First Past the Post (FPTP)/ Single-Member Districts (SMD)/ Multi-Member Districts (MMD)

4. First Round
342 214 298
1st choice Elle Don Key
2nd choice Don Key Don
3rd choice Key Elle Elle
Second Round
342 512
1st choice Elle Key
2nd choice Key Elle

8.  The other basic form of electoral system is
the first past the post (FPTP) system.
 The candidate who receives the plurality of
the vote—the most votes—in that district
earns the seat.

9.  Pure FPTP systems use a plurality rule rather
than a majority rule.
 FPTP systems are sometimes called “plurality
systems.
 a pure FPTP system can result in a large
number of candidates, with the winner
earning the seat with a small percentage of
the vote.

10.  Some countries amend the plurality rule
through the use of run-off.
 In a runoff, the two candidates who receive
the most votes in the first round of voting
compete again.The candidate who gets a
majority of the vote in this second round is
elected.

11.  a runoff system is also known as a majority or
majoritarian system.
 The runoff approach is not only used in
legislative elections. Runoffs are common in
presidential elections around the world as
well.

12.  FPTP approach involves voters selecting a
candidate from each party in a primary
election to compete as that party’s candidate
in the general election.

13. Single-Member Districts
versus Multi-Member
Districts

14.  When voters in each electoral district choose
only one representative, the system is also
often referred to as a Single-member district
(SMD) system or even just a “district system.”

15.  alternative vote (AV) approach, voters are
allowed to rank candidates seeking office in
an electoral district.

16. In elections using AV, the first step involves counting
the first place votes from all ballots. If no candidate
receives a majority of the votes, the candidate who
finished last is removed, and the second-place vote
totals are added to the first place votes. If there is still
no candidate with a majority, the process is repeated
with the third-place votes and so on until a majority of
votes has been secured. Such a system benefits
candidates who are everyone’s second choice but few
people’s first choice.

17.  An alternative to the use of single-member
districts is the multi-member district (MMD)
approach.
 In MMD systems, several candidates are
selected from a single electoral district.

18.  SingleTransferableVote (STV) system, The
combination of a preference arrangement
and multi-member districts.
 Rather than a majority of the votes (as in the
State of preference systems used in SMD
systems), candidates in a STV system have to
earn a certain predetermined portion of the
total votes cast to be elected.

20.  Second PastThe Post (SPTP) rule, allow the
party finishing second in an electoral district
to receive at least one seat from that district,
even if candidates from the party finishing
first receive more than one seat.
 This is the principle of the first minority.

21. THANK YOU
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