water
is given orally or as
5% dextrose solution
Hypotonic
hypernatremia treated
by 0.45% NaCl
solution or other
hypotonic fluids
Hypertonic
hypernatremia- saline
solution + loop
diuretics
11
TR
EA
TM
EN
T
15. HYPOKALEMIA
Oral or parenteral
replacement
therapy
KCl is preferred
solution (concurrent
alklaosis & Cl⁻
deficiency)
K phosphate also
preferred; chance of
hyperphosphatemia
& hypocalcemia
Should not
administer not more
than 0.5mEq/Kg/h iv
– fatal cardiotoxicity
HYPERKALEMIA
Management of
underlying cause
Withhold K⁺ rich foods
Administer K⁺ free
fluids
Na bicarbonate –
increase pH- push K⁺
into cells
Ca slow iv- reduce
cardiotoxic effect
Careful use of
diuretics
Primary renal
disease- exchange
resins, peritoneal
dialysis &
hemodialysis
15
TR
EA
TM
EN
T
20. Fluid therapy
Therapy must be individualized & tailored to each
patient
Constantly re-evaluated & reformulated according
to changes in status
Fluid selection is dictated by
• Patient’s needs, including volume, rate, & fluid composition
required, as well as location the fluid is needed (interstitial
vs intravascular)
Factors to consider include the following:
o Acute versus chronic conditions
o Patient pathology (e.g., acid-base balance, oncotic
pressure, electrolyte abnormalities)
o Comorbid conditions
20
21. Variety of conditions can be effectively
managed using three types of fluids:
Balanced isotonic electrolyte (e.g.
crystalloid such as lactated Ringer’s
solution [LRS])
Hypotonic solution (e.g. crystalloid such
as 5% dextrose in water [D5W])
Synthetic colloid (e.g., hydroxyethyl
starch such as hetastarch or tetrastarch
21
22. General principles
Assess for the following three types
of fluid disturbances:
Changes in volume (e.g., dehydration, blood
loss)
Changes in content (e.g., hyperkalemia)
Changes in distribution (e.g., pleural effusion)
22
23. Type of fluid: - Choice of fluid depends on type
& extent of fluid losses incurred
Balanced crystalloids are preferred when
replenishing hypovolemia in dehydrated patient
Once rehydrated, maintenance solutions are
preferred for long term fluid therapy
Amount of fluid needed: - maintenance need,
deficit & ongoing loss
Fluid requirement in 24 hrs = Maintenance
volume + Deficit (dehydrated) volume +
Ongoing losses
23
24. Maintenance
Volume
• Amount of
fluid normally
required over
a 24 h period
in a
dehydrated
animal
• 60mL/ Kg for
adults &
130mL/ Kg for
neonates
Deficit Volume
• Amount of
fluid already
lost by animal
during
disease
• Depends on
severity of
dehydration
Ongoing Fluid
Losses
• Loss of fluid
that is not
normal & is
continuing
during
treatment
period
• Loss of fluid
due to
vomiting,
diarrhea,
polyuria,
tachypnea,
24
29. CRYSTALLOIDS
Mostly Na based electrolyte solutions with or without
glucose in water
Provide water, electrolyte, calorie & alkalising agents
Effective both as maintenance & replacement
solutions
Replacement Fluids
Mainly Na based fluids; have composition similar to
plasma; given rapidly in large volumes do not
drastically change constituents of intravascular fluids
Maintenance Fluids
Used as normal substitutes for normal intake of water
& dietary electrolytes; provided after initial fluid
balance is restored
29
30. Saline solution
Normal saline solution/ isotonic saline solution/ NaCl
solution/ Physiological Saline Solution
Contains 0.9% w/v NaCl in water
Most widely used replacement fluid; also used as
maintenance fluid
Mildly acidic in nature
~ 300 mOsm/ Kg- isotonic with plasma; but not a
balanced fluid
Replaces Na⁺ loss efficiently
Can cause hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis;
contains more Cl⁻ than that in plasma (diarrhea or
kidney unable to excrete excess Cl⁻)
Contraindicated in patients with CHF & in restricted Na
intake
30
31. Hypertonic saline solution
Available commercially as 3%, 5% & 7.5% w/v NaCl
in water
Contain more osmotically active particles than
intracellular fluid, water moves from the interstitial
space
Rapidly expand the plasma volume & help in
maintaining perfusion- hypovolemia & hemorrhagic
shock
Indicated in hypervolemic hyponatremia, water
intoxication syndrome
Provide mild positive inotropic effect & provide
pulmonary and systemic vasodilatation
Contraindicated in dehydrated, hypernatremic or
hyperchloremic patients
Should be administered slow iv (adverse cardiac
31
32. Hypotonic saline solution
Contain 0.45% NaCl in water
Contain NaCl half of that of isotonic saline –
Half Normal Saline Solution
Osmolality less than that of ECF
As maintenance fluid
Along with 2.5% dextrose solution
32
33. Ringer solution
Prototype of replacement fluids
Contain Na, K, Ca & Cl in appropriate
concentrations
Occasionally used as maintenance fluid
High chloride content
No bicarbonate precursor
33
34. Ringer lactate
Hartmanns solution
Ringer solution + lactate
Ideal replacement fluid with plasma like electrolyte
composition
Supplies bicarbonate ions after hepatic metabolism of
lactate
Replacement of all fluid deficits & fluid delivery for all
shocks except cardiogenic shock
Here Na lactate in ringer lactate is replaced by Na acetate
Bicarbonate generation occurs in muscles & peripheral
tissues
34
Acetated ringers solution
35. 5% w/v dextrose in water
Used a maintenance fluid & source of water
Used in hypernatremia & primary water depletion states
Should not be used as a replacement fluid
Does not supply required electrolytes
Not suitable for volume resuscitation, intravascular volume
maintenance or interstitial volume replacement
For treatment of hypoglycemia & ketosis
10%, 25% & 50% solutions
35Isotonic dextrose solution
hypertonic dextrose solution
36. Hypotonic dextrose solution
2.5% w/v dextrose in water
Used as maintenance fluid alone or in
combination with other fluids
4.3% dextrose + 0.18% NaCl
Maintenance of fluid & electrolyte levels
Useful for hypertonic dehydration
36
isotonic dextrose solution
37. Sodium bicarbonate solution
Treatment of metabolic acidosis
1.5%, 5% & 8.4% solutions
1.5% solution is approximately isotonic
Used to alkalinise urine
Adjunct in hypercalcemia & hyperkalemia
Administered slowly – overshoot alkalosis
Incompatible with D5W & D5 RL solutions
37
38. Potassium chloride solution
Available as 2mEq/mL & 3mEq/mL solutions
Treatment of hypokalemia
Slow iv (rapid- cardiotoxic)
Contraindicated in renal failure, AV block & hyperkalemia
Diluted with 50 times its volume of 0.9% NaCl solution
Mixtures of monobasic & dibasic salt forms
To correct hypokalemia or hypophosphatemia diabetic ketoacidosis
38
Potassium phosphate solution
39. Calcium gluconate & calcium
borogluconate
Most widely used salts of Ca
Treatment of hypocalcemia in large & small animals
Administered according to response of patient, intensity of
clinical signs & blood analysis
Not preferred therapeutically
More likely to cause hypotension
39
Calcium chloride
40. Magnesium sulphate
Available in 10, 12.5, 25 & 50 concentrations
Used as source of Mg in hypomagnesemic
tetany
Overdosage cause CNS depression, cardiac
depression, respiratory depression & muscular
weakness
Ventilatory support & Ca iv required for severe
hypermagnesimia
40
41. Darrow’s solution
Lactated K saline injection
Consists of 0.4% NaCl + 0.27% KCl + 0.58%
Na lactate
Counters depletion of K in ICF in
dehydration
Na lactate – alkalinising agent
Less used in veterinary therapeutics
41
42. colloids
Plasma volume expanders
High molecular weight synthetic colloidal substances;
attract & hold water in vascular space
Do not enhance O₂ carrying capacity of blood
Natural colloids- plasma, albumin preparations & whole
blood
Synthetic colloids are more readily available & carry no
risk of transmitting disease
Effectiveness depends on molecular weight, colloid
content & bioavailability, their ability to bind
intravascular volume & maintain oncotic pressure
42
43. DESIRABLE PROPERTIES
Should exert oncotic pressure comparable to
plasma
Should remain in circulation for required period &
not readily leak out in tissues
Pharmacologically inert
Not pyrogenic or antigenic
Not adversely affect any visceral organ
Not interfere with grouping & cross matching of
blood
Longer storage period
Easily sterilisable
Readily available & economical
43
44. Useful in patients which are hypovolemic,
hypoproteinemic & shock
Often in combination with hypertonic saline (to
increase effect of hypertonic saline & to reduce
the volume of crystalloids needed to achieve &
maintain adequate systemic arterial blood
pressure & tissue perfusion)
Dextran, Hetastarch, Oxypolygelatine/ Gelatine
44
45. PLASMA
Most commonly used colloid solution in
veterinary medicine
Its main advantage stems from the colloid
osmotic pressure provided by plasma proteins
It is useful for treating hypoproteinemic
conditions such as chronic liver disease,
protein-losing enteropathy, and glomerulopathy
Main disadvantages of plasma are its limited
availability, its effects are temporary & it is
expensive
45
46. DEXTRANS
Synthetic colloids derived from sugar beets
Dextran 70 and 40 are available in 5% dextrose
or saline solutions
Dextran 40 has the advantage of retarding
formation of rouleaux & sludging of RBC, thus
improving microcirculation above & beyond
simple volume expansion
Disadvantages include coagulopathies as a
result of decreased platelet function & altered
fibrin clot formation
Other problems include renal failure,
anaphylaxis & depressed immune function
46
47. HETASTARCH
Hydroxyethyl starch (Hetastarch) is a synthetic
polymer derived from a waxy starch composed
mostly of amylopectin
Like albumin, it expands the circulating plasma
volume
Osmolality is approximately 310 mOsm/L
expanded plasma volume may last for 24 hours
or longer
Hydroxyethyl starch is available as a 6%
solution in saline
47
48. Oral rehydration solutions
Essentially contain Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ & glucose
Widely used in man & small animals to correct water &
electrolyte loss due to diarrhea & other conditions
Normally made isotonic
Base- bicarbonate or citrate or lactate – to correct
acidosis
Super ORS- ORS solution containing actively
transported amino acids (alanine & glycine)
48
51. ANEMIA
Intravenous fluids are sometimes used
excessively in the anemic patient when the
decrease in red blood cell mass is
misinterpreted as total blood volume depletion,
when in fact the plasma volume might even be
expanded
To compensate for decreased tissue oxygen
delivery, the heart rate increases, and if these
patients are subjected to large fluid volumes
over a short period of time, pulmonary edema
can occur
51
52. Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess
Associated with an increase in total body salt & water
Occurs in a variety of clinical settings including congestive
heart failure, glomerulopathies, liver fibrosis &protein-losing
enteropathyThese conditions are
Associated with a decrease in "effective arterial volume,"
which stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle &
the release of antidiuretic hormones to promote renal salt &
water retention
Increased venous pressure from heart failure and cirrhosis
or because of decreased plasma oncotic pressure
associated with hypoalbuminemia, the retained salt and
water move into the interstitial and other body spaces,
causing edema, ascites, or pleural effusion
52
53. Such patients are extremely sensitive to
intravenous overload with crystalloid solutions
Treatment should be directed toward improving
the underlying primary pathologic process
Fresh or fresh frozen plasma should be used to
volume expand animals with hypoalbuminemia,
although in glomerulopathies and protein-losing
enteropathy, beneficial effects are usually
temporary at best because of continued protein
losses
Heart failure patients receiving intravenous fluids
should be closely observed for weight gain and
respiratory distress caused by intravascular fluid
overload
53
54. When parenteral fluid therapy is indicated in
the cardiac patient, solutions containing little
or no sodium are given after dehydration
and hypovolemia are corrected with isotonic
solutions
Either 0.45% saline or D-5-W can be used
Efforts should be made to avoid
hypokalemia by adding potassium chloride
solution to the fluids at a dose of 7 to 10
mEq/250 ml
54
55. Hypovolemic Shock
Isotonic crystalloid solutions (NS, acetated Ringer's or LRS)are the
most commonly used replacement fluids because they are usually
effective, readily available, easily administered, and relatively
inexpensive
Severely hypotensive patients might require at least one whole
blood volume of replacement fluids during the first hour of
treatment
Initial rapid infusion for dogs should be 20 to 40 ml/kg IV (one half
this amount for cats) for 15 minutes, followed by 70 to 90 ml/kg
(dogs) or 30 to 50 ml/kg (cats) administered over one hour
Any signs of fluid overload necessitate prompt decreases in fluid
delivery and consideration of diuretic therapy
Useful for treating dogs and cats with trauma-induced peracute
blood loss
It has also been proved efficacious for treating other conditions in
which plasma volume is depleted rapidly, such as the canine
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) syndrome
55
56. Vomiting
Principle sign of gastric disease, but it can also accompany
disorders of the small or large bowel, liver, and pancreas, as well
as disorders occurring outside of the digestive system
Deplete the body of a substantial volume of fluids and electrolytes
Specific types of electrolyte deficiencies and acid-base
abnormalities depend on the location of the primary disorder
Vomiting caused by pyloric outflow obstructions typically can lead
to dehydration, metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia,
and hyponatremia
NS supplemented with potassium chloride (3 to 10
mEq/kgBW every 24-hours) is the fluid of choice
Fluid losses through vomiting associated with systemic illness or
intestinal disease are best replaced with lactated or acetated
Ringer's solutions
56
57. Diarrhea
Fluid deficit from massive diarrhea can be
efficiently corrected with LRS or acetated
Ringer's because
In markedly hypotensive patients, the
intravenous fluids should be given as per
hypovolemic shock condition
57