The document discusses fishing in Pakistan. It describes marine fishing which takes place in the sea and coastal areas, and inland fishing from rivers, lakes and dams. It provides details on fishing centers, types of fish caught, traditional and modern fishing methods used, and developments in the fishing industry and infrastructure in Pakistan. Key issues facing the fishing industry are also summarized such as water pollution, overfishing, threats to mangroves and weak infrastructure.
This document summarizes the fishing industry in Pakistan. It describes the types of fish caught, the major fishing harbors, and the different types of fisheries including deep sea fishing, coastal fishing, mariculture, and aquaculture. It also discusses the government efforts to develop fisheries through new fishing methods, value-added products, and projects. While fishing contributes to the economy and provides income and food, challenges include pollution, overfishing, threats to mangroves, and floods.
The fishing industry in Pakistan contributes to GDP and foreign exchange earnings, including marine fishing off the coasts of Sindh and Makran as well as inland fishing in lakes and fish farms. While fishing provides food and income, overfishing and pollution pose threats that sustainable practices could help address by increasing exports and skills while preserving the resource.
Fishing in Pakistan a short introductionHussein Ahmed
The document provides an overview of fisheries in Pakistan. It discusses that fishing is an important industry that provides employment and export earnings for Pakistan. Pakistan has a coastal area of over 1,120 km with fishing boats operating in coastal and offshore waters. The total annual fish production from inland and marine waters is approximately 0.6 million tonnes. Major fish harbors in Pakistan include the Karachi, Korangi, Pasni, and Gwadar harbors. Pakistan exports fish and seafood products to over 50 countries globally. The government is taking steps to upgrade infrastructure, promote aquaculture, and increase exports to over $500 million annually.
Pakistan exports about 30-40% of its total fish catch to over 30 countries. The Mekran coast exports 80% of its catch to the Middle East where it is dried. Fish and fish preparations exports increased from $194 million in 2005-06 to $297 million in 2010-11. There are two fishing seasons - August to November for shrimp exports, and October to June for fish, peaking from March to May. Water pollution, overfishing, and damage to mangroves which are fish breeding grounds are problems for Pakistan's fishing industry. Investment in infrastructure, fish seed supply, and knowledge sharing can help develop aquaculture and attract private investment.
This document provides an overview of fishing and fishing capacity in Pakistan. It discusses that fishing is a traditional livelihood for about 400,000 Pakistanis and the total fish catch has increased from 40,000 metric tons in 1947 to over 600,000 metric tons in recent years. Marine fishing makes up 75% of the total catch and occurs along the coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan. Freshwater fishing accounts for 26% of the catch and comes from rivers, dams, ponds and lakes primarily in Sindh province. The document also notes that Pakistan has several hatcheries that help support the fishing industry.
This document discusses the conservation and management of fish species in Pakistan. It outlines various threats facing wild fish populations, including habitat loss and overfishing. It then describes the government agencies and laws working to protect endangered species, as well as rehabilitation programs, captive breeding efforts, and public education campaigns. The document emphasizes the economic and cultural importance of preserving Pakistan's fish biodiversity and concludes that the country has strong conservation policies and knowledge but must increase practical implementation efforts.
The document discusses India's fisheries management. It notes that India has vast inland and marine fisheries resources that provide food and employment. Management is undertaken by both central and state governments and includes regulations on gear, seasons and habitat protection. Five-Year Plans have aimed to increase production sustainably. Community-based and co-management initiatives also play a role in governance. Key challenges include sustainably utilizing resources and balancing conservation and livelihoods.
The document discusses fishing in Pakistan. It describes marine fishing which takes place in the sea and coastal areas, and inland fishing from rivers, lakes and dams. It provides details on fishing centers, types of fish caught, traditional and modern fishing methods used, and developments in the fishing industry and infrastructure in Pakistan. Key issues facing the fishing industry are also summarized such as water pollution, overfishing, threats to mangroves and weak infrastructure.
This document summarizes the fishing industry in Pakistan. It describes the types of fish caught, the major fishing harbors, and the different types of fisheries including deep sea fishing, coastal fishing, mariculture, and aquaculture. It also discusses the government efforts to develop fisheries through new fishing methods, value-added products, and projects. While fishing contributes to the economy and provides income and food, challenges include pollution, overfishing, threats to mangroves, and floods.
The fishing industry in Pakistan contributes to GDP and foreign exchange earnings, including marine fishing off the coasts of Sindh and Makran as well as inland fishing in lakes and fish farms. While fishing provides food and income, overfishing and pollution pose threats that sustainable practices could help address by increasing exports and skills while preserving the resource.
Fishing in Pakistan a short introductionHussein Ahmed
The document provides an overview of fisheries in Pakistan. It discusses that fishing is an important industry that provides employment and export earnings for Pakistan. Pakistan has a coastal area of over 1,120 km with fishing boats operating in coastal and offshore waters. The total annual fish production from inland and marine waters is approximately 0.6 million tonnes. Major fish harbors in Pakistan include the Karachi, Korangi, Pasni, and Gwadar harbors. Pakistan exports fish and seafood products to over 50 countries globally. The government is taking steps to upgrade infrastructure, promote aquaculture, and increase exports to over $500 million annually.
Pakistan exports about 30-40% of its total fish catch to over 30 countries. The Mekran coast exports 80% of its catch to the Middle East where it is dried. Fish and fish preparations exports increased from $194 million in 2005-06 to $297 million in 2010-11. There are two fishing seasons - August to November for shrimp exports, and October to June for fish, peaking from March to May. Water pollution, overfishing, and damage to mangroves which are fish breeding grounds are problems for Pakistan's fishing industry. Investment in infrastructure, fish seed supply, and knowledge sharing can help develop aquaculture and attract private investment.
This document provides an overview of fishing and fishing capacity in Pakistan. It discusses that fishing is a traditional livelihood for about 400,000 Pakistanis and the total fish catch has increased from 40,000 metric tons in 1947 to over 600,000 metric tons in recent years. Marine fishing makes up 75% of the total catch and occurs along the coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan. Freshwater fishing accounts for 26% of the catch and comes from rivers, dams, ponds and lakes primarily in Sindh province. The document also notes that Pakistan has several hatcheries that help support the fishing industry.
This document discusses the conservation and management of fish species in Pakistan. It outlines various threats facing wild fish populations, including habitat loss and overfishing. It then describes the government agencies and laws working to protect endangered species, as well as rehabilitation programs, captive breeding efforts, and public education campaigns. The document emphasizes the economic and cultural importance of preserving Pakistan's fish biodiversity and concludes that the country has strong conservation policies and knowledge but must increase practical implementation efforts.
The document discusses India's fisheries management. It notes that India has vast inland and marine fisheries resources that provide food and employment. Management is undertaken by both central and state governments and includes regulations on gear, seasons and habitat protection. Five-Year Plans have aimed to increase production sustainably. Community-based and co-management initiatives also play a role in governance. Key challenges include sustainably utilizing resources and balancing conservation and livelihoods.
Fisheries science involves managing and understanding fisheries resources, including places where fish are captured or cultivated through aquaculture. Globally, world fish production was 130 million tons in 2001, with 37 million from aquaculture and 92 million captured. China leads production at 42 million tons total.
Pakistan has marine fisheries along 100 km of coastline with the Arabian Sea and various fish species. However, its fisheries sector is neglected and contributes only 0.8% to GDP while Pakistanians consume only 1.6 kg of fish per person annually compared to the global average of 16 kg. Approximately 1 million people are involved in fisheries in Pakistan.
Present Scenario and Problems of Aquaculture in India.pptxRajesh Chudasama
- India is the 2nd largest aquaculture producer in the world and aquaculture contributes about 74% of India's total fish production. However, the aquaculture industry faces several social, economic, technological, and environmental problems. This includes issues like high input costs, lack of financial assistance, water pollution from farms, and disease outbreaks affecting production. While India has vast aquaculture resources like ponds, rivers, and reservoirs, current production levels remain low due to these challenges. There is potential to further develop the industry by addressing these problems and utilizing new technologies and schemes under government programs.
Fisheries sector and its economic significance in IndiaHARISH Kumar H R
The document summarizes the fisheries sector and its economic significance in India. It provides an introduction to the sector, current scenario details on production and exports. It outlines government initiatives to support the sector such as allocations under various five-year plans to develop infrastructure, encourage exports, and establish research institutes. The fisheries sector contributes around 1% to India's GDP and has an average annual growth rate of 5%. India is the second largest aquaculture producer and third largest fisheries producer globally.
This document summarizes inland fisheries around the world. It discusses major inland fishing areas and species found in different geographic regions. Asia contributes two-thirds of global inland fishery production, led by China. Inland fisheries provide food and income but face problems like pollution, dams interfering with fish migration, and overexploitation of some species. Effective management is needed to sustain inland fisheries worldwide.
Assignment on fisheries management of kaptai lakeRajan Saha
The document summarizes fisheries management of Kaptai Lake in Bangladesh. Kaptai Lake is one of the largest man-made freshwater bodies in Bangladesh, covering an area of 68,800 hectares. It contributes significantly to fish production and provides livelihoods to local fishermen. Over the years, fish catch from the lake has steadily increased, reaching 9,589 metric tons in 2015-2016. However, the lake faces several management issues like pollution, reduced water levels, and use of illegal fishing gears that threaten fish biodiversity. Recommendations include banning harmful fishing methods, strengthening enforcement of fisheries laws, and improving coordination between agencies involved in stocking and conservation efforts in the lake.
This document provides an overview of inland fisheries resources around the world. It discusses the major inland fishing areas, types of inland fisheries, and freshwater zoo-geographic regions. Some key points include:
- India is the second largest producer of fish globally, with inland fisheries contributing over 6 million metric tonnes annually.
- Major inland fishing areas include lakes, reservoirs, rivers and flood plains across Southeast Asia, North America, Africa, and northern Asia.
- Inland fisheries include commercial, small-scale, and recreational activities utilizing a range of gear from nets to trawlers.
- Freshwater regions are divided into six zoo-geographic regions including the Nearctic, Neot
This document discusses polyculture of carp fish in Bangladesh. It describes that polyculture involves culturing multiple fish species together that have different feeding habits and ecological niches. Common carp species cultured together in Bangladesh include various types of indigenous carp like rohu, mrigal carp, and exotic carp like silver carp. Effective polyculture management requires selecting compatible species, maintaining suitable water quality parameters, providing adequate natural and supplemental food, monitoring fish health and growth, and preventing diseases. Polyculture aims to maximize fish production from a water body by fully utilizing available resources.
The cold water fisheries deal with fisheries activity in water where temperature of water ranges from 5 to 25 degrees centigrade. The water temperature under cold water fisheries should not be more than 25°C even in summer. Such conditions in India occur in Himalayan and peninsular regions.
9 Finest Coldwater Aquarium Fish
Orangethroat Darter.
Three-Spined Stickleback.
Orange-Spotted Sunfish.
Diamond Sturgeon.
Siberian Sturgeon.
Sterlet.
Fathead Minnow.
Southern redbelly dace.
Tench.
Rosy Barb. Hailing from Afghanistan and Bangladesh, this little fish is tolerant of temperatures in …
Gold Barb. The gold bard, or Chinese barb, is an extremely popular cold-water fish. Any aquarium …
Two Spot Barb. This fish hails from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The omnivorous two spot barb …
Bloodfin Tetra. Natives to Southern Brazil and Paraguay, both the standard bloodfin .
Coldwater fish in terms of the aquarium trade refers to any fish species that prefer cooler water temperatures. The optimal temperatures for these fish hover around the 68-degree mark, although each species’ temperature range may vary from the norm.
This document discusses hatchery management and natural fish propagation. It provides details on criteria for selecting fish species for culture, including that they must be able to withstand the local climate, grow quickly, reproduce successfully in captivity, accept artificial foods, be desirable to consumers, tolerate high densities, and resist disease. The document also describes the natural propagation process, including the development of sexual products like eggs and sperm, factors that determine propagation habits, and the fertilization process. Hatcheries aim to artificially propagate fish on a large scale to provide stock for aquaculture.
The document discusses several wildlife sanctuaries located across Pakistan that aim to conserve local species of birds and animals. It outlines sanctuaries in Sindh, Punjab, North West Province, and Balochistan provinces, providing details on each location's notable wildlife and purpose for being established as a protected area. Some of the major sanctuaries mentioned include Himeji Lake and Nara Desert in Sindh, Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin Sanctuary in Punjab, and Astor and Baltistan sanctuaries in North West Province.
Ocean overfishing is simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves. The earliest overfishing occurred in the early 1800s when humans, seeking blubber for lamp oil, decimated the whale population. Some fish that we eat, including Atlantic cod and herring and California's sardines, were also harvested to the brink of extinction by the mid-1900s.
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
Krishna presented on the topic of aquaculture and its role in rural development. Some key points include: (1) Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector and produced over 90 million tonnes globally in 2012, helping to meet the world's increasing demand for protein; (2) Aquaculture plays an important role in rural development by generating employment, utilizing waste, developing infrastructure, and empowering small farmers; (3) Aquaculture also improves nutrition and food security by providing affordable protein to poor communities through small backyard ponds and fish farming.
This document summarizes a study on the shrimp industry in Bangladesh. It identifies several problems plaguing the industry, including inefficient management, high mortality rates, low quality shrimp, and a negative country image abroad. The study aims to develop intervention strategies to address these obstacles and achieve an export target of $1 billion by 2010. It outlines several proposed strategies, such as implementing an integrated agriculture policy, improving sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, increasing awareness, and applying models from other successful programs. The document provides context on Bangladesh's shrimp industry, including its economic importance and contribution to exports. It also details the methodology used in the study.
Freshwater, Brackish water and Marine fish culture of India by Dr. S. G. ChebbiSameer Chebbi
This document summarizes the history and current state of freshwater fish culture in India. It discusses how fish culture has ancient roots in India dating back thousands of years, but was traditionally small-scale. Technological advances like induced breeding in the 1950s revolutionized the industry. Carp culture is now a major economic activity, with scientific methods producing high yields. Different culture systems are used across regions depending on local conditions and resources. Freshwater fish culture continues to be an important and growing industry in India.
This document summarizes information about fish farming in India, including different species of fish that are farmed. It discusses indigenous fish species like various carps, as well as exotic species imported from other countries. For each type of fish, it provides details on physical characteristics, habitat, breeding, and use in aquaculture. The document categorizes fish into groups like indigenous carps, exotic carps, air-breathing fishes, and ornamental fishes. It provides information on commercially important species like various carps, catfish, climbing perch, and tilapia.
This document summarizes key concepts regarding fisheries management. It defines important terms like fish stocks, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and mechanisms for harvesting fish. It discusses challenges like bycatch, overfishing, and factors contributing to declining fish populations. Strategies for conservation are outlined, such as gear restrictions, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitat. The document also reviews agencies and laws involved in fisheries management, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Act and its goals of preventing overfishing while achieving sustainable yields.
This document discusses fish nutrition and feeding practices for intensive fish production. It addresses the essential nutrients fish require, including protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. The appropriate protein levels needed vary depending on fish size, quality of protein source, and culture method. Feeding practices, such as determining feed rates and sizes, are important to maximize growth rates while maintaining good water quality. Proper nutrition management is key to the economic success of intensive fish farming operations.
The document discusses fisheries and aquaculture in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of fishing (marine and inland), main fishing centers, challenges facing the industry, and management of fisheries resources. Fisheries play an important role in Pakistan's economy by providing employment and being a major export industry. However, the sector faces issues like water pollution, overfishing, and lack of infrastructure and knowledge. The government is taking steps to improve exports and sustainable management of fisheries.
The document summarizes fishing in Pakistan. It discusses how fishing is a significant part of Pakistan's economy, with over 800 km of coastline providing fishery resources. Most residents of coastal Sindh and Balochistan depend on fishing for their livelihood. The fishing industry is managed by the Fisheries Development Commissioner under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The document outlines the different fishing areas including marine fishing along the Sindh and Makran coasts and commercial fishing centered in Karachi and Gwadar using modern trawlers. Inland fishing occurs in rivers and lakes. The document also notes problems facing the industry like pollution and lack of capital for modernization, and government efforts to develop the sector
The document discusses fishing in Pakistan, including both marine and inland fishing. It describes the two main types of marine fishing - subsistence fishing by poor coastal communities and commercial fishing conducted by fishing companies. Subsistence fishing uses small wooden boats within 5-10 km of shore and catches are small, while commercial fishing uses motorized trawlers that can travel 40-50 km offshore and carry refrigeration. Inland fishing occurs in rivers, lakes, and fish farms throughout Pakistan. The document also discusses issues like overfishing, pollution, and the potential for more sustainable integrated fish farming.
Fisheries science involves managing and understanding fisheries resources, including places where fish are captured or cultivated through aquaculture. Globally, world fish production was 130 million tons in 2001, with 37 million from aquaculture and 92 million captured. China leads production at 42 million tons total.
Pakistan has marine fisheries along 100 km of coastline with the Arabian Sea and various fish species. However, its fisheries sector is neglected and contributes only 0.8% to GDP while Pakistanians consume only 1.6 kg of fish per person annually compared to the global average of 16 kg. Approximately 1 million people are involved in fisheries in Pakistan.
Present Scenario and Problems of Aquaculture in India.pptxRajesh Chudasama
- India is the 2nd largest aquaculture producer in the world and aquaculture contributes about 74% of India's total fish production. However, the aquaculture industry faces several social, economic, technological, and environmental problems. This includes issues like high input costs, lack of financial assistance, water pollution from farms, and disease outbreaks affecting production. While India has vast aquaculture resources like ponds, rivers, and reservoirs, current production levels remain low due to these challenges. There is potential to further develop the industry by addressing these problems and utilizing new technologies and schemes under government programs.
Fisheries sector and its economic significance in IndiaHARISH Kumar H R
The document summarizes the fisheries sector and its economic significance in India. It provides an introduction to the sector, current scenario details on production and exports. It outlines government initiatives to support the sector such as allocations under various five-year plans to develop infrastructure, encourage exports, and establish research institutes. The fisheries sector contributes around 1% to India's GDP and has an average annual growth rate of 5%. India is the second largest aquaculture producer and third largest fisheries producer globally.
This document summarizes inland fisheries around the world. It discusses major inland fishing areas and species found in different geographic regions. Asia contributes two-thirds of global inland fishery production, led by China. Inland fisheries provide food and income but face problems like pollution, dams interfering with fish migration, and overexploitation of some species. Effective management is needed to sustain inland fisheries worldwide.
Assignment on fisheries management of kaptai lakeRajan Saha
The document summarizes fisheries management of Kaptai Lake in Bangladesh. Kaptai Lake is one of the largest man-made freshwater bodies in Bangladesh, covering an area of 68,800 hectares. It contributes significantly to fish production and provides livelihoods to local fishermen. Over the years, fish catch from the lake has steadily increased, reaching 9,589 metric tons in 2015-2016. However, the lake faces several management issues like pollution, reduced water levels, and use of illegal fishing gears that threaten fish biodiversity. Recommendations include banning harmful fishing methods, strengthening enforcement of fisheries laws, and improving coordination between agencies involved in stocking and conservation efforts in the lake.
This document provides an overview of inland fisheries resources around the world. It discusses the major inland fishing areas, types of inland fisheries, and freshwater zoo-geographic regions. Some key points include:
- India is the second largest producer of fish globally, with inland fisheries contributing over 6 million metric tonnes annually.
- Major inland fishing areas include lakes, reservoirs, rivers and flood plains across Southeast Asia, North America, Africa, and northern Asia.
- Inland fisheries include commercial, small-scale, and recreational activities utilizing a range of gear from nets to trawlers.
- Freshwater regions are divided into six zoo-geographic regions including the Nearctic, Neot
This document discusses polyculture of carp fish in Bangladesh. It describes that polyculture involves culturing multiple fish species together that have different feeding habits and ecological niches. Common carp species cultured together in Bangladesh include various types of indigenous carp like rohu, mrigal carp, and exotic carp like silver carp. Effective polyculture management requires selecting compatible species, maintaining suitable water quality parameters, providing adequate natural and supplemental food, monitoring fish health and growth, and preventing diseases. Polyculture aims to maximize fish production from a water body by fully utilizing available resources.
The cold water fisheries deal with fisheries activity in water where temperature of water ranges from 5 to 25 degrees centigrade. The water temperature under cold water fisheries should not be more than 25°C even in summer. Such conditions in India occur in Himalayan and peninsular regions.
9 Finest Coldwater Aquarium Fish
Orangethroat Darter.
Three-Spined Stickleback.
Orange-Spotted Sunfish.
Diamond Sturgeon.
Siberian Sturgeon.
Sterlet.
Fathead Minnow.
Southern redbelly dace.
Tench.
Rosy Barb. Hailing from Afghanistan and Bangladesh, this little fish is tolerant of temperatures in …
Gold Barb. The gold bard, or Chinese barb, is an extremely popular cold-water fish. Any aquarium …
Two Spot Barb. This fish hails from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The omnivorous two spot barb …
Bloodfin Tetra. Natives to Southern Brazil and Paraguay, both the standard bloodfin .
Coldwater fish in terms of the aquarium trade refers to any fish species that prefer cooler water temperatures. The optimal temperatures for these fish hover around the 68-degree mark, although each species’ temperature range may vary from the norm.
This document discusses hatchery management and natural fish propagation. It provides details on criteria for selecting fish species for culture, including that they must be able to withstand the local climate, grow quickly, reproduce successfully in captivity, accept artificial foods, be desirable to consumers, tolerate high densities, and resist disease. The document also describes the natural propagation process, including the development of sexual products like eggs and sperm, factors that determine propagation habits, and the fertilization process. Hatcheries aim to artificially propagate fish on a large scale to provide stock for aquaculture.
The document discusses several wildlife sanctuaries located across Pakistan that aim to conserve local species of birds and animals. It outlines sanctuaries in Sindh, Punjab, North West Province, and Balochistan provinces, providing details on each location's notable wildlife and purpose for being established as a protected area. Some of the major sanctuaries mentioned include Himeji Lake and Nara Desert in Sindh, Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin Sanctuary in Punjab, and Astor and Baltistan sanctuaries in North West Province.
Ocean overfishing is simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves. The earliest overfishing occurred in the early 1800s when humans, seeking blubber for lamp oil, decimated the whale population. Some fish that we eat, including Atlantic cod and herring and California's sardines, were also harvested to the brink of extinction by the mid-1900s.
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
Krishna presented on the topic of aquaculture and its role in rural development. Some key points include: (1) Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector and produced over 90 million tonnes globally in 2012, helping to meet the world's increasing demand for protein; (2) Aquaculture plays an important role in rural development by generating employment, utilizing waste, developing infrastructure, and empowering small farmers; (3) Aquaculture also improves nutrition and food security by providing affordable protein to poor communities through small backyard ponds and fish farming.
This document summarizes a study on the shrimp industry in Bangladesh. It identifies several problems plaguing the industry, including inefficient management, high mortality rates, low quality shrimp, and a negative country image abroad. The study aims to develop intervention strategies to address these obstacles and achieve an export target of $1 billion by 2010. It outlines several proposed strategies, such as implementing an integrated agriculture policy, improving sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, increasing awareness, and applying models from other successful programs. The document provides context on Bangladesh's shrimp industry, including its economic importance and contribution to exports. It also details the methodology used in the study.
Freshwater, Brackish water and Marine fish culture of India by Dr. S. G. ChebbiSameer Chebbi
This document summarizes the history and current state of freshwater fish culture in India. It discusses how fish culture has ancient roots in India dating back thousands of years, but was traditionally small-scale. Technological advances like induced breeding in the 1950s revolutionized the industry. Carp culture is now a major economic activity, with scientific methods producing high yields. Different culture systems are used across regions depending on local conditions and resources. Freshwater fish culture continues to be an important and growing industry in India.
This document summarizes information about fish farming in India, including different species of fish that are farmed. It discusses indigenous fish species like various carps, as well as exotic species imported from other countries. For each type of fish, it provides details on physical characteristics, habitat, breeding, and use in aquaculture. The document categorizes fish into groups like indigenous carps, exotic carps, air-breathing fishes, and ornamental fishes. It provides information on commercially important species like various carps, catfish, climbing perch, and tilapia.
This document summarizes key concepts regarding fisheries management. It defines important terms like fish stocks, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and mechanisms for harvesting fish. It discusses challenges like bycatch, overfishing, and factors contributing to declining fish populations. Strategies for conservation are outlined, such as gear restrictions, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitat. The document also reviews agencies and laws involved in fisheries management, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Act and its goals of preventing overfishing while achieving sustainable yields.
This document discusses fish nutrition and feeding practices for intensive fish production. It addresses the essential nutrients fish require, including protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. The appropriate protein levels needed vary depending on fish size, quality of protein source, and culture method. Feeding practices, such as determining feed rates and sizes, are important to maximize growth rates while maintaining good water quality. Proper nutrition management is key to the economic success of intensive fish farming operations.
The document discusses fisheries and aquaculture in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of fishing (marine and inland), main fishing centers, challenges facing the industry, and management of fisheries resources. Fisheries play an important role in Pakistan's economy by providing employment and being a major export industry. However, the sector faces issues like water pollution, overfishing, and lack of infrastructure and knowledge. The government is taking steps to improve exports and sustainable management of fisheries.
The document summarizes fishing in Pakistan. It discusses how fishing is a significant part of Pakistan's economy, with over 800 km of coastline providing fishery resources. Most residents of coastal Sindh and Balochistan depend on fishing for their livelihood. The fishing industry is managed by the Fisheries Development Commissioner under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The document outlines the different fishing areas including marine fishing along the Sindh and Makran coasts and commercial fishing centered in Karachi and Gwadar using modern trawlers. Inland fishing occurs in rivers and lakes. The document also notes problems facing the industry like pollution and lack of capital for modernization, and government efforts to develop the sector
The document discusses fishing in Pakistan, including both marine and inland fishing. It describes the two main types of marine fishing - subsistence fishing by poor coastal communities and commercial fishing conducted by fishing companies. Subsistence fishing uses small wooden boats within 5-10 km of shore and catches are small, while commercial fishing uses motorized trawlers that can travel 40-50 km offshore and carry refrigeration. Inland fishing occurs in rivers, lakes, and fish farms throughout Pakistan. The document also discusses issues like overfishing, pollution, and the potential for more sustainable integrated fish farming.
This document summarizes Pakistan's fishing industry. It describes the major types of fisheries in Pakistan including marine, inland, subsistence, and commercial fishing. The major fishing methods are deep sea fishing, coastal/creek fishing, mariculture, and aquaculture. It also discusses the economic importance of fishing which provides livelihoods and contributes to foreign exchange earnings. However, the industry faces problems such as pollution, overfishing, threats to mangroves, and effects of flooding. The government is taking steps to develop fisheries through new fishing methods, value added products, guidance, and project development.
This document summarizes the fishing industry in Pakistan. It discusses the types of fish caught, the major marine harbors, and the different types of fisheries including marine, inland, subsistence, commercial, deep sea fishing, coastal/creek fishing, mariculture, and aquaculture. It also outlines the economic importance of fishing which contributes 0.9% to GDP and provides 6% of foreign exchange earnings. However, it notes problems facing the industry such as pollution, overfishing, threats to mangroves, and floods. The government is taking steps to develop fisheries through new fishing methods, value added products, guidance, and project development.
This presentation gives a quick account of the activities of the Fisheries department in inland fisheries and aquaculture in Tamil Nadu. It also talks about the development of fish culture in community ponds& tanks and the need for reforms in community tank management.
Role of Coastal & Marine aquaculture in the Blue Economic development of Bang...jubaermolla
The document discusses the role of coastal and marine aquaculture in Bangladesh's blue economy development. It outlines that coastal aquaculture includes shrimp, prawn, seaweed and oyster farming. Shrimp farming contributes significantly to exports and livelihoods. While coastal aquaculture has grown, challenges remain like habitat destruction, soil acidification, and lack of planning. However, there is potential to develop new species and sustainable systems to further contribute to the economy and food security, if issues are addressed. Coastal aquaculture plays an important role in Bangladesh's blue economy that can be expanded.
The document summarizes the management of mangrove forests in Sindh, Pakistan by the Sindh Forest Department. It details that the total mangrove forest area in Sindh is over 600,000 hectares, consisting of four main species. It outlines the department's conservation initiatives over 25 years, including planting over 50,000 hectares of mangroves. It also discusses threats to mangroves such as sea intrusion and lack of freshwater flow, and proposes strategies to address these threats through enforcement of laws, awareness campaigns, and ensuring sufficient freshwater flows.
This document provides information on deep sea fisheries of India, including:
1. It discusses the history of deep sea fishing in India dating back to the 1970s and laws/policies governing deep sea fishing.
2. It describes some key deep sea fishery resources of India including oceanic tuna, oceanic sharks, and deep sea shellfish. Several species are highlighted for each category.
3. Production details are given for oceanic tuna, where landings have been negligible but are being targeted through new programs, and for sharks, where landings in 2016 were around 52,840 tons.
Fishing Industry and Marine Life Importance and Sea Portsrayyancopysulting
The fishing industry in Pakistan plays an important role in food security and economic growth. The production of freshwater fish was around 150,000 tonnes in 2020, with major species including rohu, catfish, carp, and tilapia. The marine fishing industry produced around 1.25 million tonnes in 2020 and is a significant source of foreign exchange, with exports of $370 million. Fish farming is a growing industry producing 120,000 tonnes in 2020, but faces challenges of limited access to technology and finance. Sustainable practices and proper management are crucial for long-term success of the industry.
Fishing Industry and Marine Life Importance and Ports.rayyancopysulting
The fishing industry in Pakistan plays an important role in food security and economic growth. The production of freshwater fish was around 150,000 tonnes in 2020, with major species including rohu, catfish, carp, and tilapia. Marine fish production was estimated at 1.25 million tonnes, including mackerel, pomfret, sardine, sole, cuttlefish, and squid. Fish farming production was around 120,000 tonnes in 2020, though the sector faces challenges of limited access to technology and finance. Sustainable management practices are crucial for the long-term success and environmental protection of the industry.
Potential water activities in and around cox's bazarMd.Nazmul Islam
Potential water activities in and around Cox's Bazar are presented. Cox's Bazar has the longest sea beach in the world and many natural water bodies like lakes, rivers, and waterfalls that support various recreational activities. Popular activities include water sports like kayaking and water skiing on beaches and lakes, fishing, sightseeing, swimming, and birdwatching. Improving infrastructure, security, and promoting tourism can help develop the local economy by increasing activities like aquaculture, ports, and hydropower generation based on water resources.
Lesson 4 Efforts to increase food production - Fishing In BruneiMs Geoflake
Fishing is an important industry in Brunei, as fish consumption is high at 47kg per person annually. However, about 50% of fish needs to be imported. Fishing provides income, protein, and jobs for boat building and net making. The main fishing areas are Brunei Bay, South China Sea, and inland waters. Methods include drift nets, trawling, traps, and cast nets. Issues facing the industry include overfishing, pollution, and destructive practices. The government is working to improve the industry through fish farms, artificial reefs, training, and collaboration. Common fish and seafood caught include anchovies, snapper, pomfret, shrimp, and crab.
The document summarizes key information about the eastern coast of Bangladesh. Some of the main points include:
- The eastern coastal zone extends from Teknaf to Mirsarai along the Feni River estuary and is the most stable part of Bangladesh's coast.
- Major industries in the region include shrimp farming, salt production, and natural gas extraction. The coast also contains forests, mineral resources, and protected areas.
- Key commercial and industrial centers are the Port of Chittagong, the Chittagong Export Processing Zone, and the Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard. The port handles the majority of Bangladesh's international trade.
The document summarizes research on the role of fisheries in income generation for poor populations in Sindh, Pakistan. It finds that fisheries provide many opportunities for employment and income across Sindh's coastal belt. Specifically, it notes that the fisheries industry contains over 35 segments and 525 sub-divisions that generate opportunities for income. While fisheries contribute significantly to Pakistan's economy and export earnings, workers face low wages, poor working conditions, and lack of legal protections and government support. The study concludes fisheries can help reduce poverty if workers receive better facilities, environments, and policies to improve their socioeconomic conditions.
Depletion of mangroves in sindh presentationkhalidjamali
The document discusses mangrove forests in Pakistan. It notes that mangroves exist in difficult conditions along coastlines and provide important ecosystem services. However, Pakistan's mangrove forests have declined significantly due to factors like dams on the Indus River reducing freshwater flow, pollution, land grabbing, and cutting for firewood. Several organizations are working to conserve the remaining mangroves through activities like planting drives, community engagement, and managing coastal development.
Clupeids, including sardines, anchovies, and shads, make up a significant portion of marine fish landings in India, accounting for around 38% annually. Whitebaits are an important component of anchovy landings, contributing an average of 55,415 tonnes per year. Golden anchovy landings have declined in recent years. Hilsa shad landings increased substantially from 1999-2008, with the species contributing over 80% of total shad landings on average. Management strategies must account for the multi-species nature of clupeid fisheries.
This report provides an overview of opportunities in Indonesia's fisheries and aquaculture sectors for Norwegian suppliers of sustainable marine solutions. Indonesia has significant natural advantages for developing these sectors, including over 81,000 km of coastline and abundant aquatic resources. However, challenges include overexploitation of some resources as well as lack of infrastructure for transportation, storage, and processing. The report identifies several areas for potential cooperation between Indonesia and Norway, such as demonstration projects showcasing new technologies and sharing best practices for sustainable development. It also discusses the Indonesian market environment and recommendations for Norwegian companies to partner with local businesses and learn from each other.
The document provides an overview of the global and national scenario of the ornamental fisheries trade and its future scope. Some key points:
- Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are among the top exporting countries, while the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are the largest importers.
- India has over 100 indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species and potential marine species, but its share of the global ornamental fish trade is only 0.008%. There is room to increase domestic breeding and exports.
- The ornamental fish trade provides opportunities for small entrepreneurs and employment. Increased research, production facilities, and public-private partnerships could help make the industry more
Fish for Better Nutrition: Policies and Strategies for Increased Production o...WorldFish
This document outlines Bangladesh's policies and strategies for increasing production of nutrient-rich small fish. It discusses Bangladesh's fisheries resources, production levels, and contributions to the economy and food security. It emphasizes the importance of small fish for nutrition and livelihoods of the poor. Strategies proposed include habitat restoration, fish sanctuaries, stock enhancement, and community-based floodplain and pond management. The goal is to develop policies that promote small fish diversity in wetlands and adoption of pond and rice-field polyculture technologies.
This document discusses cytotoxicity and methods for measuring it in vitro. It defines cytotoxicity as the ability of chemicals or cells to destroy living cells, which can lead to necrosis, apoptosis, or cytostasis. Measuring cytotoxicity is important for drug development and safety testing. In vitro assays are now commonly used as they are faster, cheaper, and more accurate than animal models. Several types of cytotoxicity assays are described, including dye exclusion assays like trypan blue, colorimetric assays like MTT, fluorometric assays like CFDA-AM, and luminometric assays like ATP assays. These assays measure endpoints such as membrane integrity, enzyme activity, proliferation, and ATP production to determine cytotoxic effects of chemicals on cells.
power point document on general zia ul haq's policies, his early life, his governance, afghan miracle, zia as president and chief martial law administrator
The document discusses Pakistan's power resources, which include oil (40% of generation), natural gas (35%), hydel (18%), and nuclear (6%). It outlines various renewable and non-renewable energy sources used in Pakistan like solar, wind, coal, and nuclear. Key power plants are mentioned like the Tarbela and Mangla hydropower dams, coal plants in Sahiwal and Bin Qasim, and the Quaid-e-Azam solar park. Power resources are described as important for Pakistan's economic development by enabling industry, agriculture, mining, and modernization.
War of Independence 1857 (Indian Revolt 1857)Haroon Khaliq
It is a power point work on the Indian mutiny of 1857 or the Indian attempt to gain self rule against British. If you do not get the concept from this work you can watch the video at last.
World War II was a global war from 1939 to 1945 that involved over 30 countries. The major Allied powers were Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, led by Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin respectively. The major Axis powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan, led by Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Emperor Hirohito respectively. Some key battles included the Battle of France in 1940, the Battle of Stalingrad from 1942 to 1943, and the Battle of Berlin from 1945. World War II resulted in millions of casualties and the collapse of the Nazi party in Germany and the Japanese and Italian empires.
Mineral Resources of Pakistan discusses Pakistan's mineral deposits and mining industry. It describes how minerals are formed, the main mining processes of open-cast, adit, and shaft mining, and the health and safety hazards of mining. It outlines Pakistan's major metallic minerals of gold, copper, chromite, and iron and non-metallic minerals of coal, limestone, rock salt, and natural gas. The effects of mining on the environment are also discussed along with measures to protect miners' health and safety and mitigate environmental damage from mining.
The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD was a major six-day battle between the Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire near the Yarmouk River. The Byzantine army outnumbered the Muslim forces but Khalid bin Walid reorganized the Muslim army into infantry and cavalry regiments. After several days of intense fighting where both sides suffered heavy casualties, Khalid launched a decisive cavalry attack that broke through a gap in the Byzantine lines, resulting in a complete Muslim victory that ended Byzantine rule in Syria.
Forests of pakistan {importance, types, causes and effects}Haroon Khaliq
this is a powerpointt project which includes types, importance of forests and deforestation (causes, effects and solution). It is a complete package of information.
The Karakoram Range is a 480+ km mountain range located in central Asia spanning parts of Pakistan, India, China and other countries. It contains some of the world's highest peaks over 8000m including K2, the second highest mountain. The range has deep valleys, sharp peaks and glaciers, and over 28-50% of its area is covered in glaciers. It is one of the most heavily glaciated areas outside the polar regions. The climate is semi-arid with low population densities concentrated in a few towns. Agriculture and cattle breeding are the main livelihoods for the local population.
The document summarizes the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau regions of Pakistan. The Salt Range is a series of low hills and mountains between the Indus and Jhelum rivers containing large salt deposits like at Khewra salt mines. The Potwar Plateau lies between the rivers and contains historic sites like Taxila and Rohtas Fort. The climate is arid and agriculture is limited without irrigation, but the regions have mineral resources and oil/gas fields that are economically important.
The document defines biotechnology as using living organisms to create useful products for humans. It discusses several types of biotechnology including plant biotechnology, which can be used for fruit development, vaccine production, and increasing nutritional quality. Animal biotechnology uses molecular biology techniques to genetically engineer animals for pharmaceutical, agricultural, or industrial applications. Food biotechnology produces the first genetically modified tomato that could be transported without bruising in the early 1990s. Industrial biotechnology uses cells and enzymes to generate industrial products and processes, while medical biotechnology researches and produces pharmaceuticals to treat and prevent diseases using cells and cell material.
Computer networking involves linking two or more computers together to exchange information via wired or wireless connections. A network can be an intranet, internet, or local area network (LAN). The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that links millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks using various networking technologies to share a wide range of information and services. An intranet is a private computer network within an organization that uses internet standards and protocols to share company information among employees. A LAN connects computers within a small physical area like a home, office, or building. A personal area network connects devices like computers, phones and cameras within a few meters of an individual, using wired or wireless connections like USB cables or Bluetooth
Global warming is defined as the increase in the earth's temperature due to human activities like the use of fossil fuels and industrial processes that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and deforestation also contribute to global warming, but human activities like burning fossil fuels, industrialization, automobile use, and deforestation are the primary causes of increasing greenhouse gas levels. Some ways to reduce global warming include planting trees, using recyclable materials, reducing automobile use, switching to renewable energy sources, and practicing reduce, reuse, recycle.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. Table of Contents
→ Fishing (Introduction)
→Fishing areas and methods
→Problems of Fishing Industry
→Government’s efforts to develop fisheries
3. Introduction
→Fishing is one of the oldest occupations for
people who live near lakes, rivers and sea.
→With the progress of civilization, fishing
communities started breeding fish. This is
called fish farming.
→In Pakistan there are many fish farms
inland using man-made, rectangular ponds
as well as using protected areas in rivers and
lakes.
→Pakistan earns 6% of its total foreign
exchange earnings by exporting fish,
shrimps and fish products.
→Fishing is the main occupation in the
coastal settlements of Sindh( except
Karachi) and Balochistan.
4. Fishing areas and Methods
Marine Fishing: Pakistan has a coastline
divided into the Sindh and Makran coasts.
→ The Sindh coast is 30% of coastline and
the Makran coast 70%.
→ In Sindh, Karachi is the main fishing
centre. On the Makran coast fishing ports
are small, often no more than villages
like Soniamani and Jiwani.
→ Gwadar is the most important fishing
port on this coast. It is developed as a
fishing centre by providing improved
facilities such as an ice factory,
refrigeration plants and modern fish
curing(preserving) methods.
→ Improvements are also being made at
Ormara and Pasni.
5. Commercial Fishing: In commercial
fishing the fish is sold in the market.
→A number of fishing communities
depend on fishing as the sole source of
their income.
→There are two main centres of
commercial fishing, Karachi and
Gwadar. The Sindh coast is more
important and accounts for nearly 68%
of total marine catch.
→Modern trawlers and mechanized boats
have made it possible to fish 50-60 km
from the coast in deep-sea waters.
→In Karachi the government has
developed Korangi fish harbour where
storage and packing facilities are
available to fisherman.
7. Inland Fishing: Inland fishing is practised in
almost all the rivers and lakes in the country.
→A number of fish farms have been spread
throughout Punjab, Sindh and a few areas of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
8. Fish Farms: Fish farms are rectangular
man-made ponds for breeding of fish.
→ They have a concrete or cemented
base to prevent water losses through
leakage. The side of the farm is
edged with solidified mud.
→ Trees are often planted around the
fish farms to provide oxygen,
minimize the evaporation and to
keep the water body cool.
The main fishing centres are:
→ Manchar lake in Dadu district.
→ Kheenjar lake in north of Thatta.
→ River Indus at Thatta, Sukkur and
Kotri.
10. Problems of Fishing Industry
The main problems facing the fishing industry
in Pakistan are:
→ Pollution on the coast of Pakistan is
mostly limited to the Karachi area. The
Karachi fish harbour is severely affected
by a variety of pollutants.
→ Spillage of oil from ships and domestic
and Industrial waste is causing great
harm to fishing Industry.
→ Mangrove that are breeding ground for fish
and shrimps can not grow well in polluted
sea water.
→ Pakistan does not have enough capital to
develop the fishing Industry on modern
lines.
→ In Pakistan most of the fishing is done in
traditional lines which results in low
output.
11. Government efforts to develop fisheries
The government is taking a number of
steps to improve the fisheries sector
which include:
→ The introduction of new fishing
methods.
→ Development of value added
products such as canned fish by
providing fish processing facilities.
→ Guidance and weather information
for the fisherman through
broadcasting services.