This document provides definitions and descriptions of plant morphology terms related to plant habit and lifespan, stems, leaves, inflorescences, flowers, and fruits. It defines annual, biennial, and perennial plant lifespans and describes stem, leaf, and inflorescence structures. The summary also defines flower parts including sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, and their arrangements. Finally, it briefly outlines fruit types.
A Flower is :
Highly modified form of shoot
Have reproductive characteristic
With floral leaves
Calyx, Corolla collectively called Perianth and Androecium ,Gynoecium
These are arranged at Thalamus
* Caryophyllaceae is also known as pink family. Members of this family are well known for ornamental purposes.
* This family is well represented in the British Flora and many species are cultivated as ornamental garden flowers.
* The members of this family are commonly found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
*Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Soral & Sporangial Characters in Pteridophytes.pdfANAKHA JACOB
Sporangia are Spore bearing structure.
• May be eusporangiate or leptosporangiate.
• Homo- or Heterosporous.
• Terminal/ Lateral/ aggregated into specialized structures.
Tassel is regarded as primitive and acrostichoid condition as advanced.
The sporangia on expanded sporophyll are with or without the
indusium(protective covering).
• The sori lacking indusia are exindusiate or naked (Gleicheniaceae).
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
More Related Content
Similar to flower - it's types,aestivation and androecium and gynoecium
A Flower is :
Highly modified form of shoot
Have reproductive characteristic
With floral leaves
Calyx, Corolla collectively called Perianth and Androecium ,Gynoecium
These are arranged at Thalamus
* Caryophyllaceae is also known as pink family. Members of this family are well known for ornamental purposes.
* This family is well represented in the British Flora and many species are cultivated as ornamental garden flowers.
* The members of this family are commonly found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
*Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Soral & Sporangial Characters in Pteridophytes.pdfANAKHA JACOB
Sporangia are Spore bearing structure.
• May be eusporangiate or leptosporangiate.
• Homo- or Heterosporous.
• Terminal/ Lateral/ aggregated into specialized structures.
Tassel is regarded as primitive and acrostichoid condition as advanced.
The sporangia on expanded sporophyll are with or without the
indusium(protective covering).
• The sori lacking indusia are exindusiate or naked (Gleicheniaceae).
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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3. LEAVES
Leaf insertion
Cauline: Leaves borne on the main stem
Ramal: Leaves borne on the lateral branches
Leaf surface
Glaucous: Covered with a whitish powder or waxy coating.
Spiny: Covered with spines
Glabrous: Without hairs of any kind
Pubescent: With a hairy surface--there are many kinds of hairiness:
8. Phyllotaxy:
Alternate: Bearing one leaf at each node.
The successive leaves usually form a spiral pattern, in mathematical regularity so that
all leaves are found to lie in a fixed number of vertical rows or orthostichies.
In grasses the leaves are in two rows (2-ranked, distichous or ½ phyllotaxy), so that
the third leaf is above the first leaf.
Sedges have three rows of leaves (3-ranked, tristichous, or 1/3 phyllotaxy), the
fourth leaf above the first leaf.
China rose and banyan show pentastichous arrangement, where the sixth leaf lies
above the first one, but in doing so leaves complete two spirals and the phyllotaxy is
known as 2/5 phyllotaxy.
Carica papaya depicts octastichous arrangement, wherein the ninth leaf lies above
the first one and three spirals are completed in doing so, thus a 3/8 phyllotaxy.
9. Opposite: Bearing pairs of leaves at each node. The pairs of
successive leaves may be parallel (superposed) as in
Quisqualis or at right angles (decussate) as in Calotropis
and Stellaria.
Whorled (verticillate): More than three leaves at each node
as in Galium, Rubia and Nerium.
29. Androcieum
Fusion
• Polyandrous: Stamens free throughout.
• Monadelphous: Filaments of all stamens united
in a single group, as in family Malvaceae.
• Diadelphous: Filaments of stamens united in
two groups, as in Lathyrus.
• Polyadelphous: Filaments united in more than
two groups, as in Citrus.
• Syngenesious (synantherous): Filaments free
but anthers connate into a tube, as in family
Asteraceae.
• Synandrous: Stamens fused completely through
filaments as well as anthers, as in Cucurbita.
• Epipetalous: Filaments attached to the petals, a
characteristic feature of sympetalous families.
• Epiphyllous (epitepalous): Filaments attached
to the perianth.
30. Relative size
• Didynamous: Four stamens, two shorter and two longer, as in Ocimum.
• Tetradynamous: Six stamens, two shorter in outer whorl and four longer
in inner whorl, as in crucifers.
• Heterostemonous: Same flower with stamens of different sizes, as in
Cassia.
• Diplostemonous: Stamens in two whorls, the outer whorl alternating with
petals as in Murraya.
• Obdiplostemonous: Stamens in two whorls but outer whorl opposite the
petals, as in the family Caryophyllaceae.
• Antipetalous: Stamens opposite the petals, as in the family Primulaceae.
• Bithecous: Stamen with two anther lobes (each anther lobe at maturity
becomes unilocular due to coalescence of two adjacent microsporangia) so
that anther is two celled at maturity.
• Monothecous: Stamen with single anther lobe so that mature anther is
single-celled, as in family Malvaceae.
31.
32. Attachment:
• (i) Adnate: Filament continues into
connective which is almost as broad,
as found in Ranunculus.
• (ii) Basifixed: The filament ends at
the base of anther (when connective
extends up to base of anther) or at
least base of connective (when anther
lobes extend freely below the
connective). The resultant anther is
erect, as in Brassica.
• (iii) Dorsifixed: Filament attached on
the connective above the base. The
resultant anther is somewhat inclined,
as in Sesbania.
• (iv) Versatile: Filament attached
nearly at the middle of connective so
that anther can swing freely as, in
Lilium and grasses.
33. Dehiscence:
• Longitudinal: The two sutures extend
longitudinally, one on each anther lobe
as in Datura.
• Transverse: Suture placed transversely,
as in monothecous anthers of family
Malvaceae.
• Poricidal (apical pores): Anther
opening by pores at the tip of anther, as
in Solanum nigrum.
• Valvular: Portions of anther wall
opening through flaps or valves, as in
Laurus.
37. Fruits
• Simple fruits: A single fruit develops from a flower
having a single carpel or several united carpel
• Aggregate fruits: Aggregate fruits develop from
multi-carpellary apocarpous ovary. Each ovary forms
a fruitlet, and the collection of fruitlets is known as
etaerio.
• Multiple fruits: A multiple fruit involves ovaries of
more than one flower, commonly the whole
inflorescence.