1. The document contains a 10 question multiple choice quiz about sociological concepts such as primary and secondary groups, deviance, social inequality, race and ethnicity, and sexuality.
2. The questions cover topics including the sociologists who introduced key concepts, examples of different types of social groups, conflict theory perspectives on organizations, and effects of social class and race on roles within organizations.
3. The quiz questions assess understanding of concepts like alienation, deindividuation, social stratification, stereotyping, immigration policies, and theories of sexuality and sexual identity.
1. Which of the following statements about bureaucracy is false.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Which of the following statements about bureaucracy is false?
Answer
a.
Secretaries and other assistants often have more power than their job description or salary indicates.
b.
The informal culture of bureaucracy works to make all employees feel more connected and included.
c.
Subcultures develop even in the largest bureaucracies.
d.
Informal norms within a bureaucracy may increase or decrease worker productivity.
1 points
Question 2
1.
Teenagers, truck drivers, and the elderly are all examples of _____.
Answer
a.
secondary groups
b.
social categories
c.
primary groups
d.
none of these choices
1 points
Question 3
1.
Attribution error refers to a situation in which one
Answer
a.
fails to see that group membership is the cause of a person’s behavior.
b.
completely misunderstands the action in a particular situation.
c.
falsely attributes a person’s behavior to membership in a particular group.
d.
blames something on one person that is really the fault of another person.
1 points
Question 4
1.
Which of these is not an example of a utilitarian organization?
Answer
a.
the University of Michigan
b.
Microsoft
c.
NAACP
d.
General Motors
1 points
Question 5
1.
Which of the following illustrates a common type of attribution error?
Answer
a.
a girl who does well in science is perceived as being unusually smart
b.
a white person observes a white student taking a wallet out of someone’s purse and assumes the student was asked to do so by the owner
c.
a Hispanic student is carrying a baseball bat and it is assumed he intends to vandalize something
d.
All of these are illustrations of attribution error.
1 points
Question 6
1.
The informal structure of a bureaucracy
Answer
a.
increases the feelings of solidarity among all workers.
b.
develops among those at the top of the organizational structure.
c.
uses alternate channels to get some things done faster.
d.
follows the same rules and regulations as the formal structure.
1 points
Question 7
1.
Which perspective is most likely to focus on the fact that individuals experience stress and alienation as a result of being subordinated within a formal organization?
Answer
a.
feminist theory
b.
conflict theory
c.
functionalist theory
d.
symbolic interaction theory
1 points
Question 8
1.
The psychological separation of a person from an organization and its goals is called _____.
Answer
a.
alienation
b.
risky shift
c.
ritualism
d.
organizational deviance
1 points
Question 9
1.
Applied to a situation like the torture of Iraqi prisoners in American prison Abu Ghraib, Milgram’s and Asch’s findings would indicate that
Answer
a.
soldiers are more sadistic than the average college student or American citizen.
b.
American soldiers would only commit torture if following a direct order with fear of punishment for not carrying it out.
c.
there was a serious breakdown in respect for authority that caused soldiers to violate the international standards ...
stion 11. Collaboration is not necessary whena.conflict b.docxdessiechisomjj4
stion 1
1. Collaboration is not necessary when:
a.
conflict becomes unmanageable
b.
information is readily available
c.
team has unlimited time
d.
expert has the answer
1 points
Question 2
1. Information triage is the process of sorting through information you have gathered to
determine what is most useful.
True
False
1 points
Question 3
1. Symbolic-convergence theory explains that group fantasies are interpretations of reality that
have no relationship to what actually happens.
True
False
1 points
Question 4
1. Maslowʹs term for a personʹs need to feel that s/he is a part of a group is called a belongingness
need.
True
False
1 points
Question 5
1. While establishing his new business, Joel realized he was very talented at crunching numbers but lacking in interpersonal skills. Therefore, he decided to join a local networking group. The primary reason Joel probably decided to join the networking group is because of:
a.
similarity
b.
complementarity
c.
proximity, contact, and interaction
d.
physical attractiveness
1 points
Question 6
1. The second stage in group formation, according to Tuckman, is storming.
True
False
1 points
Question 7
1. In interpersonal attraction, opposites always attract.
True
False
1 points
Question 8
1. When evaluating a Web source, what criteria should NOT be considered?
a.
subjectivity
b.
accountability
c.
recency
d.
usability
1 points
Question 9
1. “Everyone is in favor of getting rid of the trailer park,” is an example of which form of
fallacious reasoning?
a.
red herring
b.
hasty generalization
c.
causal
d.
bandwagon
1 points
Question 10
1. Self-disclosure usually moves by small increments.
True
False
1 points
Question 11
1. When we communicate with ourselves in order ot reduce uncertainty about the nature of an experience we are communicating on a(n) :
a.
intrapersonal level
b.
interpersonal level
c.
public level
d.
organizational level
1 points
Question 12
1. Which of the following is NOT an element involved in becoming a truly competent
communicator?
a.
Motivation
b.
Knowledge
c.
Skill
d.
Optimism
1 points
Question 13
1. Women tend to have greater opportunity to use power strategies than do men.
True
False
1 points
Question 14
1. At the age of 13, Marlon started to feel a strong desire to be affiliated with a group at school instead of just his family. In this instance, Marlon is seeking to fulfill which need explicated by Maslow?
a.
Physiological
b.
Belongingness
c.
Esteem
d.
Self-actualization
1 points
Question 15
1. During group discussions, Kristen encouraged Cheyennea less talkative member of the group to provide her opinions and feedback to the group. In this instance, Kristen is serving as the:
a.
gatekeeper and expediter
b.
harmonizer
c.
group observer
d.
follower
1 points
Question 16
1. While in a team meeting, Devendra begins to criticize others in the group and starts verbally expressing his belief that th.
Running head: PSYCHOLOGY 1
Question
1. The desire to have someone near to you and feelings of deep, caring affection for a person are traits of ________ love.
a. passionate
b. eros
c. romantic
d. companionate
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of all personality disorders?
a. The disorders do not bother the person who has them.
b. The disorders are difficult to treat.
c. The disorders begin in mid-adulthood.
d. The disorders do not bother other people.
3. Highly cohesive groups often think in ways that foster unanimous agreement rather than critical evaluation. This tendency is known as:
a. collective behavior.
b. social facilitation.
c. groupthink.
d. forced compliance.
4. In a study of gender and leadership, women tended to be more ________ than men.
a. masculine
b. task-oriented
c. democratic
d. effective
5. If your friend has an unrealistic sense of self-importance, is preoccupied with her fantasies of self-success, requires constant praise and
attention, exploits others, and feels entitled to special consideration, then she most likely possesses ______ personality disorder.
PSYCHOLOGY 2
a. schizotypal
b. dependent
c. histronic
d. narcissistic
6. Systematic desensitization is the process of _____.
a. visualizing increasingly anxiety-provoking situations while relaxing
b. using a secondary reward to encourage a particular behavior
c. operant conditioning
d. pairing a behavior with an undesirable consequence
7. The study of group interactions, relationships, perceptions, and attitudes is the study of ________ psychology.
a. behavioral
b. social
c. cognitive
d. group
8. In Milgram's classic obedience to authority study, how many participants completed the study by giving the highest levels of "shocks"
available to give?
a. 75%
b. 65%
c. 85%
d. 95%
9. According to social psychologists, ______ are beliefs that predispose us to act and feel and certain ways.
a. conforms
PSYCHOLOGY 3
b. stereotypes
c. attitudes
d. social roles
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of sexual harassment?
a. Consensual sex
b. Desired sexual advances
c. Requests for sexual favors
d. Telling unfunny jokes
11. The technique from persuasion called ______ means that a person makes a small request first to get you to agree, then makes a larger
request second.
a. foot-in-the-door
b. door-in-the-face
c. obedience to authority
d. bait-and-switch
12. The ______ a measure predicts ______ job performance, the less biased it is against ethnic minority groups.
a. worse; past
b. better; future
c. better; past
d. worse; future
13. If your friend exhibits a high degree of suspiciousness and mistrust of others, extreme irritability, and coldness, then he would most likely
possess ______ personality disorder.
a. avoidant
PSYCH.
Final ExamComm 300 Communication TheorySpring 2014Part .docxmydrynan
Final Exam
Comm 300: Communication Theory
Spring 2014
Part I: Multiple-Choice
Directions: Below are 35 multiple-choice questions. Please indicate the best answer from the selections given.
Groupthink
1. Cohesiveness of the group may emerge as a problem because
a. cohesiveness is generally experienced in the same manner across groups, and the results of cohesion can be generalized from one group to another
b. in highly cohesive groups, members generally feel dissatisfied with the group experience and other group members
c. highly cohesive groups sometimes exert great pressure on their members to conform to the group's standards.
d. cohesiveness typically results in group members resisting the temptation to conform
2. All of the following are conditions that may lead to groupthink occurring EXCEPT
a. the ability of all members to step into the role of group leader at a given time
b. stressful internal and external characteristics of the situation
c. high cohesiveness among group members
d. lack of decision-making procedures established within the group
3. Group members who shield the group from adverse information are
a. conscientious objectors
b. self-appointed mindguards
c. dissenters
d. opinion leaders
4. As the decision whether to launch a new product to prevent tooth decay was being debated, one of the product development specialists commented, "What a great product! We have created something that will help Americans maintain the enamel on their teeth. I don't know why those health critics are accusing us of putting a potentially harmful product out on the market. After all, our goal is to help people, not to hurt them. We're interested in doing what is in the best interest of the public." She has demonstrated which of the following symptoms of groupthink?
a. illusion of invulnerability
b. out-group stereotypes
c. belief in the inherent morality of the group
d. collective rationalization
5. According to your text, vigilant decision makers
a. focus mostly on the benefits associated with a decision
b. avoid addressing all possible solutions for a decision
c. create plans for implementing the decision
d. disregard the purpose of decision making to pursue their own agenda
Organizational Information Theory
6. All of the following are assumptions of Organizational Information Theory EXCEPT
a. equivocality of information is useful for assisting an organization in achieving its goals
b. the information an organization receives differs in terms of its equivocality
c. human organizations exist in an information environment
d. human organizations engage in information processing to reduce the equivocality of information
7. _______________ are systems or series of behaviors that are used by an organization in an attempt to reduce the equivocality of the information it receives.
a. Rules
b. Assumption
c. Cycles
d. Double interact loops
8. Helena is identified as the person who is most knowledgeable about the ...
Part I. Match the term to its definition. The terms come from .docxodiliagilby
Part I. Match the term to its definition
.
The terms come from Chapters 1-4 of the course textbook. (20 points – 1 point each)
Answer
Term
Definition
symbol
1.positivistic, value-neutral study of phenomena
environment
2. transmitter of a message
public communication
3. studying cause-effect relationships
feedback
4. term often used in organizational communication to show rankings among people
semiotics
5. Research moving from theory to specific cases
narrow theory
6. arbitrary label or representation of phenomena
Socio-psychological research
7. tries to explain all aspects of communication behavior in a manner that is universally true
mediated communication
8. verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
nominal concept
9 Research moving from specific cases to theory
channel
10. looking broadly at the systematic processes of communication
validity
11. Usually, a speech given by a person to a live, present audience.
critical scholarship
12. research observations and measurements accurately capture and report on a real-world phenomenon
deduction
13. Rapidly changing context for communication
grand theory
14. ideas or phenomena that are not directly observable
source
15. study of signs and how they change meaning over time
cybernetic tradition
16. a person talking to him or herself
inductive
17. studies certain people in certain situations
hierarchy
18. questions social power relationships
empirical
19. situation or context where communication occurs
Intrapersonal communication
20. visual, aural, tactile, etc. pathways of communication
Page 2
Part II. Multiple Choice Questions.
These questions relation to your assigned reading in Weeks 2, 3 & 4 (5 points – 1 point each).
Highlight
the correct answer.
1.
Which of the following is an assumption of Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
a.
human beings desire inconsistency in their cognitions
b.
dissonance is created by physiological discomfort
c.
dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to change attitudes and/or behaviors
d.
none of the above
2.
All of the following are assumptions about Uncertainty Reduction EXCEPT
a.
it is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion
b.
uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress
c.
people experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings
d.
when strangers meet, they want to reduce their uncertainty and increase their predictability
3.
At the heart of Social Penetration Theory is self-disclosure. All of the following statements about self-disclosure are true EXCEPT
a.
nonintimate relationships typically progress to an intimate level without engaging in self disclosure
b.
self-disclosure can be strategic, which means that disclosures are planned
c.
self-disclosure can be nonstrategic, which means that disclosures are spontaneous
d.
stranger on the train refers to instances in which people reveal personal information to complete strangers in public places
4.
A.
1. Which of the following statements about bureaucracy is false.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Which of the following statements about bureaucracy is false?
Answer
a.
Secretaries and other assistants often have more power than their job description or salary indicates.
b.
The informal culture of bureaucracy works to make all employees feel more connected and included.
c.
Subcultures develop even in the largest bureaucracies.
d.
Informal norms within a bureaucracy may increase or decrease worker productivity.
1 points
Question 2
1.
Teenagers, truck drivers, and the elderly are all examples of _____.
Answer
a.
secondary groups
b.
social categories
c.
primary groups
d.
none of these choices
1 points
Question 3
1.
Attribution error refers to a situation in which one
Answer
a.
fails to see that group membership is the cause of a person’s behavior.
b.
completely misunderstands the action in a particular situation.
c.
falsely attributes a person’s behavior to membership in a particular group.
d.
blames something on one person that is really the fault of another person.
1 points
Question 4
1.
Which of these is not an example of a utilitarian organization?
Answer
a.
the University of Michigan
b.
Microsoft
c.
NAACP
d.
General Motors
1 points
Question 5
1.
Which of the following illustrates a common type of attribution error?
Answer
a.
a girl who does well in science is perceived as being unusually smart
b.
a white person observes a white student taking a wallet out of someone’s purse and assumes the student was asked to do so by the owner
c.
a Hispanic student is carrying a baseball bat and it is assumed he intends to vandalize something
d.
All of these are illustrations of attribution error.
1 points
Question 6
1.
The informal structure of a bureaucracy
Answer
a.
increases the feelings of solidarity among all workers.
b.
develops among those at the top of the organizational structure.
c.
uses alternate channels to get some things done faster.
d.
follows the same rules and regulations as the formal structure.
1 points
Question 7
1.
Which perspective is most likely to focus on the fact that individuals experience stress and alienation as a result of being subordinated within a formal organization?
Answer
a.
feminist theory
b.
conflict theory
c.
functionalist theory
d.
symbolic interaction theory
1 points
Question 8
1.
The psychological separation of a person from an organization and its goals is called _____.
Answer
a.
alienation
b.
risky shift
c.
ritualism
d.
organizational deviance
1 points
Question 9
1.
Applied to a situation like the torture of Iraqi prisoners in American prison Abu Ghraib, Milgram’s and Asch’s findings would indicate that
Answer
a.
soldiers are more sadistic than the average college student or American citizen.
b.
American soldiers would only commit torture if following a direct order with fear of punishment for not carrying it out.
c.
there was a serious breakdown in respect for authority that caused soldiers to violate the international standards ...
stion 11. Collaboration is not necessary whena.conflict b.docxdessiechisomjj4
stion 1
1. Collaboration is not necessary when:
a.
conflict becomes unmanageable
b.
information is readily available
c.
team has unlimited time
d.
expert has the answer
1 points
Question 2
1. Information triage is the process of sorting through information you have gathered to
determine what is most useful.
True
False
1 points
Question 3
1. Symbolic-convergence theory explains that group fantasies are interpretations of reality that
have no relationship to what actually happens.
True
False
1 points
Question 4
1. Maslowʹs term for a personʹs need to feel that s/he is a part of a group is called a belongingness
need.
True
False
1 points
Question 5
1. While establishing his new business, Joel realized he was very talented at crunching numbers but lacking in interpersonal skills. Therefore, he decided to join a local networking group. The primary reason Joel probably decided to join the networking group is because of:
a.
similarity
b.
complementarity
c.
proximity, contact, and interaction
d.
physical attractiveness
1 points
Question 6
1. The second stage in group formation, according to Tuckman, is storming.
True
False
1 points
Question 7
1. In interpersonal attraction, opposites always attract.
True
False
1 points
Question 8
1. When evaluating a Web source, what criteria should NOT be considered?
a.
subjectivity
b.
accountability
c.
recency
d.
usability
1 points
Question 9
1. “Everyone is in favor of getting rid of the trailer park,” is an example of which form of
fallacious reasoning?
a.
red herring
b.
hasty generalization
c.
causal
d.
bandwagon
1 points
Question 10
1. Self-disclosure usually moves by small increments.
True
False
1 points
Question 11
1. When we communicate with ourselves in order ot reduce uncertainty about the nature of an experience we are communicating on a(n) :
a.
intrapersonal level
b.
interpersonal level
c.
public level
d.
organizational level
1 points
Question 12
1. Which of the following is NOT an element involved in becoming a truly competent
communicator?
a.
Motivation
b.
Knowledge
c.
Skill
d.
Optimism
1 points
Question 13
1. Women tend to have greater opportunity to use power strategies than do men.
True
False
1 points
Question 14
1. At the age of 13, Marlon started to feel a strong desire to be affiliated with a group at school instead of just his family. In this instance, Marlon is seeking to fulfill which need explicated by Maslow?
a.
Physiological
b.
Belongingness
c.
Esteem
d.
Self-actualization
1 points
Question 15
1. During group discussions, Kristen encouraged Cheyennea less talkative member of the group to provide her opinions and feedback to the group. In this instance, Kristen is serving as the:
a.
gatekeeper and expediter
b.
harmonizer
c.
group observer
d.
follower
1 points
Question 16
1. While in a team meeting, Devendra begins to criticize others in the group and starts verbally expressing his belief that th.
Running head: PSYCHOLOGY 1
Question
1. The desire to have someone near to you and feelings of deep, caring affection for a person are traits of ________ love.
a. passionate
b. eros
c. romantic
d. companionate
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of all personality disorders?
a. The disorders do not bother the person who has them.
b. The disorders are difficult to treat.
c. The disorders begin in mid-adulthood.
d. The disorders do not bother other people.
3. Highly cohesive groups often think in ways that foster unanimous agreement rather than critical evaluation. This tendency is known as:
a. collective behavior.
b. social facilitation.
c. groupthink.
d. forced compliance.
4. In a study of gender and leadership, women tended to be more ________ than men.
a. masculine
b. task-oriented
c. democratic
d. effective
5. If your friend has an unrealistic sense of self-importance, is preoccupied with her fantasies of self-success, requires constant praise and
attention, exploits others, and feels entitled to special consideration, then she most likely possesses ______ personality disorder.
PSYCHOLOGY 2
a. schizotypal
b. dependent
c. histronic
d. narcissistic
6. Systematic desensitization is the process of _____.
a. visualizing increasingly anxiety-provoking situations while relaxing
b. using a secondary reward to encourage a particular behavior
c. operant conditioning
d. pairing a behavior with an undesirable consequence
7. The study of group interactions, relationships, perceptions, and attitudes is the study of ________ psychology.
a. behavioral
b. social
c. cognitive
d. group
8. In Milgram's classic obedience to authority study, how many participants completed the study by giving the highest levels of "shocks"
available to give?
a. 75%
b. 65%
c. 85%
d. 95%
9. According to social psychologists, ______ are beliefs that predispose us to act and feel and certain ways.
a. conforms
PSYCHOLOGY 3
b. stereotypes
c. attitudes
d. social roles
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of sexual harassment?
a. Consensual sex
b. Desired sexual advances
c. Requests for sexual favors
d. Telling unfunny jokes
11. The technique from persuasion called ______ means that a person makes a small request first to get you to agree, then makes a larger
request second.
a. foot-in-the-door
b. door-in-the-face
c. obedience to authority
d. bait-and-switch
12. The ______ a measure predicts ______ job performance, the less biased it is against ethnic minority groups.
a. worse; past
b. better; future
c. better; past
d. worse; future
13. If your friend exhibits a high degree of suspiciousness and mistrust of others, extreme irritability, and coldness, then he would most likely
possess ______ personality disorder.
a. avoidant
PSYCH.
Final ExamComm 300 Communication TheorySpring 2014Part .docxmydrynan
Final Exam
Comm 300: Communication Theory
Spring 2014
Part I: Multiple-Choice
Directions: Below are 35 multiple-choice questions. Please indicate the best answer from the selections given.
Groupthink
1. Cohesiveness of the group may emerge as a problem because
a. cohesiveness is generally experienced in the same manner across groups, and the results of cohesion can be generalized from one group to another
b. in highly cohesive groups, members generally feel dissatisfied with the group experience and other group members
c. highly cohesive groups sometimes exert great pressure on their members to conform to the group's standards.
d. cohesiveness typically results in group members resisting the temptation to conform
2. All of the following are conditions that may lead to groupthink occurring EXCEPT
a. the ability of all members to step into the role of group leader at a given time
b. stressful internal and external characteristics of the situation
c. high cohesiveness among group members
d. lack of decision-making procedures established within the group
3. Group members who shield the group from adverse information are
a. conscientious objectors
b. self-appointed mindguards
c. dissenters
d. opinion leaders
4. As the decision whether to launch a new product to prevent tooth decay was being debated, one of the product development specialists commented, "What a great product! We have created something that will help Americans maintain the enamel on their teeth. I don't know why those health critics are accusing us of putting a potentially harmful product out on the market. After all, our goal is to help people, not to hurt them. We're interested in doing what is in the best interest of the public." She has demonstrated which of the following symptoms of groupthink?
a. illusion of invulnerability
b. out-group stereotypes
c. belief in the inherent morality of the group
d. collective rationalization
5. According to your text, vigilant decision makers
a. focus mostly on the benefits associated with a decision
b. avoid addressing all possible solutions for a decision
c. create plans for implementing the decision
d. disregard the purpose of decision making to pursue their own agenda
Organizational Information Theory
6. All of the following are assumptions of Organizational Information Theory EXCEPT
a. equivocality of information is useful for assisting an organization in achieving its goals
b. the information an organization receives differs in terms of its equivocality
c. human organizations exist in an information environment
d. human organizations engage in information processing to reduce the equivocality of information
7. _______________ are systems or series of behaviors that are used by an organization in an attempt to reduce the equivocality of the information it receives.
a. Rules
b. Assumption
c. Cycles
d. Double interact loops
8. Helena is identified as the person who is most knowledgeable about the ...
Part I. Match the term to its definition. The terms come from .docxodiliagilby
Part I. Match the term to its definition
.
The terms come from Chapters 1-4 of the course textbook. (20 points – 1 point each)
Answer
Term
Definition
symbol
1.positivistic, value-neutral study of phenomena
environment
2. transmitter of a message
public communication
3. studying cause-effect relationships
feedback
4. term often used in organizational communication to show rankings among people
semiotics
5. Research moving from theory to specific cases
narrow theory
6. arbitrary label or representation of phenomena
Socio-psychological research
7. tries to explain all aspects of communication behavior in a manner that is universally true
mediated communication
8. verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
nominal concept
9 Research moving from specific cases to theory
channel
10. looking broadly at the systematic processes of communication
validity
11. Usually, a speech given by a person to a live, present audience.
critical scholarship
12. research observations and measurements accurately capture and report on a real-world phenomenon
deduction
13. Rapidly changing context for communication
grand theory
14. ideas or phenomena that are not directly observable
source
15. study of signs and how they change meaning over time
cybernetic tradition
16. a person talking to him or herself
inductive
17. studies certain people in certain situations
hierarchy
18. questions social power relationships
empirical
19. situation or context where communication occurs
Intrapersonal communication
20. visual, aural, tactile, etc. pathways of communication
Page 2
Part II. Multiple Choice Questions.
These questions relation to your assigned reading in Weeks 2, 3 & 4 (5 points – 1 point each).
Highlight
the correct answer.
1.
Which of the following is an assumption of Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
a.
human beings desire inconsistency in their cognitions
b.
dissonance is created by physiological discomfort
c.
dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to change attitudes and/or behaviors
d.
none of the above
2.
All of the following are assumptions about Uncertainty Reduction EXCEPT
a.
it is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion
b.
uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress
c.
people experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings
d.
when strangers meet, they want to reduce their uncertainty and increase their predictability
3.
At the heart of Social Penetration Theory is self-disclosure. All of the following statements about self-disclosure are true EXCEPT
a.
nonintimate relationships typically progress to an intimate level without engaging in self disclosure
b.
self-disclosure can be strategic, which means that disclosures are planned
c.
self-disclosure can be nonstrategic, which means that disclosures are spontaneous
d.
stranger on the train refers to instances in which people reveal personal information to complete strangers in public places
4.
A.
Unit 1 Examination39GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment.docxmarilucorr
Unit 1 Examination
39
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
The world as we know it today is characterized by: 1.
Slower social change than was witnessed in previous decades.a.
Galloping technological changes.b.
More collectivism in comparison to individualism.c.
A movement toward increased industrialization and fewer service industries. d.
Technology makes relationships among people more: 2.
fluid and flexiblea.
uncomfortableb.
long-lastingc.
confusing d.
The highest levels of technophobia are exhibited by: 3.
middle-class mena.
childrenb.
mid-level managersc.
the uneducated and minority group members d.
The gap between use of computers by men and women: 4.
has narroweda.
remains the sameb.
has widenedc.
None of the above is true. d.
The fastest growing segment of the U.S. population is: 5.
African Americansa.
Hispanicsb.
Caucasiansc.
Asians d.
One of the dramatic changes in the United States today is the increase in: 6.
the homogeneity of the populationa.
blue-collar workersb.
manufacturing and heavy industryc.
cultural diversity d.
Unit 1 Examination
40
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Child development involves: 7.
all of the followinga.
enduring changesb.
biological changesc.
changes due to the environment d.
The number of children in the United States is projected to increase to ________ million by 8.
2030.
46a.
66b.
88c.
98 d.
Which perspective on personality is primarily concerned with the influence of genetics? 9.
biologicala.
ecologicalb.
psychodynamicc.
humanistic d.
Most researchers agree that intelligence and ______ have strong genetic influences. 10.
clothing choicesa.
interestsb.
occupationsc.
sociability d.
Which of Bronfenbrenner’s systems refers to the setting the child is currently in? 11.
macrosystema.
mesosystemb.
microsystemc.
exosystem d.
In the _______, children and adolescents are influenced by social settings that they do not take 12.
part in.
microsystema.
mesosystemb.
exosystemc.
macrosystem d.
Unit 1 Examination
41
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Choose the false statement. 13.
The five senses decline with age.a.
Older drivers have more accidents than younger drivers.b.
Older adults are less likely to get a cold.c.
Reaction time slows with age. d.
In the last decade, a trend seen in young adults’ behavior is that: 14.
More young adults are moving in with their parents.a.
More young adults are majoring in humanities and social sciences.b.
More females than males between 20-24 years old are living with their parents.c.
Many are less concerned with social issues, such as the environment. d.
The motherhood-penalty refers to the fact that: 15.
Mothers pay more in health insurance.a.
Women are waiting longer to become mothers.b.
Working mothers are viewed as less competent than non-mothers.c.
There are incr ...
Student ID 21898506Exam 250799RR - Psychology for Two or MoreW.docxsimba35
Student ID: 21898506
Exam: 250799RR - Psychology for Two or More
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Questions 1 to 20: Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page
break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer.
1. According to your text, whether you're persuaded by a message will primarily depend on which factor?
A. The nature of the message as it relates to your temperament
B. Your characteristics, including your personality and intelligence
C. Your perception or understanding of the recipient of the message
D. Whether you receive the message while at work or at home
2. The concept of aggression cues is associated with
A. frustration-aggression theory.
B. social learning theories.
C. the work of animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz.
D. observational learning theories.
3. In respect to the foundations of prejudice, social identity theory is associated with the concept of
A. modern racism.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. self-fulfilling prophecy.
D. stereotypical discrimination.
4. The first stage in the GAS model of stress is
A. adaptation.
B. analyzing a stressor.
C. alarm and mobilization.
D. resistance.
5. A popular talk show host, jovial and sharp-witted as usual, outlines his views on the death penalty,
taking time to consider both sides of the issue. As a long-time listener to that talk show, if you're swayed to
adopt the talk-show host's point of view, it will probably be due to
A. your temperament and character.
B. the character of the message.
C. the medium of the message (radio).
D. your tendency to employ peripheral route processing.
6. In hearing a persuasive message, some people will evaluate it in terms of factors that have nothing to do
with the content of the message. When this happens, psychologists speak of _______ route processing.
A. central
B. peripheral
C. incidental
D. inductive
7. In the context of stress, the flip side of an uplift is
A. background chaos.
B. a personal stressor.
C. any cataclysmic event.
D. a hassle.
8. Two psychology students are in a heated discussion about the nature of prejudice. Mavis insists that that
when people get their identity from membership in a political action group, they will generally express
ethnocentrism. Martin argues that with or without ethnocentrism, social identity based in group membership
is inevitably associated with the demonization of minority groups. Who is correct?
A. Martin is correct.
B. Neither Mavis nor Martin is correct.
C. Mavis is correct.
D. Both Mavis and Martin are correct.
9. In general, the approach to stress embraced by psychoneuroimmunologists focuses on
A. the brain and the immune system.
B. the outcomes of stress.
C. psychological factors and the immune system.
D. the brain and the body.
10.
3
Final Examination
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
Which is a way some people cope with the ambiguity of human freedom? 1.
driftinga.
shared decision makingb.
appealing to some type of authorityc.
All of the above. d.
Change or development in a desirable direction is called: 2.
personal growtha.
personal freedomb.
self-directionc.
individualism d.
Altruism means: 3.
helping someone else at a cost to yourselfa.
possessing a sense of personal freedomb.
having a sense of control over others’ livesc.
fearing making decisions d.
According to Maslow, which disorder does not result from the failure to grow? 4.
stunted persona.
amoral personb.
apathetic personc.
adjusted person d.
Researchers have found high stability across a lifespan for which personality trait? 5.
introversion-extroversiona.
perfectionismb.
authoritarianismc.
self-esteem d.
The highest degree of stability of personality has been found in the domain of: 6.
introversion-extroversiona.
perfectionismb.
authoritarianismc.
self-esteem d.
4
Final Examination
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
All of the following traits remain rather stable over a lifetime EXCEPT: 7.
neuroticisma.
expressivenessb.
self-esteemc.
introversion d.
The experience of personal growth usually begins with: 8.
reorganizing our experiencea.
acknowledging changeb.
feeling anxiety and discomfortc.
changing our attitudes d.
According to Erikson, the second stage of psychosocial development poses the developmental 9.
task of:
autonomy vs. shamea.
trust vs. mistrustb.
industry vs. inferiorityc.
initiative vs. guilt d.
From 3 to 6 years of age, children are faced with the crisis of: 10.
autonomy vs. shamea.
trust vs. mistrustb.
identity vs. role confusionc.
initiative vs. guilt d.
According to Erikson, individuals face the identity vs. role confusion stage at what age? 11.
3-6a.
6-11b.
12-18c.
20-40 d.
According to Erikson, in young adulthood, the inability to establish rewarding relationships 12.
with friends result in a sense of:
inferioritya.
stagnationb.
despairc.
isolation d.
5
Final Examination
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
What is Erikson’s final stage of psychosocial development? 13.
integrity vs. despaira.
generativity vs. stagnationb.
industry vs. inferiorityc.
initiative vs. guilt d.
_________ is the addition of something that increases the likelihood of a behavior occuring 14.
again.
Temperamenta.
Attachmentb.
Social learningc.
Reinforcement d.
The process by which we learn by observing is called: 15.
punishmenta.
reinforcementb.
learning theoryc.
observational learning d.
Carol likes Dr. Reed, the supervisor of her practice teaching. In fact, Carol often finds herself 16.
adopting many of Dr. Reed’s methods and mannerisms in the classroom. Bandura refers to
this type of learning as.
Who can complete my exam asap!!!!A functionalist would likely .docxlashandaotley
Who can complete my exam asap!!!!
A functionalist would likely ask which one of the following questions about socially assistive robots?
a.
How will socially assistive robots affect interaction?
b.
What meanings do people assign to socially assistive robots?
c.
Who benefits from socially assistive robots and at whose expense?
d.
What are the intended and unintended consequences of socially assistive robots?
1 points
Question 5
Which of the following is a false statement about the characteristics of high-quality sociological research?
a.
Sociological findings endure as long as the research process can be replicated.
b.
Once a sociological study is completed, findings are considered final.
c.
Sociologists strive to be objective.
d.
Sociologists invite others to critique their work.
1 points
Question 6
Which one of the following phrases would Marx be least likely to use to describe capitalism?
a.
blood-sucking
b.
a boundless thirst
c.
a werewolf-like hunger
d.
socially conscious
1 points
Question 7
The early sociologists were witnesses to the transforming effects of the
a.
the Industrial Revolution.
b.
World War II.
c.
World War I.
d.
War in Afghanistan.
1 points
Question 8
Each of the _____ offers a central question to direct thinking and key concepts to organize answers.
a.
negotiated order
b.
social actions
c.
theoretical perspectives
d.
methods of research
1 points
Question 9
_____ is the theorist most likely to draw attention to unconditional basic income as a response to widespread unemployment.
a.
Karl Marx
b.
Max Weber
c.
Auguste Comte
d.
Emile Durkheim
1 points
Question 10
_____ is the sociologist who focused on the factors that strengthen, weaken, or otherwise shape the character of social ties.
a.
Karl Marx
b.
Emile Durkheim
c.
W.E.B Dubois
d.
Max Weber
1 points
Question 11
Smart phones, introduced in 1996, are now a global-scale phenomenon. Some people in remote locations have embraced smart phone apps that connect them with health care providers anywhere in the world. This development illustrates the twin forces of
a.
industrialization and mechanization.
b.
globalization and glocalization.
c.
troubles and issues.
d.
human activity and media.
1 points
Question 12
The _____ is the best perspective to draw upon for exploring human-robot interactions.
a.
social action theory
b.
functionalist
c.
symbolic interaction
d.
conflict
1 points
Question 13
The defining feature of the Industrial Revolution was
a.
solidarity.
b.
mechanization.
c.
standardization.
d.
modernization.
1 points
Question 14
The question “Who benefits from a particular pattern or social arrangement?” is of mos.
Locate three contemporary examples on following category, .docxSHIVA101531
Locate three contemporary examples on following category,
Good Samaritan conduct or random acts of kindness
Assemble the 3 examples according to the category and in a visually appealing manner. For each example, include the following:
A summary of the event
A graphic illustration, photo, or other visual item related to the event
One properly APA-formatted reference
Quiz 2
Comm 300: Communication Theory
Spring 2014
PART I: Multiple Choice (1 point each)
Directions: Below are 30 multiple choice questions. Please indicate the best answer from the selections given.
Symbolic Interaction Theory
1. Symbolic interaction theory argues that meaning
a. can only exist when people share common interpretations of the symbols they exchange in an interaction
b. occurs between people
c. is affected by society
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
2. According to Mead, one of the most critical activities people accomplish through thought is
a. projection
b. role taking
c. the Pygmalion effect
d. the concept of mind
3. The looking-glass self is best defined as
a. the mental image others have of us
b. the mental image we have of ourselves
c. the mental image we have of how others see us
d. the mental image of the physical attributes we observe
4. True or False? One of Mead’s ontological assumptions is that human communication is social.
a. true
b. false
Coordinated Management of Meaning
5. Coordinated management of meaning
a. refers to how individuals establish rules for creating and interpreting meaning
b. refers to how rules are used in a conversation
c. assumes that humans co‑create reality
d. all of the above
6. Which of the following is a speech act?
a. a compliment
b. an insult
c. a sarcastic remark
d. all of the above
7. Deanna and her son Aidan are talking about manners. Deanna tells Aidan, “Cover your mouth when you sneeze.” This is an example of which type of rule?
a. constitutive
b. unwarranted
c. regulative
d. patterned
8. True or False? CMM is an example of a Laws Approach to theory building.
a. true
b. false
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
9. Cognitive dissonance can be defined as
a. the feeling people have when they do things that don't fit with what they believe
b. the feeling people have when some of their opinions do not fit with other opinions they hold
c. the feeling people have when their actions are congruent with what they know
d. both a and b
e. none of the above
10. You believe that smoking is dangerous to your health; and yet, you smoke a pack of cigarettes a day. When this inconsistency is pointed out to you, you are likely to experience
a. dissonance
b. consonance
c. irrelevance
d. none of the above
11. When confronted with the fact that you smoke even though you think it is bad for you, you rationalize that it’s okay for you to smoke because you are under a tremendous amount of stress in college and smoking helps to calm your ne ...
Unit II Exam ReviewQuestion 1Marks 2A person who has chosen a.docxdickonsondorris
Unit II Exam Review
Question 1
Marks: 2
A person who has chosen an occupation without having evaluated her values and options is in which stage of identity status, according to Marcia?
Choose one answer.
a. Achievement
b. Diffusion
c. Foreclosure
d. Moratorium
Question 2
Marks: 2
A person who has not made a commitment to an occupation or ideology even though she has reexamined her values and choices is which stage of identity status, according to Marcia?
Choose one answer.
a. Diffusion
b.Achievement
c. Foreclosure
d. Moratorium
Question 3
Marks: 2
According to developmentalists, which of the following most strongly influences length of life expectancy, quality of health, and incidence of chronic illness among adults?
Choose one answer.
a. Marital status
b. Religiosity or spirituality
c. Personal happiness
d. Social class
Question 4
Marks: 2
According to Erikson, which of the following would cause a person to experience a mid-life crisis?
Choose one answer.
a. A sense of generativity
b. An external locus of control
c. A loss of self-efficacy
d. A sense of stagnation
Question 5
Marks: 2
According to Piaget, which of the following children is most likely to recognize that intentions are important when making moral judgments about others' behaviors?
Choose one answer.
a. Dale, who is 6
b. Marianna, who is 6
c. Dudley, who is 7
d. Kirsten, who is 8
Question 6
Marks: 2
According to your textbook, among teenagers, sensation seeking appears to be LEAST associated with which of the following?
Choose one answer.
a. Automobile accidents and injuries
b. Tobacco use
c. Drug use
d. Alcohol use
Question 7
Marks: 2
During adolescence, boys are more advanced than girls in which of the following aspects of physical development?
Choose one answer.
a. Attainment of adult height
b. Joints of the skeletal system
c. Acquisition of fat tissue
d. Size of heart and lungs
Question 8
Marks: 2
Grayson told her mother everything that happened at her school dance last night. Grayson was relying on which type of memory?
Choose one answer.
a.Procedural
b. Episodic
c. Implicit
d. Semantic
Question 9
Marks: 2
How does physical exercise help maintain cognitive abilities in middle age?
Choose one answer.
a. Because the brain is a muscle - use it or lose it
b. By decreasing low-density lipoproteins ("bad" cholesterol)
c. By maintaining cardiovascular fitness
d. By increasing optimism and life satisfaction
Question 10
Marks: 2
How does the social clock in United States culture affect the age at which women have children in the 21st century?
Choose one answer.
a. Women are more likely to remain single, but still bear children.
b. Many believe that people should be socially and economically stable before bringing children into the world.
c. Many believe that it is even more important to find a husband who is financially stable now than in the 20th century.
d. The average age at which a woman delivers her ...
1) The amount of information available for our use doubles every.docxdorishigh
1) The amount of information available for our use doubles every
A) two years
B) century
C) decade
D) 5-7 years
2) The highest levels of technophobia are exhibited by
A) women and minority group members
B) mid-level managers
C) children
D) middle-class men
3) What is the most popular (frequent) method used by Americans to find information?
A) radio
B) Internet
C) TV
D) newspapers
4) One of the dramatic changes in the United States today is the increase in
A) manufacturing and heavy industry
B) the homogeneity of the population
C) cultural diversity
D) blue-collar workers
5) People who habitually say, “Naturally, I act this way because of the way I grew up”
fail to realize, as the text suggests, that
A) free choice and responsibility go hand in hand
B) they have fewer options than their parents
C) they cannot take calculated risks
D) their choices are limited
6) All of the following traits remain rather stable over a lifetime EXCEPT
A) neuroticism
B) self-esteem
C) introversion
D) expressiveness
7) The experience of personal growth usually ends with the stage of
A) acknowledging change
B) feeling anxiety and discomfort
C) reorganizing our experience
D) changing our attitudes
8) We are more apt to have positive, gratifying feelings about an experience of personal
growth at the third and final stage designated as
A) sensing dissatisfaction
B) acknowledging change
C) experiencing dissonance
D) reorganizing our experience
9) When scientists examine existing data such as historical documents, they are using
the ________ method.
A) growth
B) conceptual
C) archival
D) empirical
10) In which psychoanalytic stage did Freud say genuine love develops?
A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) genital
11) Which concept is not part of Freud’s view of the psyche?
A) consciousness
B) unconscious
C) ultraconscious
D) preconscious
12) Carol likes Dr. Reed, the supervisor of her practice teaching. In fact, Carol often finds
herself adopting many of Dr. Reed’s methods and mannerisms in the classroom. Ban-
dura refers to this type of learning as
A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) due to the effects of unconscious Oedipal wishes
D) identification with the parent figure
13) Social learning theorists such as Bandura regard the inconsistencies in human behav-
ior as largely the product of
A) conditioned responses
B) personality traits
C) unconscious conflicts
D) situational factors
14) From which perspective are psychologists most likely to argue that spanking is harm-
ful to children?
A) the humanistic perspective
B) the psychoanalysis perspective
C) the learning perspective
D) all of these
15) Humanistic psychology has received national prominence as
A) deconstructivist
B) emphasizing individual sameness
C) Freud’s theory
D) the third force in psychology
16) Research shows that older people score lower in ________ than younger people.
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) social vitality
D) all of the above
17) Research (Scarr) suggests that ________ ch ...
UNIT 11) The amount of information available for our use doubl.docxwillcoxjanay
UNIT 1
1) The amount of information available for our use doubles every
A) two years
B) century
C) decade
D) 5-7 years
2) The highest levels of technophobia are exhibited by
A) women and minority group members
B) mid-level managers
C) children
D) middle-class men
3) What is the most popular (frequent) method used by Americans to find information?
A) radio
B) Internet
C) TV
D) newspapers
4) One of the dramatic changes in the United States today is the increase in
A) manufacturing and heavy industry
B) the homogeneity of the population
C) cultural diversity
D) blue-collar workers
5) People who habitually say, “Naturally, I act this way because of the way I grew up”
fail to realize, as the text suggests, that
A) free choice and responsibility go hand in hand
B) they have fewer options than their parents
C) they cannot take calculated risks
D) their choices are limited
6) All of the following traits remain rather stable over a lifetime EXCEPT
A) neuroticism
B) self-esteem
C) introversion
D) expressiveness
7) The experience of personal growth usually ends with the stage of
A) acknowledging change
B) feeling anxiety and discomfort
C) reorganizing our experience
D) changing our attitudes
8) We are more apt to have positive, gratifying feelings about an experience of personal
growth at the third and final stage designated as
A) sensing dissatisfaction
B) acknowledging change
C) experiencing dissonance
D) reorganizing our experience
9) When scientists examine existing data such as historical documents, they are using
the ________ method.
A) growth
B) conceptual
C) archival
D) empirical
10) In which psychoanalytic stage did Freud say genuine love develops?
A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) genital
11) Which concept is not part of Freud’s view of the psyche?
A) consciousness
B) unconscious
C) ultraconscious
D) preconscious
12) Carol likes Dr. Reed, the supervisor of her practice teaching. In fact, Carol often finds herself adopting many of Dr. Reed’s methods and mannerisms in the classroom. Bandura refers to this type of learning as
A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) due to the effects of unconscious Oedipal wishes
D) identification with the parent figure
13) Social learning theorists such as Bandura regard the inconsistencies in human behavior as largely the product of
A) conditioned responses
B) personality traits
C) unconscious conflicts
D) situational factors
14) From which perspective are psychologists most likely to argue that spanking is harmful to children?
A) the humanistic perspective
B) the psychoanalysis perspective
C) the learning perspective
D) all of these
15) Humanistic psychology has received national prominence as
A) deconstructivist
B) emphasizing individual sameness
C) Freud’s theory
D) the third force in psychology
16) Research shows that older people score lower in ________ than younger people.
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) social vitality
D) all of the above
17) Research (Scarr) sugges ...
In Conflict and Order Understanding Society 13th Edition Eitzen Test BankMariseer
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/in-conflict-and-order-understanding-society-13th-edition-eitzen-test-bank/ In Conflict and Order Understanding Society 13th Edition Eitzen Test Bank
FINAL EXAMNote It is recommended that you save your response as.docxssuser454af01
FINAL EXAM
Note: It is recommended that you save your response as you complete each question.
Question 1 (1 point)
Your textbook defines psychology as which of the following?
Question 1 options:
a)
The science of behavior
b)
The study of mental processes
c)
The study of mental disorders and their treatment
d)
The science of mind and behavior
Question 2 (1 point)
One morning, Alan wakes to the news that a powerful earthquake occurred in California. “I told you the big one would hit this year!” he exclaims. Alan appears subject to the _____ bias.
Question 2 options:
a)
cognitive
b)
hindsight
c)
predictive
d)
foresight
Question 3 (1 point)
Dr. Harris is describing the assumptions, rules, and procedures that psychologists use to gather observations. Dr. Harris is outlining the _____ method.
Question 3 options:
a)
deductive
b)
psychological
c)
rational
d)
scientific
Question 4 (1 point)
Andrea is reading a general, comprehensive explanation of the causes of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology. Andrea is reading a(n):
Question 4 options:
a)
theory
b)
hypothesis
c)
operational definition
d)
explanation
Question 5 (1 point)
A hypothesis is best defined as a(n):
Question 5 options:
a)
specific prediction concerning the relationship between variables
b)
specification of a variable in terms of the procedures that will be used to measure it
c)
broad, general explanation of the phenomenon of interest
d)
behavior, event, or other characteristic that can assume different values
Question 6 (1 point)
Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study?
Question 6 options:
a)
Dr. Henriette, who is measuring how fast a group of students can respond to a stimulus.
b)
Dr. Innis, who is examining the tactile perception of a blind woman
c)
Dr. Jenner, who is observing children on a playground
d)
Dr. Kulik, who is combing through newspaper stories on serial killers
Question 7 (1 point)
The number of violent TV shows that a child watches is positively correlated with the aggressiveness of the child’s play. Why might this be?
Question 7 options:
a)
Viewing violent TV causes aggressive behavior
b)
Aggressive behavior causes viewing violent TV
c)
There is a third common-causal variable that creates the correlation
d)
A, B, or C may be correct but the correlation cannot tell us which one is correct
Question 8 (1 point)
Which of the following is the goal of experimental research?
Question 8 options:
a)
To assess the validity of a measurement
b)
To assess the relationships among variables
c)
To assess the current state of affairs
d)
To assess the causal influence of one or more manipulations
Question 9 (1 point)
Psychologists use the term __________ to refer to the pattern of enduring characteristics that lend stability and consistency to an individual's behavior and serve to differentiate one individual from another.
Qu ...
1) Which of the following is an example of a secondary groupA) .docxdorishigh
1) Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?
A) the psychology class you are presently in
B) the graduating seniors at a large university
C) a family
D) all are secondary groups
2) In-group perceptions can develop
A) any time two or more people gather
B) based on ethnicity
C) based on clear set rules
D) all of the above are reasons ingroups develop perceptions
3) What is the correct sequence of group formation, according to the text?
A) forming, storming, norming, and performing
B) storming, forming, norming, and performing
C) forming, storming, performing, and norming
D) norming, storming, performing, and forming
4) Which statement is true about the group communication networks?
A) when tasks are complicated or decisions require complex input, decentralized net-
works are best
B) centralized communication networks allow for individuals to communicate more freely
with one another
C) centralized and decentralized networks result in about the same type of performance
in groups
D) where one or two individuals control the flow of information it is called decentralized
communication network
5) With electronic communication
A) each group member has a greater likelihood of participating
B) status inequities are enhanced
C) groups are more likely to be vulnerable to problems such as groupthink
D) the highest status group members do most of the talking
6) The group polarization effect refers to
A) groups doing less work than individuals no matter what the task
B) a few group members opting to oust other group members
C) feeling less responsible during group decision making
D) groups shifting to a more extreme decision than individuals alone
7) Two well-documented leadership styles are ________ and ________.
A) severe; moderate
B) casual; intense
C) people-oriented; task-oriented
D) thoughtful; thoughtless
8) Groupthink begins when
A) the leader is not very directive or authoritative
B) the group is close-knit and attractive to members
C) the group members are not concerned with consensus
D) the group is too open to ideas from outsiders
9) Which of the following are signs of groupthink?
A) a poorly designed solution
B) isolation of the group from criticism
C) mindguards
D) all of the above
10) The text states that when choosing a career goal, it’s best to begin by
A) asking your parents, spouses, or friends for their ideas
B) taking stock of yourself
C) scanning the classified ads in the newspaper
D) looking over the Occupational Outlook Handbook
11) People who score high on the Realistic theme of the Strong Interest Inventory would
most likely enjoy a job working as an
A) engineer
B) accountant
C) stockbroker
D) biologist
12) Most job changes occur
A) as an individual faces retirement
B) during young adulthood
C) during the retirement years
D) during middle age
13) Surveys on job satisfaction show that
A) women are much less satisfied with their jobs than men are
B) professional workers are more satisfied than workers in lower-level ...
Unit 3 Examination127GED 216 SociologyMultiple Cho.docxdickonsondorris
Unit 3 Examination
127
GED 216 Sociology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
Edwin Lemert described “primary deviance” as 1.
the most serious episodes of deviance.a.
actions that parents define as deviant.b.
a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person’s self-concept.c.
the experience of deviance early in life. d.
His friends begin to criticize Marco as a “juice-head,” pushing him out of their social circle. 2.
Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are
heavy drinkers. According to Lemert, Marco’s situation illustrates
the onset of primary deviance. a.
the onset of secondary deviance.b.
the formation of a deviant subculture.c.
the onset of retreatism. d.
What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly 3.
changes a person’s self-concept and social identity?
a deviant rituala.
a degradation ceremonyb.
a secondary identityc.
stigma d.
The concept “retrospective labeling” refers to the process of 4.
interpreting someone’s past consistent with present deviance.a.
defining someone as deviant for things done long before.b.
criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant.c.
predicting someone’s future based on past deviant acts. d.
Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that 5.
deviance is only what people label as deviant.a.
most people in the United States will become insane for some period during their lives.b.
mental illness is a myth so that “insanity” is only “differences” that bother other people.c.
our society does not do nearly enough to treat the mentally ill. d.
Unit 3 Examination
128
GED 216 Sociology
An example of the “medicalization of deviance” is 6.
theft being redefined as a “compulsive stealing.”a.
drinking too much being redefined as a personal failing.b.
promiscuity being redefined as a moral failing.c.
when people steal drugs to self-medicate. d.
Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects 7.
whether a person is labeled retrospectively or projectively.a.
whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment.b.
whether the person’s deviance is labeled as primary or secondary.c.
whether or not the person gets the appropriate care. d.
Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory links deviance to 8.
how labeling someone as deviant can increase the deviant behavior.a.
the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional b.
behavior.
how well a person can contain deviant impulses.c.
how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual. d.
Travis Hirschi’s control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in 9.
deviance is
students enrolled in college.a.
teenagers on sports teams with after-school jobs.b.
youngsters who “hang out” waiting for so ...
Week 2 Quiz1.According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luck.docxco4spmeley
Week 2 Quiz
1.
According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman, society is based on _______
a.
Habitual actions
b.
Status
c.
Institutionalization
d.
Role perfromance
2.
The Protestant work ethic is based upon the concept of predestination, which states that ________
a.
Performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a place in heaven.
b.
Salvation is only achievable through obedience to God.
c.
No person can saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as their savior.
d.
God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned.
3.
What is the largest difference between Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective?
a.
The former two consider the repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present.
b.
The first two are the more common sociological perspectives, while the latter is a newer sociological model.
c.
The first two focus on hierarchal roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view.
d.
The first two address large scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.
4.
In Asch’s study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?
a.
A very small group of witnesses
b.
The presence of an ally
c.
The ability to keep one’s answers private
d.
All of the above
5.
Societies practice social control to maintain _________.
a.
Formal sanctions
b.
Social order
c.
Cultural deviance
d.
Social labeling
6.
________ deviance is a violation of norms that ____________ result in a person being labeled a deviant.
a.
Secondary; does not
b.
Negative; does
c.
Primary; does not
d.
Primary; may or may not
7.
The use of Facebook to create an online persona by only posting images that match your ideal self exemplifies the ________ that can occur in forms of new media.
a.
Social construction of reality
b.
Cyberfeminism
c.
Market segmentation
d.
Referencing
8.
When it comes to media and technology, a functionalist would focus on
a.
The symbols created and reproduced by the media
b.
The association of technology and technological skill with men
c.
The way that various forms of media socializes users
d.
The digital divide between the technological haves and have nots
.
Take Test Exam - Week 10 ContentTop of FormAssistive Techno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Take Test: Exam - Week 10
Content
Top of Form
Assistive Technology Tips [opens in new window]
Test Information
Instructions
Description
Instructions
Multiple Attempts
This test allows 3 attempts. This is attempt number 1.
Force Completion
This test can be saved and resumed later.
Bottom of Form
Question 1
1. Art therapy, dance/movement therapy, music therapy, and drama therapy are all considered:
A.
Eclectic approaches
B.
Expressive arts approaches
C.
Narrative approaches
D.
Symbolic approaches
1 points
Question 2
1. Regarding multicultural counseling, narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective because:
A.
It defines mental health within a social, political, and relational context
B.
It was founded in a sociocultural context
C.
It allows clients to tell their unique stories from their perspective
D.
All of the above
1 points
Question 3
1. Reality therapy can be applied to the following clients:
A.
The elderly and retired
B.
Preschool children
C.
Addicted clients
D.
All of the above
1 points
Question 4
1. The founders of solution-focused brief therapy are:
A.
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
B.
Michael White and David Epston
C.
Frederick and Laura Perls
D.
Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer
1 points
Question 5
1. In practicing reality therapy, counselors and therapists focus on:
A.
Insight into causes of behavior
B.
Family history
C.
The interpersonal relationships of the client
D.
Personal history
1 points
Question 6
1. As a person becomes more congruent, which of the following changes is most likely to be seen?
A.
success in a failing relationship
B.
eradication of problem behaviors
C.
greater self-empowerment
D.
elimination of negative thoughts
1 points
Question 7
1. Which of the following family therapists is best known for his or her strategic approach to treatment?
A.
Minuchin
B.
Satir
C.
Haley
D.
Bowen
1 points
Question 8
1. Which of the following family therapists is best known for his or her structural approach to treatment:
A.
Minuchin
B.
Bowen
C.
Haley
D.
Satir
1 points
Question 9
1. Helping clients achieve low frustration tolerance is a major goal of rational emotive behavior therapy.
True
False
1 points
Question 10
1. The family life spiral is:
A.
A linear model
B.
An example of a life stressor
C.
An example of family decline
D.
A developmental model
1 points
Question 11
1. Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on the assumption that humans have a biological tendency to think irrationally as well as rationally.
True
False
1 points
Question 12
1. To adequately understand the culturally different client, counselors should have some specific information about that culture.
True
False
1 points
Question 13
1. The developer of dialectical behavior therapy is:
A.
Carl Rogers.
B.
Albert Ellis.
C.
Fritz Perls.
D.
Marsha Linehan.
1 points
Question 14
1. A family system’s perspective implies:
A.
That clients are auton.
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14Task 4 – Mid-point Test – Week.docxfathwaitewalter
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14
Task 4 – Mid-point Test – Week 5 (6 pages)
Due in your Assignment folder by 11:59 p.m. ET Sunday, Week 5
Save the test as an MS Word document with the following filename:
Test_Yourlastname
Your name:
____________________________
Part I. Match the term to its definition
.
The terms come from Chapters 1-4 of the course textbook. (20 points – 1 point each)
Answer
Term
Definition
symbol
1.positivistic, value-neutral study of phenomena
environment
2. transmitter of a message
public communication
3. studying cause-effect relationships
feedback
4. term often used in organizational communication to show rankings among people
semiotics
5. Research moving from theory to specific cases
narrow theory
6. arbitrary label or representation of phenomena
Socio-psychological research
7. tries to explain all aspects of communication behavior in a manner that is universally true
mediated communication
8. verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
nominal concept
9 Research moving from specific cases to theory
channel
10. looking broadly at the systematic processes of communication
validity
11. Usually, a speech given by a person to a live, present audience.
critical scholarship
12. research observations and measurements accurately capture and report on a real-world phenomenon
deduction
13. Rapidly changing context for communication
grand theory
14. ideas or phenomena that are not directly observable
source
15. study of signs and how they change meaning over time
cybernetic tradition
16. a person talking to him or herself
inductive
17. studies certain people in certain situations
hierarchy
18. questions social power relationships
empirical
19. situation or context where communication occurs
Intrapersonal communication
20. visual, aural, tactile, etc. pathways of communication
Page 2
Part II. Multiple Choice Questions.
These questions relation to your assigned reading in Weeks 2, 3 & 4 (5 points – 1 point each).
Highlight
the correct answer.
1.
Which of the following is an assumption of Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
a.
human beings desire inconsistency in their cognitions
b.
dissonance is created by physiological discomfort
c.
dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to change attitudes and/or behaviors
d.
none of the above
2.
All of the following are assumptions about Uncertainty Reduction EXCEPT
a.
it is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion
b.
uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress
c.
people experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings
d.
when strangers meet, they want to reduce their uncertainty and increase their predictability
3.
At the heart of Social Penetration Theory is self-disclosure. All of the following statements about self-disclosure are true EXCEPT
a.
nonintimate relationships typically progress to an intimate level without engaging in self disclosure
b.
self-disclosure can be st.
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14Task 4 – Mid-point Test – We.docxmonicafrancis71118
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14
Task 4 – Mid-point Test – Week 5 (6 pages)
Due in your Assignment folder by 11:59 p.m. ET Sunday, Week 5
Save the test as an MS Word document with the following filename: Test_Yourlastname
Your name: ____________________________
Part I. Match the term to its definition. The terms come from Chapters 1-4 of the course textbook. (20 points – 1 point each)
Answer
Term
Definition
symbol
1.positivistic, value-neutral study of phenomena
environment
2. transmitter of a message
public communication
3. studying cause-effect relationships
feedback
4. term often used in organizational communication to show rankings among people
semiotics
5. Research moving from theory to specific cases
narrow theory
6. arbitrary label or representation of phenomena
Socio-psychological research
7. tries to explain all aspects of communication behavior in a manner that is universally true
mediated communication
8. verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
nominal concept
9 Research moving from specific cases to theory
channel
10. looking broadly at the systematic processes of communication
validity
11. Usually, a speech given by a person to a live, present audience.
critical scholarship
12. research observations and measurements accurately capture and report on a real-world phenomenon
deduction
13. Rapidly changing context for communication
grand theory
14. ideas or phenomena that are not directly observable
source
15. study of signs and how they change meaning over time
cybernetic tradition
16. a person talking to him or herself
inductive
17. studies certain people in certain situations
hierarchy
18. questions social power relationships
empirical
19. situation or context where communication occurs
Intrapersonal communication
20. visual, aural, tactile, etc. pathways of communication
Page 2
Part II. Multiple Choice Questions. These questions relation to your assigned reading in Weeks 2, 3 & 4 (5 points – 1 point each). Highlight the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is an assumption of Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
a. human beings desire inconsistency in their cognitions
b. dissonance is created by physiological discomfort
c. dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to change attitudes and/or behaviors
d. none of the above
2. All of the following are assumptions about Uncertainty Reduction EXCEPT
a. it is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion
b. uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress
c. people experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings
d. when strangers meet, they want to reduce their uncertainty and increase their predictability
3. At the heart of Social Penetration Theory is self-disclosure. All of the following statements about self-disclosure are true EXCEPT
a. nonintimate relationships typically progress to an intimate level without engaging in self disclosure
b. self-disclosure can be strategic, which mean.
Unit 2 – Live Chat 2 AssignmentDue Tuesday, July 18, 2017.docxmarilucorr
Unit 2 – Live Chat 2 Assignment Due: Tuesday, July 18, 2017
CLEARLY identify which choice best answers the following questions. Either highlight your answer or clearly indicate the LETTER of your choice. This assignment has 10 questions and is worth 15 points.
1. At the core of is the principle that the future is unknown. It is the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive to be unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
a. tolerance for ambiguity
b. flexibility
c. the future
d. uncertainty avoidance
2. Face, in the context of cultures:
a. refers to how a culture is represented in the media.
b. both refers to how a culture is represented in the media and is a metaphor for the self-image you want others to see.
c. refers to your physical features.
d. is a metaphor for the self-image you want others to see.
3. The single most important cultural pattern in the United States is material acquisition.
a. True
b. False
4. The means by which you make sense of your physical and social world is referred to as:
a. Perception
b. Attitudes
c. Beliefs
d. Schemata
e. Awareness
5. Identify the correct time-order of these phenomena:
a. belief – value – attitude – behavior
b. behavior – value – belief – attitude
c. attitude – belief – value – behavior
d. value – behavior – belief – attitude
6. According to the textbook, dominant cultural patterns like material acquisition, equal opportunity, and individualism are associated with what country?
a. United States
b. China
c. Russia
d. Japan
7. According to the textbook, the process of manipulating how you want others to see you is referred to as ____.
a. self-image
b. manipulative self
c. face
d. facework
8. Long-term orientation includes many Asian cultures. They value:
a. Quick gratification of needs
b. Social order
c. Low priority on status
d. All of the above
9. Collectivist cultures value independence over interdependence.
a. True
b. False
10. When referring to power distance, high power distance expresses the powerful and powerless being set far apart.
a. True
b. False
Unit 2 – Live Chat 1 Assignment Due: Tuesday, July 18, 2017
CLEARLY identify which choice best answers the following questions. Either highlight your answer or clearly indicate the LETTER of your choice. This assignment has 10 questions and is worth 15 points.
1. Identity:
a. is dynamic and multiple
b. changes as a function of life experience
c. is singular and static
d. A and B
e. B and C
2. Initial identity development and display is a product of:
a. heredity
b. interaction with family members
c. environment
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
3. Which of the following is/are characteristics of prejudice?
a. it is directed at a social group and its members
b. it has an evaluative dimension
c. it is affected by centrality
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
4. The notion that one’s culture is superior to any other is referred to as:
a. egocentrism
b. ethnocentrism
c. fascism
d. natio ...
Cost and benefit analysisWe are doing group presentation.docxvoversbyobersby
Cost and benefit analysis
We are doing group presentation tomorrow but we are struggling to make the
presentation sldies. We need presentation slides.
Could you guys help me? Maximum slides we have to make are 11 pages.
Below are structure of prejesentation we should do.
<>
In your analysis, make sure you take the followings into consideration:
•
the alternative projects ,
•
the groups who benefit and suffer from project,
•
list the physical impact of alternatives,
•
predict monetary value of those impacts (benefit and cost) over the life of project in terms of their present value,
•
conclude which of the alternative project should be selected.
-----------------
Addendum: PT slides
•
1 intro slide that discusses the motivation behind the project and CBA
•
Information about which groups have standing, and how they either benefit or lose from the considered policies
•
Numbers, sources
•
Conclusion
•
1-2 slides on other key information you would need to conduct a thorough analysis
•
1-2 slides at the end with a list of sources
Addendum: PT slides
Do Not Include:
•
Typos and spelling/grammar mistakes.
•
Basic definitions of CBA terms.
•
Too many pictures.
•
Unsubstantiated claims (unless you explicitly states that you had made the judgement call because there was insufficient data)
.
Cosmetics as endocrine disruptors are they a health risk.docxvoversbyobersby
Cosmetics as endocrine disruptors: are they a health risk?
Polyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati1 & Luc Hens2 & Annie J. Sasco3
Published online: 29 January 2016
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Exposure to chemicals from different sources in
everyday life is widespread; one such source is the wide range
of products listed under the title Bcosmetics^, including the
different types of popular and widely-advertised sunscreens.
Women are encouraged through advertising to buy into the
myth of everlasting youth, and one of the most alarming con-
sequences is in utero exposure to chemicals. The main route of
exposure is the skin, but the main endpoint of exposure is
endocrine disruption. This is due to many substances in cos-
metics and sunscreens that have endocrine active properties
which affect reproductive health but which also have other
endpoints, such as cancer. Reducing the exposure to endocrine
disruptors is framed not only in the context of the reduction of
health risks, but is also significant against the background and
rise of ethical consumerism, and the responsibility of the cos-
metics industry in this respect. Although some plants show
endocrine-disrupting activity, the use of well-selected natural
products might reduce the use of synthetic chemicals.
Instruments dealing with this problem include life-cycle
analysis, eco-design, and green labels; in combination with
the committed use of environmental management systems,
they contribute to Bcorporate social responsibility .̂
Keywords Endocrine active substances . Endocrine
disruptors . Cosmetics . Sunscreens
1 Introduction
Women and men all over the world use large amount of cos-
metic products in pursuit of everlasting youth, ignoring the
probable health risks. The commercial category of Bcosmetic
products^ entails substances or mixtures of substances that are
designed mainly for external use, for instance to improve the
appearance; clean; perfume; and sometimes protect as in the
case of sunscreens [1]. Many cosmetic products such as oils
and lipsticks contain UV filters, even though they are not
marketed under the term Bsunscreens^ or Bsun lotions^.
Cosmetic products contain active substances, preservatives
and also the so-called Bfragrances^ or Bperfumes^, the exact
composition of which remains a secret under the trade secret
standards [2].
Increasing scientific concern exists about the nature and the
safety of the ingredients used by the cosmetics industry re-
garding their endocrine-disrupting effects. Although numer-
ous studies have proved the endocrine-disrupting potential of
many ingredients, such as parabens, phthalates and UV filters,
and also their ability to cause reproductive impairments [3–6],
these substances are still extensively used and characterized as
Bsafe^. The main justification is the fact that manufacturers
keep the concentrations of the suspected chemical substances
low in accordance with the relevant legislation. However, the
possib.
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Unit 1 Examination39GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment.docxmarilucorr
Unit 1 Examination
39
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
The world as we know it today is characterized by: 1.
Slower social change than was witnessed in previous decades.a.
Galloping technological changes.b.
More collectivism in comparison to individualism.c.
A movement toward increased industrialization and fewer service industries. d.
Technology makes relationships among people more: 2.
fluid and flexiblea.
uncomfortableb.
long-lastingc.
confusing d.
The highest levels of technophobia are exhibited by: 3.
middle-class mena.
childrenb.
mid-level managersc.
the uneducated and minority group members d.
The gap between use of computers by men and women: 4.
has narroweda.
remains the sameb.
has widenedc.
None of the above is true. d.
The fastest growing segment of the U.S. population is: 5.
African Americansa.
Hispanicsb.
Caucasiansc.
Asians d.
One of the dramatic changes in the United States today is the increase in: 6.
the homogeneity of the populationa.
blue-collar workersb.
manufacturing and heavy industryc.
cultural diversity d.
Unit 1 Examination
40
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Child development involves: 7.
all of the followinga.
enduring changesb.
biological changesc.
changes due to the environment d.
The number of children in the United States is projected to increase to ________ million by 8.
2030.
46a.
66b.
88c.
98 d.
Which perspective on personality is primarily concerned with the influence of genetics? 9.
biologicala.
ecologicalb.
psychodynamicc.
humanistic d.
Most researchers agree that intelligence and ______ have strong genetic influences. 10.
clothing choicesa.
interestsb.
occupationsc.
sociability d.
Which of Bronfenbrenner’s systems refers to the setting the child is currently in? 11.
macrosystema.
mesosystemb.
microsystemc.
exosystem d.
In the _______, children and adolescents are influenced by social settings that they do not take 12.
part in.
microsystema.
mesosystemb.
exosystemc.
macrosystem d.
Unit 1 Examination
41
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Choose the false statement. 13.
The five senses decline with age.a.
Older drivers have more accidents than younger drivers.b.
Older adults are less likely to get a cold.c.
Reaction time slows with age. d.
In the last decade, a trend seen in young adults’ behavior is that: 14.
More young adults are moving in with their parents.a.
More young adults are majoring in humanities and social sciences.b.
More females than males between 20-24 years old are living with their parents.c.
Many are less concerned with social issues, such as the environment. d.
The motherhood-penalty refers to the fact that: 15.
Mothers pay more in health insurance.a.
Women are waiting longer to become mothers.b.
Working mothers are viewed as less competent than non-mothers.c.
There are incr ...
Student ID 21898506Exam 250799RR - Psychology for Two or MoreW.docxsimba35
Student ID: 21898506
Exam: 250799RR - Psychology for Two or More
When you have completed your exam and reviewed your answers, click Submit Exam. Answers will not be recorded until you
hit Submit Exam. If you need to exit before completing the exam, click Cancel Exam.
Questions 1 to 20: Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page
break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer.
1. According to your text, whether you're persuaded by a message will primarily depend on which factor?
A. The nature of the message as it relates to your temperament
B. Your characteristics, including your personality and intelligence
C. Your perception or understanding of the recipient of the message
D. Whether you receive the message while at work or at home
2. The concept of aggression cues is associated with
A. frustration-aggression theory.
B. social learning theories.
C. the work of animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz.
D. observational learning theories.
3. In respect to the foundations of prejudice, social identity theory is associated with the concept of
A. modern racism.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. self-fulfilling prophecy.
D. stereotypical discrimination.
4. The first stage in the GAS model of stress is
A. adaptation.
B. analyzing a stressor.
C. alarm and mobilization.
D. resistance.
5. A popular talk show host, jovial and sharp-witted as usual, outlines his views on the death penalty,
taking time to consider both sides of the issue. As a long-time listener to that talk show, if you're swayed to
adopt the talk-show host's point of view, it will probably be due to
A. your temperament and character.
B. the character of the message.
C. the medium of the message (radio).
D. your tendency to employ peripheral route processing.
6. In hearing a persuasive message, some people will evaluate it in terms of factors that have nothing to do
with the content of the message. When this happens, psychologists speak of _______ route processing.
A. central
B. peripheral
C. incidental
D. inductive
7. In the context of stress, the flip side of an uplift is
A. background chaos.
B. a personal stressor.
C. any cataclysmic event.
D. a hassle.
8. Two psychology students are in a heated discussion about the nature of prejudice. Mavis insists that that
when people get their identity from membership in a political action group, they will generally express
ethnocentrism. Martin argues that with or without ethnocentrism, social identity based in group membership
is inevitably associated with the demonization of minority groups. Who is correct?
A. Martin is correct.
B. Neither Mavis nor Martin is correct.
C. Mavis is correct.
D. Both Mavis and Martin are correct.
9. In general, the approach to stress embraced by psychoneuroimmunologists focuses on
A. the brain and the immune system.
B. the outcomes of stress.
C. psychological factors and the immune system.
D. the brain and the body.
10.
3
Final Examination
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
Which is a way some people cope with the ambiguity of human freedom? 1.
driftinga.
shared decision makingb.
appealing to some type of authorityc.
All of the above. d.
Change or development in a desirable direction is called: 2.
personal growtha.
personal freedomb.
self-directionc.
individualism d.
Altruism means: 3.
helping someone else at a cost to yourselfa.
possessing a sense of personal freedomb.
having a sense of control over others’ livesc.
fearing making decisions d.
According to Maslow, which disorder does not result from the failure to grow? 4.
stunted persona.
amoral personb.
apathetic personc.
adjusted person d.
Researchers have found high stability across a lifespan for which personality trait? 5.
introversion-extroversiona.
perfectionismb.
authoritarianismc.
self-esteem d.
The highest degree of stability of personality has been found in the domain of: 6.
introversion-extroversiona.
perfectionismb.
authoritarianismc.
self-esteem d.
4
Final Examination
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
All of the following traits remain rather stable over a lifetime EXCEPT: 7.
neuroticisma.
expressivenessb.
self-esteemc.
introversion d.
The experience of personal growth usually begins with: 8.
reorganizing our experiencea.
acknowledging changeb.
feeling anxiety and discomfortc.
changing our attitudes d.
According to Erikson, the second stage of psychosocial development poses the developmental 9.
task of:
autonomy vs. shamea.
trust vs. mistrustb.
industry vs. inferiorityc.
initiative vs. guilt d.
From 3 to 6 years of age, children are faced with the crisis of: 10.
autonomy vs. shamea.
trust vs. mistrustb.
identity vs. role confusionc.
initiative vs. guilt d.
According to Erikson, individuals face the identity vs. role confusion stage at what age? 11.
3-6a.
6-11b.
12-18c.
20-40 d.
According to Erikson, in young adulthood, the inability to establish rewarding relationships 12.
with friends result in a sense of:
inferioritya.
stagnationb.
despairc.
isolation d.
5
Final Examination
GED 215 Psychology of Adjustment
What is Erikson’s final stage of psychosocial development? 13.
integrity vs. despaira.
generativity vs. stagnationb.
industry vs. inferiorityc.
initiative vs. guilt d.
_________ is the addition of something that increases the likelihood of a behavior occuring 14.
again.
Temperamenta.
Attachmentb.
Social learningc.
Reinforcement d.
The process by which we learn by observing is called: 15.
punishmenta.
reinforcementb.
learning theoryc.
observational learning d.
Carol likes Dr. Reed, the supervisor of her practice teaching. In fact, Carol often finds herself 16.
adopting many of Dr. Reed’s methods and mannerisms in the classroom. Bandura refers to
this type of learning as.
Who can complete my exam asap!!!!A functionalist would likely .docxlashandaotley
Who can complete my exam asap!!!!
A functionalist would likely ask which one of the following questions about socially assistive robots?
a.
How will socially assistive robots affect interaction?
b.
What meanings do people assign to socially assistive robots?
c.
Who benefits from socially assistive robots and at whose expense?
d.
What are the intended and unintended consequences of socially assistive robots?
1 points
Question 5
Which of the following is a false statement about the characteristics of high-quality sociological research?
a.
Sociological findings endure as long as the research process can be replicated.
b.
Once a sociological study is completed, findings are considered final.
c.
Sociologists strive to be objective.
d.
Sociologists invite others to critique their work.
1 points
Question 6
Which one of the following phrases would Marx be least likely to use to describe capitalism?
a.
blood-sucking
b.
a boundless thirst
c.
a werewolf-like hunger
d.
socially conscious
1 points
Question 7
The early sociologists were witnesses to the transforming effects of the
a.
the Industrial Revolution.
b.
World War II.
c.
World War I.
d.
War in Afghanistan.
1 points
Question 8
Each of the _____ offers a central question to direct thinking and key concepts to organize answers.
a.
negotiated order
b.
social actions
c.
theoretical perspectives
d.
methods of research
1 points
Question 9
_____ is the theorist most likely to draw attention to unconditional basic income as a response to widespread unemployment.
a.
Karl Marx
b.
Max Weber
c.
Auguste Comte
d.
Emile Durkheim
1 points
Question 10
_____ is the sociologist who focused on the factors that strengthen, weaken, or otherwise shape the character of social ties.
a.
Karl Marx
b.
Emile Durkheim
c.
W.E.B Dubois
d.
Max Weber
1 points
Question 11
Smart phones, introduced in 1996, are now a global-scale phenomenon. Some people in remote locations have embraced smart phone apps that connect them with health care providers anywhere in the world. This development illustrates the twin forces of
a.
industrialization and mechanization.
b.
globalization and glocalization.
c.
troubles and issues.
d.
human activity and media.
1 points
Question 12
The _____ is the best perspective to draw upon for exploring human-robot interactions.
a.
social action theory
b.
functionalist
c.
symbolic interaction
d.
conflict
1 points
Question 13
The defining feature of the Industrial Revolution was
a.
solidarity.
b.
mechanization.
c.
standardization.
d.
modernization.
1 points
Question 14
The question “Who benefits from a particular pattern or social arrangement?” is of mos.
Locate three contemporary examples on following category, .docxSHIVA101531
Locate three contemporary examples on following category,
Good Samaritan conduct or random acts of kindness
Assemble the 3 examples according to the category and in a visually appealing manner. For each example, include the following:
A summary of the event
A graphic illustration, photo, or other visual item related to the event
One properly APA-formatted reference
Quiz 2
Comm 300: Communication Theory
Spring 2014
PART I: Multiple Choice (1 point each)
Directions: Below are 30 multiple choice questions. Please indicate the best answer from the selections given.
Symbolic Interaction Theory
1. Symbolic interaction theory argues that meaning
a. can only exist when people share common interpretations of the symbols they exchange in an interaction
b. occurs between people
c. is affected by society
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
2. According to Mead, one of the most critical activities people accomplish through thought is
a. projection
b. role taking
c. the Pygmalion effect
d. the concept of mind
3. The looking-glass self is best defined as
a. the mental image others have of us
b. the mental image we have of ourselves
c. the mental image we have of how others see us
d. the mental image of the physical attributes we observe
4. True or False? One of Mead’s ontological assumptions is that human communication is social.
a. true
b. false
Coordinated Management of Meaning
5. Coordinated management of meaning
a. refers to how individuals establish rules for creating and interpreting meaning
b. refers to how rules are used in a conversation
c. assumes that humans co‑create reality
d. all of the above
6. Which of the following is a speech act?
a. a compliment
b. an insult
c. a sarcastic remark
d. all of the above
7. Deanna and her son Aidan are talking about manners. Deanna tells Aidan, “Cover your mouth when you sneeze.” This is an example of which type of rule?
a. constitutive
b. unwarranted
c. regulative
d. patterned
8. True or False? CMM is an example of a Laws Approach to theory building.
a. true
b. false
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
9. Cognitive dissonance can be defined as
a. the feeling people have when they do things that don't fit with what they believe
b. the feeling people have when some of their opinions do not fit with other opinions they hold
c. the feeling people have when their actions are congruent with what they know
d. both a and b
e. none of the above
10. You believe that smoking is dangerous to your health; and yet, you smoke a pack of cigarettes a day. When this inconsistency is pointed out to you, you are likely to experience
a. dissonance
b. consonance
c. irrelevance
d. none of the above
11. When confronted with the fact that you smoke even though you think it is bad for you, you rationalize that it’s okay for you to smoke because you are under a tremendous amount of stress in college and smoking helps to calm your ne ...
Unit II Exam ReviewQuestion 1Marks 2A person who has chosen a.docxdickonsondorris
Unit II Exam Review
Question 1
Marks: 2
A person who has chosen an occupation without having evaluated her values and options is in which stage of identity status, according to Marcia?
Choose one answer.
a. Achievement
b. Diffusion
c. Foreclosure
d. Moratorium
Question 2
Marks: 2
A person who has not made a commitment to an occupation or ideology even though she has reexamined her values and choices is which stage of identity status, according to Marcia?
Choose one answer.
a. Diffusion
b.Achievement
c. Foreclosure
d. Moratorium
Question 3
Marks: 2
According to developmentalists, which of the following most strongly influences length of life expectancy, quality of health, and incidence of chronic illness among adults?
Choose one answer.
a. Marital status
b. Religiosity or spirituality
c. Personal happiness
d. Social class
Question 4
Marks: 2
According to Erikson, which of the following would cause a person to experience a mid-life crisis?
Choose one answer.
a. A sense of generativity
b. An external locus of control
c. A loss of self-efficacy
d. A sense of stagnation
Question 5
Marks: 2
According to Piaget, which of the following children is most likely to recognize that intentions are important when making moral judgments about others' behaviors?
Choose one answer.
a. Dale, who is 6
b. Marianna, who is 6
c. Dudley, who is 7
d. Kirsten, who is 8
Question 6
Marks: 2
According to your textbook, among teenagers, sensation seeking appears to be LEAST associated with which of the following?
Choose one answer.
a. Automobile accidents and injuries
b. Tobacco use
c. Drug use
d. Alcohol use
Question 7
Marks: 2
During adolescence, boys are more advanced than girls in which of the following aspects of physical development?
Choose one answer.
a. Attainment of adult height
b. Joints of the skeletal system
c. Acquisition of fat tissue
d. Size of heart and lungs
Question 8
Marks: 2
Grayson told her mother everything that happened at her school dance last night. Grayson was relying on which type of memory?
Choose one answer.
a.Procedural
b. Episodic
c. Implicit
d. Semantic
Question 9
Marks: 2
How does physical exercise help maintain cognitive abilities in middle age?
Choose one answer.
a. Because the brain is a muscle - use it or lose it
b. By decreasing low-density lipoproteins ("bad" cholesterol)
c. By maintaining cardiovascular fitness
d. By increasing optimism and life satisfaction
Question 10
Marks: 2
How does the social clock in United States culture affect the age at which women have children in the 21st century?
Choose one answer.
a. Women are more likely to remain single, but still bear children.
b. Many believe that people should be socially and economically stable before bringing children into the world.
c. Many believe that it is even more important to find a husband who is financially stable now than in the 20th century.
d. The average age at which a woman delivers her ...
1) The amount of information available for our use doubles every.docxdorishigh
1) The amount of information available for our use doubles every
A) two years
B) century
C) decade
D) 5-7 years
2) The highest levels of technophobia are exhibited by
A) women and minority group members
B) mid-level managers
C) children
D) middle-class men
3) What is the most popular (frequent) method used by Americans to find information?
A) radio
B) Internet
C) TV
D) newspapers
4) One of the dramatic changes in the United States today is the increase in
A) manufacturing and heavy industry
B) the homogeneity of the population
C) cultural diversity
D) blue-collar workers
5) People who habitually say, “Naturally, I act this way because of the way I grew up”
fail to realize, as the text suggests, that
A) free choice and responsibility go hand in hand
B) they have fewer options than their parents
C) they cannot take calculated risks
D) their choices are limited
6) All of the following traits remain rather stable over a lifetime EXCEPT
A) neuroticism
B) self-esteem
C) introversion
D) expressiveness
7) The experience of personal growth usually ends with the stage of
A) acknowledging change
B) feeling anxiety and discomfort
C) reorganizing our experience
D) changing our attitudes
8) We are more apt to have positive, gratifying feelings about an experience of personal
growth at the third and final stage designated as
A) sensing dissatisfaction
B) acknowledging change
C) experiencing dissonance
D) reorganizing our experience
9) When scientists examine existing data such as historical documents, they are using
the ________ method.
A) growth
B) conceptual
C) archival
D) empirical
10) In which psychoanalytic stage did Freud say genuine love develops?
A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) genital
11) Which concept is not part of Freud’s view of the psyche?
A) consciousness
B) unconscious
C) ultraconscious
D) preconscious
12) Carol likes Dr. Reed, the supervisor of her practice teaching. In fact, Carol often finds
herself adopting many of Dr. Reed’s methods and mannerisms in the classroom. Ban-
dura refers to this type of learning as
A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) due to the effects of unconscious Oedipal wishes
D) identification with the parent figure
13) Social learning theorists such as Bandura regard the inconsistencies in human behav-
ior as largely the product of
A) conditioned responses
B) personality traits
C) unconscious conflicts
D) situational factors
14) From which perspective are psychologists most likely to argue that spanking is harm-
ful to children?
A) the humanistic perspective
B) the psychoanalysis perspective
C) the learning perspective
D) all of these
15) Humanistic psychology has received national prominence as
A) deconstructivist
B) emphasizing individual sameness
C) Freud’s theory
D) the third force in psychology
16) Research shows that older people score lower in ________ than younger people.
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) social vitality
D) all of the above
17) Research (Scarr) suggests that ________ ch ...
UNIT 11) The amount of information available for our use doubl.docxwillcoxjanay
UNIT 1
1) The amount of information available for our use doubles every
A) two years
B) century
C) decade
D) 5-7 years
2) The highest levels of technophobia are exhibited by
A) women and minority group members
B) mid-level managers
C) children
D) middle-class men
3) What is the most popular (frequent) method used by Americans to find information?
A) radio
B) Internet
C) TV
D) newspapers
4) One of the dramatic changes in the United States today is the increase in
A) manufacturing and heavy industry
B) the homogeneity of the population
C) cultural diversity
D) blue-collar workers
5) People who habitually say, “Naturally, I act this way because of the way I grew up”
fail to realize, as the text suggests, that
A) free choice and responsibility go hand in hand
B) they have fewer options than their parents
C) they cannot take calculated risks
D) their choices are limited
6) All of the following traits remain rather stable over a lifetime EXCEPT
A) neuroticism
B) self-esteem
C) introversion
D) expressiveness
7) The experience of personal growth usually ends with the stage of
A) acknowledging change
B) feeling anxiety and discomfort
C) reorganizing our experience
D) changing our attitudes
8) We are more apt to have positive, gratifying feelings about an experience of personal
growth at the third and final stage designated as
A) sensing dissatisfaction
B) acknowledging change
C) experiencing dissonance
D) reorganizing our experience
9) When scientists examine existing data such as historical documents, they are using
the ________ method.
A) growth
B) conceptual
C) archival
D) empirical
10) In which psychoanalytic stage did Freud say genuine love develops?
A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) genital
11) Which concept is not part of Freud’s view of the psyche?
A) consciousness
B) unconscious
C) ultraconscious
D) preconscious
12) Carol likes Dr. Reed, the supervisor of her practice teaching. In fact, Carol often finds herself adopting many of Dr. Reed’s methods and mannerisms in the classroom. Bandura refers to this type of learning as
A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) due to the effects of unconscious Oedipal wishes
D) identification with the parent figure
13) Social learning theorists such as Bandura regard the inconsistencies in human behavior as largely the product of
A) conditioned responses
B) personality traits
C) unconscious conflicts
D) situational factors
14) From which perspective are psychologists most likely to argue that spanking is harmful to children?
A) the humanistic perspective
B) the psychoanalysis perspective
C) the learning perspective
D) all of these
15) Humanistic psychology has received national prominence as
A) deconstructivist
B) emphasizing individual sameness
C) Freud’s theory
D) the third force in psychology
16) Research shows that older people score lower in ________ than younger people.
A) conscientiousness
B) agreeableness
C) social vitality
D) all of the above
17) Research (Scarr) sugges ...
In Conflict and Order Understanding Society 13th Edition Eitzen Test BankMariseer
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/in-conflict-and-order-understanding-society-13th-edition-eitzen-test-bank/ In Conflict and Order Understanding Society 13th Edition Eitzen Test Bank
FINAL EXAMNote It is recommended that you save your response as.docxssuser454af01
FINAL EXAM
Note: It is recommended that you save your response as you complete each question.
Question 1 (1 point)
Your textbook defines psychology as which of the following?
Question 1 options:
a)
The science of behavior
b)
The study of mental processes
c)
The study of mental disorders and their treatment
d)
The science of mind and behavior
Question 2 (1 point)
One morning, Alan wakes to the news that a powerful earthquake occurred in California. “I told you the big one would hit this year!” he exclaims. Alan appears subject to the _____ bias.
Question 2 options:
a)
cognitive
b)
hindsight
c)
predictive
d)
foresight
Question 3 (1 point)
Dr. Harris is describing the assumptions, rules, and procedures that psychologists use to gather observations. Dr. Harris is outlining the _____ method.
Question 3 options:
a)
deductive
b)
psychological
c)
rational
d)
scientific
Question 4 (1 point)
Andrea is reading a general, comprehensive explanation of the causes of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology. Andrea is reading a(n):
Question 4 options:
a)
theory
b)
hypothesis
c)
operational definition
d)
explanation
Question 5 (1 point)
A hypothesis is best defined as a(n):
Question 5 options:
a)
specific prediction concerning the relationship between variables
b)
specification of a variable in terms of the procedures that will be used to measure it
c)
broad, general explanation of the phenomenon of interest
d)
behavior, event, or other characteristic that can assume different values
Question 6 (1 point)
Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study?
Question 6 options:
a)
Dr. Henriette, who is measuring how fast a group of students can respond to a stimulus.
b)
Dr. Innis, who is examining the tactile perception of a blind woman
c)
Dr. Jenner, who is observing children on a playground
d)
Dr. Kulik, who is combing through newspaper stories on serial killers
Question 7 (1 point)
The number of violent TV shows that a child watches is positively correlated with the aggressiveness of the child’s play. Why might this be?
Question 7 options:
a)
Viewing violent TV causes aggressive behavior
b)
Aggressive behavior causes viewing violent TV
c)
There is a third common-causal variable that creates the correlation
d)
A, B, or C may be correct but the correlation cannot tell us which one is correct
Question 8 (1 point)
Which of the following is the goal of experimental research?
Question 8 options:
a)
To assess the validity of a measurement
b)
To assess the relationships among variables
c)
To assess the current state of affairs
d)
To assess the causal influence of one or more manipulations
Question 9 (1 point)
Psychologists use the term __________ to refer to the pattern of enduring characteristics that lend stability and consistency to an individual's behavior and serve to differentiate one individual from another.
Qu ...
1) Which of the following is an example of a secondary groupA) .docxdorishigh
1) Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?
A) the psychology class you are presently in
B) the graduating seniors at a large university
C) a family
D) all are secondary groups
2) In-group perceptions can develop
A) any time two or more people gather
B) based on ethnicity
C) based on clear set rules
D) all of the above are reasons ingroups develop perceptions
3) What is the correct sequence of group formation, according to the text?
A) forming, storming, norming, and performing
B) storming, forming, norming, and performing
C) forming, storming, performing, and norming
D) norming, storming, performing, and forming
4) Which statement is true about the group communication networks?
A) when tasks are complicated or decisions require complex input, decentralized net-
works are best
B) centralized communication networks allow for individuals to communicate more freely
with one another
C) centralized and decentralized networks result in about the same type of performance
in groups
D) where one or two individuals control the flow of information it is called decentralized
communication network
5) With electronic communication
A) each group member has a greater likelihood of participating
B) status inequities are enhanced
C) groups are more likely to be vulnerable to problems such as groupthink
D) the highest status group members do most of the talking
6) The group polarization effect refers to
A) groups doing less work than individuals no matter what the task
B) a few group members opting to oust other group members
C) feeling less responsible during group decision making
D) groups shifting to a more extreme decision than individuals alone
7) Two well-documented leadership styles are ________ and ________.
A) severe; moderate
B) casual; intense
C) people-oriented; task-oriented
D) thoughtful; thoughtless
8) Groupthink begins when
A) the leader is not very directive or authoritative
B) the group is close-knit and attractive to members
C) the group members are not concerned with consensus
D) the group is too open to ideas from outsiders
9) Which of the following are signs of groupthink?
A) a poorly designed solution
B) isolation of the group from criticism
C) mindguards
D) all of the above
10) The text states that when choosing a career goal, it’s best to begin by
A) asking your parents, spouses, or friends for their ideas
B) taking stock of yourself
C) scanning the classified ads in the newspaper
D) looking over the Occupational Outlook Handbook
11) People who score high on the Realistic theme of the Strong Interest Inventory would
most likely enjoy a job working as an
A) engineer
B) accountant
C) stockbroker
D) biologist
12) Most job changes occur
A) as an individual faces retirement
B) during young adulthood
C) during the retirement years
D) during middle age
13) Surveys on job satisfaction show that
A) women are much less satisfied with their jobs than men are
B) professional workers are more satisfied than workers in lower-level ...
Unit 3 Examination127GED 216 SociologyMultiple Cho.docxdickonsondorris
Unit 3 Examination
127
GED 216 Sociology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
Edwin Lemert described “primary deviance” as 1.
the most serious episodes of deviance.a.
actions that parents define as deviant.b.
a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person’s self-concept.c.
the experience of deviance early in life. d.
His friends begin to criticize Marco as a “juice-head,” pushing him out of their social circle. 2.
Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are
heavy drinkers. According to Lemert, Marco’s situation illustrates
the onset of primary deviance. a.
the onset of secondary deviance.b.
the formation of a deviant subculture.c.
the onset of retreatism. d.
What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly 3.
changes a person’s self-concept and social identity?
a deviant rituala.
a degradation ceremonyb.
a secondary identityc.
stigma d.
The concept “retrospective labeling” refers to the process of 4.
interpreting someone’s past consistent with present deviance.a.
defining someone as deviant for things done long before.b.
criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant.c.
predicting someone’s future based on past deviant acts. d.
Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that 5.
deviance is only what people label as deviant.a.
most people in the United States will become insane for some period during their lives.b.
mental illness is a myth so that “insanity” is only “differences” that bother other people.c.
our society does not do nearly enough to treat the mentally ill. d.
Unit 3 Examination
128
GED 216 Sociology
An example of the “medicalization of deviance” is 6.
theft being redefined as a “compulsive stealing.”a.
drinking too much being redefined as a personal failing.b.
promiscuity being redefined as a moral failing.c.
when people steal drugs to self-medicate. d.
Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects 7.
whether a person is labeled retrospectively or projectively.a.
whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment.b.
whether the person’s deviance is labeled as primary or secondary.c.
whether or not the person gets the appropriate care. d.
Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory links deviance to 8.
how labeling someone as deviant can increase the deviant behavior.a.
the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional b.
behavior.
how well a person can contain deviant impulses.c.
how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual. d.
Travis Hirschi’s control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in 9.
deviance is
students enrolled in college.a.
teenagers on sports teams with after-school jobs.b.
youngsters who “hang out” waiting for so ...
Week 2 Quiz1.According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luck.docxco4spmeley
Week 2 Quiz
1.
According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman, society is based on _______
a.
Habitual actions
b.
Status
c.
Institutionalization
d.
Role perfromance
2.
The Protestant work ethic is based upon the concept of predestination, which states that ________
a.
Performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a place in heaven.
b.
Salvation is only achievable through obedience to God.
c.
No person can saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as their savior.
d.
God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned.
3.
What is the largest difference between Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective?
a.
The former two consider the repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present.
b.
The first two are the more common sociological perspectives, while the latter is a newer sociological model.
c.
The first two focus on hierarchal roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view.
d.
The first two address large scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.
4.
In Asch’s study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?
a.
A very small group of witnesses
b.
The presence of an ally
c.
The ability to keep one’s answers private
d.
All of the above
5.
Societies practice social control to maintain _________.
a.
Formal sanctions
b.
Social order
c.
Cultural deviance
d.
Social labeling
6.
________ deviance is a violation of norms that ____________ result in a person being labeled a deviant.
a.
Secondary; does not
b.
Negative; does
c.
Primary; does not
d.
Primary; may or may not
7.
The use of Facebook to create an online persona by only posting images that match your ideal self exemplifies the ________ that can occur in forms of new media.
a.
Social construction of reality
b.
Cyberfeminism
c.
Market segmentation
d.
Referencing
8.
When it comes to media and technology, a functionalist would focus on
a.
The symbols created and reproduced by the media
b.
The association of technology and technological skill with men
c.
The way that various forms of media socializes users
d.
The digital divide between the technological haves and have nots
.
Take Test Exam - Week 10 ContentTop of FormAssistive Techno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Take Test: Exam - Week 10
Content
Top of Form
Assistive Technology Tips [opens in new window]
Test Information
Instructions
Description
Instructions
Multiple Attempts
This test allows 3 attempts. This is attempt number 1.
Force Completion
This test can be saved and resumed later.
Bottom of Form
Question 1
1. Art therapy, dance/movement therapy, music therapy, and drama therapy are all considered:
A.
Eclectic approaches
B.
Expressive arts approaches
C.
Narrative approaches
D.
Symbolic approaches
1 points
Question 2
1. Regarding multicultural counseling, narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective because:
A.
It defines mental health within a social, political, and relational context
B.
It was founded in a sociocultural context
C.
It allows clients to tell their unique stories from their perspective
D.
All of the above
1 points
Question 3
1. Reality therapy can be applied to the following clients:
A.
The elderly and retired
B.
Preschool children
C.
Addicted clients
D.
All of the above
1 points
Question 4
1. The founders of solution-focused brief therapy are:
A.
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
B.
Michael White and David Epston
C.
Frederick and Laura Perls
D.
Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer
1 points
Question 5
1. In practicing reality therapy, counselors and therapists focus on:
A.
Insight into causes of behavior
B.
Family history
C.
The interpersonal relationships of the client
D.
Personal history
1 points
Question 6
1. As a person becomes more congruent, which of the following changes is most likely to be seen?
A.
success in a failing relationship
B.
eradication of problem behaviors
C.
greater self-empowerment
D.
elimination of negative thoughts
1 points
Question 7
1. Which of the following family therapists is best known for his or her strategic approach to treatment?
A.
Minuchin
B.
Satir
C.
Haley
D.
Bowen
1 points
Question 8
1. Which of the following family therapists is best known for his or her structural approach to treatment:
A.
Minuchin
B.
Bowen
C.
Haley
D.
Satir
1 points
Question 9
1. Helping clients achieve low frustration tolerance is a major goal of rational emotive behavior therapy.
True
False
1 points
Question 10
1. The family life spiral is:
A.
A linear model
B.
An example of a life stressor
C.
An example of family decline
D.
A developmental model
1 points
Question 11
1. Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on the assumption that humans have a biological tendency to think irrationally as well as rationally.
True
False
1 points
Question 12
1. To adequately understand the culturally different client, counselors should have some specific information about that culture.
True
False
1 points
Question 13
1. The developer of dialectical behavior therapy is:
A.
Carl Rogers.
B.
Albert Ellis.
C.
Fritz Perls.
D.
Marsha Linehan.
1 points
Question 14
1. A family system’s perspective implies:
A.
That clients are auton.
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14Task 4 – Mid-point Test – Week.docxfathwaitewalter
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14
Task 4 – Mid-point Test – Week 5 (6 pages)
Due in your Assignment folder by 11:59 p.m. ET Sunday, Week 5
Save the test as an MS Word document with the following filename:
Test_Yourlastname
Your name:
____________________________
Part I. Match the term to its definition
.
The terms come from Chapters 1-4 of the course textbook. (20 points – 1 point each)
Answer
Term
Definition
symbol
1.positivistic, value-neutral study of phenomena
environment
2. transmitter of a message
public communication
3. studying cause-effect relationships
feedback
4. term often used in organizational communication to show rankings among people
semiotics
5. Research moving from theory to specific cases
narrow theory
6. arbitrary label or representation of phenomena
Socio-psychological research
7. tries to explain all aspects of communication behavior in a manner that is universally true
mediated communication
8. verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
nominal concept
9 Research moving from specific cases to theory
channel
10. looking broadly at the systematic processes of communication
validity
11. Usually, a speech given by a person to a live, present audience.
critical scholarship
12. research observations and measurements accurately capture and report on a real-world phenomenon
deduction
13. Rapidly changing context for communication
grand theory
14. ideas or phenomena that are not directly observable
source
15. study of signs and how they change meaning over time
cybernetic tradition
16. a person talking to him or herself
inductive
17. studies certain people in certain situations
hierarchy
18. questions social power relationships
empirical
19. situation or context where communication occurs
Intrapersonal communication
20. visual, aural, tactile, etc. pathways of communication
Page 2
Part II. Multiple Choice Questions.
These questions relation to your assigned reading in Weeks 2, 3 & 4 (5 points – 1 point each).
Highlight
the correct answer.
1.
Which of the following is an assumption of Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
a.
human beings desire inconsistency in their cognitions
b.
dissonance is created by physiological discomfort
c.
dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to change attitudes and/or behaviors
d.
none of the above
2.
All of the following are assumptions about Uncertainty Reduction EXCEPT
a.
it is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion
b.
uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress
c.
people experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings
d.
when strangers meet, they want to reduce their uncertainty and increase their predictability
3.
At the heart of Social Penetration Theory is self-disclosure. All of the following statements about self-disclosure are true EXCEPT
a.
nonintimate relationships typically progress to an intimate level without engaging in self disclosure
b.
self-disclosure can be st.
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14Task 4 – Mid-point Test – We.docxmonicafrancis71118
Communication Theory – Comm 300 F’14
Task 4 – Mid-point Test – Week 5 (6 pages)
Due in your Assignment folder by 11:59 p.m. ET Sunday, Week 5
Save the test as an MS Word document with the following filename: Test_Yourlastname
Your name: ____________________________
Part I. Match the term to its definition. The terms come from Chapters 1-4 of the course textbook. (20 points – 1 point each)
Answer
Term
Definition
symbol
1.positivistic, value-neutral study of phenomena
environment
2. transmitter of a message
public communication
3. studying cause-effect relationships
feedback
4. term often used in organizational communication to show rankings among people
semiotics
5. Research moving from theory to specific cases
narrow theory
6. arbitrary label or representation of phenomena
Socio-psychological research
7. tries to explain all aspects of communication behavior in a manner that is universally true
mediated communication
8. verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
nominal concept
9 Research moving from specific cases to theory
channel
10. looking broadly at the systematic processes of communication
validity
11. Usually, a speech given by a person to a live, present audience.
critical scholarship
12. research observations and measurements accurately capture and report on a real-world phenomenon
deduction
13. Rapidly changing context for communication
grand theory
14. ideas or phenomena that are not directly observable
source
15. study of signs and how they change meaning over time
cybernetic tradition
16. a person talking to him or herself
inductive
17. studies certain people in certain situations
hierarchy
18. questions social power relationships
empirical
19. situation or context where communication occurs
Intrapersonal communication
20. visual, aural, tactile, etc. pathways of communication
Page 2
Part II. Multiple Choice Questions. These questions relation to your assigned reading in Weeks 2, 3 & 4 (5 points – 1 point each). Highlight the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is an assumption of Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
a. human beings desire inconsistency in their cognitions
b. dissonance is created by physiological discomfort
c. dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to change attitudes and/or behaviors
d. none of the above
2. All of the following are assumptions about Uncertainty Reduction EXCEPT
a. it is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion
b. uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress
c. people experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings
d. when strangers meet, they want to reduce their uncertainty and increase their predictability
3. At the heart of Social Penetration Theory is self-disclosure. All of the following statements about self-disclosure are true EXCEPT
a. nonintimate relationships typically progress to an intimate level without engaging in self disclosure
b. self-disclosure can be strategic, which mean.
Unit 2 – Live Chat 2 AssignmentDue Tuesday, July 18, 2017.docxmarilucorr
Unit 2 – Live Chat 2 Assignment Due: Tuesday, July 18, 2017
CLEARLY identify which choice best answers the following questions. Either highlight your answer or clearly indicate the LETTER of your choice. This assignment has 10 questions and is worth 15 points.
1. At the core of is the principle that the future is unknown. It is the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive to be unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
a. tolerance for ambiguity
b. flexibility
c. the future
d. uncertainty avoidance
2. Face, in the context of cultures:
a. refers to how a culture is represented in the media.
b. both refers to how a culture is represented in the media and is a metaphor for the self-image you want others to see.
c. refers to your physical features.
d. is a metaphor for the self-image you want others to see.
3. The single most important cultural pattern in the United States is material acquisition.
a. True
b. False
4. The means by which you make sense of your physical and social world is referred to as:
a. Perception
b. Attitudes
c. Beliefs
d. Schemata
e. Awareness
5. Identify the correct time-order of these phenomena:
a. belief – value – attitude – behavior
b. behavior – value – belief – attitude
c. attitude – belief – value – behavior
d. value – behavior – belief – attitude
6. According to the textbook, dominant cultural patterns like material acquisition, equal opportunity, and individualism are associated with what country?
a. United States
b. China
c. Russia
d. Japan
7. According to the textbook, the process of manipulating how you want others to see you is referred to as ____.
a. self-image
b. manipulative self
c. face
d. facework
8. Long-term orientation includes many Asian cultures. They value:
a. Quick gratification of needs
b. Social order
c. Low priority on status
d. All of the above
9. Collectivist cultures value independence over interdependence.
a. True
b. False
10. When referring to power distance, high power distance expresses the powerful and powerless being set far apart.
a. True
b. False
Unit 2 – Live Chat 1 Assignment Due: Tuesday, July 18, 2017
CLEARLY identify which choice best answers the following questions. Either highlight your answer or clearly indicate the LETTER of your choice. This assignment has 10 questions and is worth 15 points.
1. Identity:
a. is dynamic and multiple
b. changes as a function of life experience
c. is singular and static
d. A and B
e. B and C
2. Initial identity development and display is a product of:
a. heredity
b. interaction with family members
c. environment
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
3. Which of the following is/are characteristics of prejudice?
a. it is directed at a social group and its members
b. it has an evaluative dimension
c. it is affected by centrality
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
4. The notion that one’s culture is superior to any other is referred to as:
a. egocentrism
b. ethnocentrism
c. fascism
d. natio ...
Similar to First Part Multi choiceChoose the best answer1. Secondary gr.docx (20)
Cost and benefit analysisWe are doing group presentation.docxvoversbyobersby
Cost and benefit analysis
We are doing group presentation tomorrow but we are struggling to make the
presentation sldies. We need presentation slides.
Could you guys help me? Maximum slides we have to make are 11 pages.
Below are structure of prejesentation we should do.
<>
In your analysis, make sure you take the followings into consideration:
•
the alternative projects ,
•
the groups who benefit and suffer from project,
•
list the physical impact of alternatives,
•
predict monetary value of those impacts (benefit and cost) over the life of project in terms of their present value,
•
conclude which of the alternative project should be selected.
-----------------
Addendum: PT slides
•
1 intro slide that discusses the motivation behind the project and CBA
•
Information about which groups have standing, and how they either benefit or lose from the considered policies
•
Numbers, sources
•
Conclusion
•
1-2 slides on other key information you would need to conduct a thorough analysis
•
1-2 slides at the end with a list of sources
Addendum: PT slides
Do Not Include:
•
Typos and spelling/grammar mistakes.
•
Basic definitions of CBA terms.
•
Too many pictures.
•
Unsubstantiated claims (unless you explicitly states that you had made the judgement call because there was insufficient data)
.
Cosmetics as endocrine disruptors are they a health risk.docxvoversbyobersby
Cosmetics as endocrine disruptors: are they a health risk?
Polyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati1 & Luc Hens2 & Annie J. Sasco3
Published online: 29 January 2016
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Exposure to chemicals from different sources in
everyday life is widespread; one such source is the wide range
of products listed under the title Bcosmetics^, including the
different types of popular and widely-advertised sunscreens.
Women are encouraged through advertising to buy into the
myth of everlasting youth, and one of the most alarming con-
sequences is in utero exposure to chemicals. The main route of
exposure is the skin, but the main endpoint of exposure is
endocrine disruption. This is due to many substances in cos-
metics and sunscreens that have endocrine active properties
which affect reproductive health but which also have other
endpoints, such as cancer. Reducing the exposure to endocrine
disruptors is framed not only in the context of the reduction of
health risks, but is also significant against the background and
rise of ethical consumerism, and the responsibility of the cos-
metics industry in this respect. Although some plants show
endocrine-disrupting activity, the use of well-selected natural
products might reduce the use of synthetic chemicals.
Instruments dealing with this problem include life-cycle
analysis, eco-design, and green labels; in combination with
the committed use of environmental management systems,
they contribute to Bcorporate social responsibility .̂
Keywords Endocrine active substances . Endocrine
disruptors . Cosmetics . Sunscreens
1 Introduction
Women and men all over the world use large amount of cos-
metic products in pursuit of everlasting youth, ignoring the
probable health risks. The commercial category of Bcosmetic
products^ entails substances or mixtures of substances that are
designed mainly for external use, for instance to improve the
appearance; clean; perfume; and sometimes protect as in the
case of sunscreens [1]. Many cosmetic products such as oils
and lipsticks contain UV filters, even though they are not
marketed under the term Bsunscreens^ or Bsun lotions^.
Cosmetic products contain active substances, preservatives
and also the so-called Bfragrances^ or Bperfumes^, the exact
composition of which remains a secret under the trade secret
standards [2].
Increasing scientific concern exists about the nature and the
safety of the ingredients used by the cosmetics industry re-
garding their endocrine-disrupting effects. Although numer-
ous studies have proved the endocrine-disrupting potential of
many ingredients, such as parabens, phthalates and UV filters,
and also their ability to cause reproductive impairments [3–6],
these substances are still extensively used and characterized as
Bsafe^. The main justification is the fact that manufacturers
keep the concentrations of the suspected chemical substances
low in accordance with the relevant legislation. However, the
possib.
COSC2737 Assignment 2 IT Infrastructure in the Cloud. .docxvoversbyobersby
COSC2737 Assignment 2: IT Infrastructure in the Cloud.
In this assignment, you will combine 3 different cloud services to build an application of your choice.
Typically, this might include a web-facing component. The focus of the assignment is not this content, but
the infrastructure behind it – the “wiring”, if you will.
As part of the assignment, you will create a presentation video. If this is done well, you will be able to add
these to a portfolio of work that you can demonstrate at job interviews, etc….
NB. This assignment is focused on Amazon products, primarily because that is what we teach in ITIS,
but, you are also allowed to use Google or Microsoft products, or a combination – but only with prior
permission from the Course Coordinator. And we may not be able to help you if problems between
vendor products arises.
For this assignment, you will provide a simple working cloud implementation, and submit the contents in a
ZIP file to Canvas, along with a presentation video, a report, and an initial PDF “pitch” document submitted
some weeks earlier than the deadline.
Note that the web content itself is not evaluated, only how it is set up. So you can use material from
anywhere (as long as you cite it on the web pages).
List of Amazon Services: https://aws.amazon.com/products/
List of Amazon services available to AWS Educate: https://s3.amazonaws.com/awseducate-starter-account-
services/AWS_Educate_Starter_Accounts_and_AWS_Services.pdf also available on Canvas.
Submission Details
1. Build a cloud infrastructure using at least 3 components from the AWS list of products above:
1. This could be a server and storage, or compute, or whatever.
2. One of the components counted could be the use of Alexa services for query.
2. The topic of the website is up to you, but must have a least (say) 5 different pages, and must ideally
be some form of B2B flavour.
3. Submission will be the following:
1. Pitch Document – An initial “pitch” where you describe your proposal in a few paragraphs
(not more than a page)
1. This will be due in week 11
2. Worth 5%, and will provide feedback from your tutor.
2. Report – A PDF report containing the following sections
1. Rationale
- The rationale behind this website or cloud construction. More or less a copy
of the pitch in its final form.
2. Cost Estimates
- both development, fixed and cloud running and how these running cost
scales for LOW (1-1000 transactions/day), MEDIUM (1000-1,000,000), and
HIGH (above 1,000,000+ transactions per day) – hese costs all to be
itemised and justified
- Imagine you are a professional quoting for the job
3. An installation manual that
- contains instructions to recreate the website(s)
- A marker should be able to rebuild it him/herself from this
4. There is no limit on report size, but a guide is about 10-15 pages including figures,
screen dumps, etc.
.
https://aws.amazon.com/prod.
Cortes and the Aztecs Respond in writing to the following questi.docxvoversbyobersby
Cortes and the Aztecs
Respond in writing to the following questions after reading Cortés' letter on page 260 and watching the two videos above.
1. What aspects of Aztec life and culture favorably impressed Cortés? Of what was he critical?
2. With their belief in a pantheon of deities, how might an Aztec have reacted upon visiting a Christian house of worship such as Chartres Cathedral?
3. What is the Colombian Exchange? List the consequences of the exchange.
Make sure to:
· Write a short essay or paragraph of at least 100 words. Do not go over 250 words.
· Use concrete examples/details and avoid generalities.
· Address all questions.
· Use proper grammar and punctuation.
· If you researched your topic and are using information from what you learned, remember to cite your sources.
· Do not plagiarize. Your work will be checked by turnitin.com.
.
Correlation and RegressionForecasting is a critical job for mana.docxvoversbyobersby
Correlation and Regression
Forecasting is a critical job for managers. Correlation and regression are two statistical methods used by managers for forecasting.
Correlation allows you to quantify how closely two variables are related. The correlation values or correlation coefficients have a range between -1.0 and +1.0. The closer the value is to the absolute value of 1, the stronger the correlation. The negative or positive sign indicates if the variables have a negative or positive correlation. A positive correlation exists when both variables increase or decrease. A negative correlation exists when one variable increases while the other variable decreases. If the two variables are independent and have no relationship, then the correlation is 0.
Be careful not to confuse correlation and causality. For instance, you can be reasonably sure that higher distribution and lower prices both cause higher sales; however, there are many things in this world that are correlated mathematically but are not at all related.
Regression is a statistical technique that lets you construct an equation to describe the relationship between the movements of two variables. On a scatter plot, the regression equation would calculate the best-fit line through the points. Regression allows you to forecast and simulate different scenarios by ascertaining the relationship between causes and effects. The causes are known as independent variables or drivers. The effects are known as dependent variables or what is being forecast.
You need to have a sufficient amount of history for the dependent variable and all the independent variables that you might think are useful in predicting the dependent variable to build a regression model. The minimum number of observations required is generally between 20 and 30. A key concept for regression is that it uses the past to predict the future. It assumes that relationships between historical dependent and independent variables will hold true for present of future dependent and independent variables.
There is an extension to the regression model, known as the multiple regression model. Adding another independent variable to a regression model turns it into a multiple regression model. The equation can become quite complex when more than two independent variables are added to the model, but these equations are rarely calculated by hand. Most commercial spreadsheet, accounting, and statistics software include these in their function library.
Counselor Dispositional Expectations
Dispositions are the values, commitments, and professional ethics that influence behaviors toward others, and, if sincerely held, dispositions lead to actions and patterns of professional conduct. The Grand Canyon University Counseling Program’s dispositions adhere to the University’s mission statement, as well as to the established counseling profession codes of ethics.
The Grand Canyon University Counseling Program have adopted the following disposition.
Correlation and Regression StudyBackground During this week .docxvoversbyobersby
Correlation and Regression Study
Background
During this week you will identify a research question created in Week 1 for which correlation or regression would be the best statistical approach to take. If you do not have a research question that indicates correlation or regression, review the research questions posted by your peers last week and select one that is ideal for correlation or regression.
Discussion Assignment Requirements
Initial Posting – In your initial posting for this assignment, include the following:
•Identify an appropriate research question that would require the use of correlation and regression to answer.
•Describe why this question is appropriate for a correlational study.
•Identify the two variables in this study and each of their attributes: discrete or continuous, quantitative or categorical, and scale of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
•Do the variables fit the qualifications of a correlational study? Explain.
•What type of correlation would you expect to find for this study (i.e., positive or negative)? Explain.
•What predictions might you be interested in making with these variables if the correlation is found to be significant?
Article Critique: Correlation & Regression
The readings for this week focus on the concepts of correlation and regression. In this discussion we will apply those concepts to the review and critique of Wagenheim & Anderson (2008). For information on how to critique a research article, see the Coughlan et al. (2007) from your resources in Week 1 and UIS (n.d.) from your resources in Week 2.
In the body of your posting, include an overview of the following topics:
•Research question – State the research question for the study.
•Methods and study design – Describe the basic methods used, including the variables, sampling methods, data collection, etc.
•Data analysis – Summarize the statistical tests conducted, the results obtained from each test, and the conclusions regarding the research question.
•Critique – Critique the results of the study, paying specific attention to the appropriateness of the analyses conducted, any biases or assumptions that were made, practical significance of the results, and recommendations for improving upon the study (methods or analyses).
•Summary – Provide a brief summary of the study's findings in 2-3 sentences. Do not use any numbers or statistical terms, but provide a review that would make sense to someone who has not studied research methods or statistics.
Be sure to put information in your own words and to cite appropriately. Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Specifically, focus on their critique of the results and discussion of the analysis. Do you agree with their assessment? What questions did the study leave you with? How might you have done this study differently? What do you see as the limitations of the study as compared to your classmates?
Z, T, or Chi-Square Test Study
Background
During th.
Correlate your job responsibilities with the Disaster recovery c.docxvoversbyobersby
Correlate your job responsibilities with the Disaster recovery course outcomes listed above. Should be Minimum 200 words
Disaster Recovery Course Out-come
• Recognize the need for disaster recovery plans within organizations.
• Develop a complete and accurate disaster recovery plan.
• Assess risks that may impact an organization
• Identify data storage and recovery sites.
• Develop plans, procedures and relationships.
• Develop procedures for special circumstances.
• Test the disaster recovery plan.
• Continue to assess needs, threats, and solutions after testing the disaster recovery
plan.
Job Responsibility:
· Responsible in delivering the complete
Project Plan with total supporting data which included the status Reports, Issues Log, Performance Testing Matrix, detailed Testing Reports, Fine tuning Recommendation reports to both Executive Management & Senior Management
· Responsible to provide Technical and Functional Support to the users, tester and Business System Analysts
· Managing and Preparation of the Test Plan and Test strategy for the various projects
· Liaison with the onsite and offshore teams for testing status and issue resolution
· Tested the data mapping, fixing errors
· Tested staging table for EDI 210 Invoice, Balance Due Invoice, EDI 810 Invoice inbound, 850 Inbound Purchase order
· Tested Web service using SoapUI
· Involved in User acceptance testing (UAT)
· Written standard test scripts for Oracle Financial, Procure to Pay, SOA, web services
· Involved in standard Functionality testing in Phase I Phase II for 3 Instance
· Documented and communicated test results to the test Management and Business Management Team
· Worked closely with Developers team for different issues
· Experience with test automation tools like JIRA
· Worked on the testing of SaaS, Web services, XML and web application.
.
Correctional CounselingRobert HanserScott Mire20111 The .docxvoversbyobersby
Correctional Counseling
Robert Hanser
Scott Mire
2011
1 The Role of the Correctional Counselor
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
· 1. Identify the functions and parameters of the counseling process.
· 2. Discuss the competing interests between security and counseling in the correctional counseling process.
· 3. Know common terms and concerns associated with custodial corrections.
· 4. Understand the role of the counselor as facilitator.
· 5. Identify the various personal characteristics associated with effective counselors.
· 6. Be aware of the impact that burnout can have on a counselor’s professional performance.
· 7. Identify the various means of training and supervision associated with counseling.
PART ONE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND CORRECTIONS
There are many myths concerning the concept of counseling. Although the image of the counseling field has changed dramatically over the past two or three decades, much of society still views counseling and therapy as a mystic process reserved for those who lack the ability to handle life issues effectively. While the concept of counseling is often misunderstood, the problem is exacerbated when attempting to introduce the idea of correctional counseling. Therefore, the primary goal of this chapter is to provide a working definition of correctional counseling that includes descriptions of how and when it is carried out. In order to understand the concept of correctional counseling, however, the two words that derive the concept must first be defined: “corrections” and “counseling.” In addition, a concerted effort is made to identify the myriad of legal and ethical issues that pertain to counselors working with offenders.
It is very difficult to identify a single starting point for the counseling profession. In essence, there were various movements occurring simultaneously that later evolved into what we now describe as counseling. One of the earliest connections to the origins of counseling took place in Europe during the Middle Ages (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). The primary objective was assisting individuals with career choices. This type of counseling service is usually described by the concept of “guidance.” In the late 1800s Wilhelm Wundt and G. Stanley Hall created two of the first known psychological laboratories aimed at studying and treating individuals with psychological and emotional problems (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). Around the same time (1890), Sigmund Freud began treating mental patients with his patented technique of psychoanalysis. As a result, the origins of counseling can be traced to two different but simultaneous movements: (1) guidance and (2) psychotherapy.
Guidance
Guidance has been used as a concept to describe the process of helping individuals identify and choose what they value most (Gladding, 1996). Guidance can occur in any instance where one individual, usually more experienced, helps another to identify choices that best refle.
Correlate health and safety issues at workplace with ideals. Y.docxvoversbyobersby
Correlate health and safety issues at workplace with ideals.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Hartman, L., DesJardins, J., & MacDonald, C. (2014). 1.
Business ethics: decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility
(3rd ed., pp. 276-283). New York: McGraw-Hill.
No Wiki, Dictionary.com or Plagiarism
.
Correctional Program ShowcaseSubmitted BY Intensive moti.docxvoversbyobersby
Correctional Program Showcase
Submitted BY
Intensive motivational program of alternative correctional treatment (IMPACT)
IMPACT- Two phase program
Mission: to engage and rehabilitate the offenders with sentence of seven years
Goals: To engage the offenders into correction program for their betterment
To help the offenders to live a life with worth with out committing a crime.
Intensive motivational program of alternative correctional treatment (IMPACT) is a program that is based on the two phases, it is continuation shock incarcerations that initially started in the 1987. The mission of the program is to engage the offenders who are sentenced for 7 years into correctional program. Goals of the program is to engage the offender voluntarily in the two phase program and they can quite if they are not willing to continue the program. The offenders ahs to pass through the phases and complete the instructions of the drill instructors. The target population is based on the offender who do not mix in to normal general population. IMPACT is among the top three programs of the state to correct and rehabilitate the offenders (Mackenzie & Shaw, 2006).
2
Intensive motivational program of alternative correctional treatment (IMPACT)
Population : Offenders with sentence of seven years
Effectiveness:
Increased the prosocial behavior in offenders
Decreased the aggression and anxiety
Improvements have been seen in the offenders that lead them towards rehabilitation.
The program is effective for the offenders by send in to the offenders into military boot camps. Offenders who were engage in the IMPACT program were reported as having the high prosocial behaviors anxiety and aggression have been lowered in the offenders who have completed the program. Offender with change are promoted to the next phase of rehabilitation (Mackenzie & Shaw, 2006). It was designed because authorities are aware of that emotional instability is a main reason behind the offenses. Thus this program helped to provide emotional stability and also help in rehabilitation process.
3
Reentry Program
Reentry program is basically developed as a correctional program which is covering different aspects.
Educational paradigm
Health sector
Rehabilitation sector
Job skills and Employment Readiness program
Reentry programs is an effort made by the Louisiana corrections. The mission of the program is to provide the services regarding education, job and employment skills, substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation services are offered by the programs to education the offenders and help them rehabilitate in the society. Reentry program was designed to motivate those offenders who came again after relapse of drugs or crime. This program focus on all areas of life of offenders because it not only provided basic education but also provide job skills to make them productive member of society. Some profit and not for profit organizations help to design and to make it effective by financ.
Corrections in America - please type the answers separateDiscu.docxvoversbyobersby
Corrections in America - please type the answers separate
Discussion Board #2A : Research and discuss the differences between State and Federal Prison Systems. Who goes to Prison in each of these systems? What about Women Offenders? What about Juvenile Offenders?
iscussion Board #2B concerns Racial Issues within Prison Systems. Research and discuss if there is racial disparity as to who is sent to jail/prison. Are all groups sentenced equally? Why is there an issue with fair sentencing? Who is to blame?
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Correction to be made for my code of ethical plan Inclusion of.docxvoversbyobersby
Correction to be made for my code of ethical plan: Inclusion of a letter from leadership to the reader of the Code of Ethics. This sets the tone and lets the reader know why the Board of Directors and management consider the code of Ethics important.
2. Accetable and unacceptable behavior on the part of employees.
3. Resources for more information and what to do if unethical behavior is seen such as contact information for an Ethics Compliance Officer or if someone needs to report unethical conduct. This includes reporting procedures.
4. Ethics training and awarness program for your company.
5. Consequences of unethical /or illegal behavior
6. The legal regulations of conducting business overseas.
7. The ethical code of conduct for employees and vendors
8. Distingushing between right and wrong in business dealings when the action is legal
9. Identifying the issues surrounding the motivation behind unethical or illegal business operations when the consequences are properly documented.
10. Anything else that you deem important support your ethical code of conduct plan.
11. Your ethical code of conduct plan should demonstrate your understanding of the concepts and ideas covered throughout the course.
1,250--1,500 words and references.
.
Correct the following paragraph. Insert or delete hyphens as nee.docxvoversbyobersby
Correct the following paragraph.
Insert or delete hyphens as needed in the following paragraph:
1
Attending College in New York City can be pretty scary, especially for a small-town girl from Des Moines, Iowa.
2
Since I am studying nursing, I decided to join Scorpions for Smiles, a student-volunteer-group that visits children who spend a-lot of time in the hospital wards for recovery or treatment purposes.
3
It's a great feeling knowing that a sick or hurting child is benefiting from my time and up-beat attitude.
4
The last time I visited, I brought coloring supplies so that Amy, the eight year old patient I usually spend time with, and I could draw pictures for her family.
5
Amy is a very well known patient; she is always playing practical jokes on the nurses and doctors!
6
When I went visited with my student group this past week, Amy wasn't there because she had an X-ray scheduled.
7
I left her a note with some crayons so that she could color after the procedure.
8
Next week is her birth-day.
9
. I won't be visiting that day, but when I do, I'll bring two plain t shirts to decorate with paints and markers.
10
The corner store near my dorm has cake-mix for only ninety nine cents!
11
. I'll bring a cake for Amy and-the-rest of her friends, too!
Step 2
Save and submit your assignment.
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Correctional AdministratorsPrisons and jails are both clas.docxvoversbyobersby
Correctional Administrators
Prisons and jails are both classified as correctional facilities, however their missions and day-to-day operations can vary significantly. The types of offenders being held and the reasons they are incarcerated are notably different between a state or federal prison and a county jail.
In your initial response,
A)
Compare and contrast the role of a correctional administrator at a prison vs. a jail.
B)
Be sure to highlight the missions of both and how those missions impact the way day-to-day operations are managed by a correctional administrator.
Assignment Instructions:
1) Based on research, and
2) Using professional, scholarly sources, and
3) Submitted in APA 6th ed style, and
4) A minimum of 350 words, excluding the references list.
.
Corporations are making the assumption that everyone uses a sm.docxvoversbyobersby
Corporations are making the assumption that everyone uses a smartphone. How does this perpetuate the negative outcomes created by the “Digital Divide”?
Your rough draft is your work-in-progress version of your final paper (which is due on Sunday). The purpose of the rough draft assignment is to allow me to understand where your team is at, and to be able to provide feedback that you can use for refining your paper.
Your paper should have the following characteristics:
Be in APA format
Have the following sections:
Title page
Abstract (from Friday's assignment - revised according to the feedback that was given (if any).
Rough draft, this should address:
Introduction
Background/Literature Review
Relevant Theory Exploration
Findings/Examples
Lessons Learned
Future Research
References (non-annotated)
Appendix:
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Corporation M, a calendar year corporation that began doing business.docxvoversbyobersby
Corporation M, a calendar year corporation that began doing business on January 1, 20X1, had accumulated earnings and profits of $30,000 as of January 1, 20X8. On July 2, 20X8, M distributed $22,000 cash to Mrs. C, M's sole shareholder. M had a $20,000 deficit in earnings and profits for 20X8. Mrs. C had an adjusted basis of $14,000 in her stock before the distribution. What is the amount of Mrs. C's basis in the stock after the distribution?
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CORPORATE TRAINING 1
Running head: APA IS EASY
Paper Title
Student’s Name, Class
University of the Cumberlands
Note the
header &
the page
number.
Also this
the header
is l/2 inch
from the
top (p. 306)
Double spaced,
upper/lower case and
centered on the page.
See pg 41, APA, 6th
edition
Ask your facilitator if
they desire the date/their
name on title page.
APA doesn’t require it.
Running
head is
typically
optional –
ask your
instructor –
used
primarily if
publishing
CORPORATE TRAINING 2
Corporate Training
Today, managers need well-trained employees and are finding they do not exist.
Corporations are, therefore, providing additional training for their employees. One such training
program that is being added to corporate learning environments is an awareness of emotional
intelligence. Business managers are learning that successful managers need high Emotional
Quotient (EQ) or Emotional Intelligence (EI) to work effectively. Emotional intelligence is the
ability to accurately perceive emotions in self and others, to identify different emotional
responses, and to use emotional information to make intelligent decisions (Goleman, 2000). A
leading expert on EQ finds that “people good at managing relationships tend also to be self-
aware, self-regulating, and empathetic” (Goleman, 2000, p. 33). Emotional intelligence is
especially important “at the highest levels of the company, where differences in technical skills
are of little importance. In other words, the higher the rank of the person, the more emotional
intelligence capabilities are needed for decision making effectiveness” (Goleman, 1986, p. 94).
Emotional intelligence is crucial to a successful business career and for effective group
performance (Goleman, 1986). The core competencies required for emotional intelligence are
“the perception of emotions in one’s self and others, the understanding of these emotions, and
the management of emotions” (Feldman, 2001, ¶ 4). Success in the modern workplace requires
teamwork and collaboration. Emotional Intelligence training is essential since most modern
Title of
paper is
centered.
Do not
bold. Do
not cap.
Text is
ragged
edge,
double-
spaced
This is a
direct
quote
complete
with
quotation
marks so
the writer
must
provide
needs to
direct
readers to
direct
This is not
a direct
quote but
para-
phrased
Period after
Citation of
Short
quotes
CORPORATE TRAINING 3
companies rely on teams of employees working together, rather tha.
Corporate TAX homework problems. Need help with solving. email is .docxvoversbyobersby
Corporate TAX homework problems. Need help with solving. email is
[email protected]
Notes
Ch1 corporations
Complete the problems as presented in this document. You may create a new document and/or spreadsheet as needed. Any memo should be no more than 3 pages in length. Please state any assumptions used if problems are not clear.
Problem 1
Your client, a physician, recently purchased a yacht on which he flies a pennant with a medical emblem on it. He recently informed you that he purchased the yacht and flies the pennant to advertise his occupation and thus attract new patients. He has asked you if he may deduct as ordinary and necessary business expenses the costs of insuring and maintaining the yacht. In search of an answer, consult RIA’s CHECKPOINT TAX available on-line through the SNHU Shapiro Library. Explain the steps taken to find your answer.
Problem 2
Stacey Small has a small salon that she has run for a few years as a sole proprietorship. The proprietorship uses the cash method of accounting and the calendar year as its tax year. Stacey needs additional capital for expansion and knows two people who might be interested in investing. One would like to practice hairdressing in the salon. The other would only invest.
Stacey wants to know the tax consequences of incorporating the business. Her business assets include a building, equipment, accounts receivable and cash. Liabilities include a mortgage on the building and a few accounts payable, which are deductible when paid.
Write a memo to Stacey explaining the tax consequences of the incorporation. As part of your memo examine the possibility of having the corporation issue common and preferred stock and debt for the shareholders’ property and money.
Problem 3
Five years ago, Lacey, Kaylee, and Doug organized a software corporation, DLK, which develops and sells Online Meetings software for businesses. DLK is a C corporation. Each individual contributed $10,000 to the company in exchange for 1,000 shares of DLK stock (for a total of 3,000 shares). The corporation also borrowed $250,000 from ACME Venture Capital to finance operating costs and capital expenditures.
Because of intense competition, DLK struggled for the first few years of operation and the corporation sustained chronic losses. This year, Lacey, DLK’s president, decided to seek additional funds to finance DLK’s working capital.
CME declined to extend additional funds because of the money already invested in DLK. High Tech Venture Capital Inc. proposed to lend DLK $100,000, but at a 10% premium over the prime rate. (Other software manufacturers in the same market can borrow at a 3% premium.) First Round Capital proposed to invest $50,000 of equity capital into DLK, but on the condition that the investment firm be granted the right to elect five members to DLK’s board of directors. Discouraged by the “high cost” of external borrowing, Lacey decides to approach Kaylee and Doug.
Lac.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
First Part Multi choiceChoose the best answer1. Secondary gr.docx
1. First Part: Multi choice
Choose the best answer:
1. Secondary groups are most likely to take on characteristics of
primary groups
Answer
a.
when they are extremely small.
b.
when family members are living at a distance.
c.
in times of high stress or crisis such as natural disasters.
d.
in situations where there is a clear authority and purpose to the
group.
1 points
Question 2
1.
The sociologist who introduced the concept of primary groups is
_____.
Answer
a.
Charles Horton Cooley
b.
George Herbert Mead
c.
Charles Page
2. d.
Georg Simmel
1 points
Question 3
1.
The conflict theoretical perspective argues that the hierarchal or
stratified nature of the bureaucracy
Answer
a.
encourages interaction between workers and management within
the organization.
b.
reduces the existence of organizational dysfunctions.
c.
inhibits rather than encourages conflict within it.
d.
encourages rather than inhibits conflict within it.
1 points
Question 4
1.
The influence of groups
Answer
a.
ends once one reaches adulthood.
b.
effects how we dress and how we style our hair.
c.
has little affect on nonconformists.
3. d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 5
1.
What are the effects of social class and race on people’s roles
within an organization?
Answer
a.
People of upper and middle class backgrounds are more likely
to be promoted than someone with a lower-class background,
even if they are of the same race.
b.
When members of minority groups have the same level of
education as their White peers, there is no difference in the
rates of promotion.
c.
When people with a lower social class background have the
same level of education as their peers they are just as likely to
be promoted.
d.
Race and social class do not have any consistent effect on
people’s roles within an organization.
1 points
Question 6
1.
Sociological research on group decision making finds that
Answer
a.
groupthink is inevitable any time a team comes together to make
a decision.
4. b.
people in positions of power are not affected by groupthink in
the same way that those below them are.
c.
if members of a group feel invulnerable this increases the
potential for groupthink to occur.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 7
1.
The psychological separation of a person from an organization
and its goals is called _____.
Answer
a.
organizational deviance
b.
ritualism
c.
alienation
d.
risky shift
1 points
Question 8
1.
A group consisting of intimate, face-to-face interaction and
relatively long-lasting relationships is called a _____.
Answer
5. a.
secondary group
b.
primary group
c.
tertiary group
d.
formative group
1 points
Question 9
1.
Deindividuation refers to
Answer
a.
the inability of a person to think for themselves.
b.
the willingness of a person to take the blame for the entire
group.
c.
the sense of merging with the group so that blame will be
shared, not directed toward any individual.
d.
all of these are true
1 points
Question 10
1.
Which of these is not an example of a utilitarian organization?
Answer
6. a.
the University of Michigan
b.
NAACP
c.
Microsoft
d.
General Motors
1. A significant difference between functionalist and conflict
theory is that
Answer
a.
functionalism ignores the role of deviance in society, while this
is a focus for conflict.
b.
functionalists focus more on the social structure than conflict
theorists do.
c.
functionalism pays more attention to the individual than conflict
theory does.
d.
functionalism assumes the system works for the good of the
whole, and conflict theory does not.
1 points
7. Question 2
1.
Merton’s structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance
to
Answer
a.
emotional stress caused by job loss, divorce, and the like.
b.
anomie in an individual.
c.
the lack of any commitment to cultural goals
d.
the tension between desired cultural goals and the means of
achieving them
1 points
Question 3
1.
Which of these types of crime is responsible for the greatest
financial loss overall?
Answer
a.
street crime
b.
corporate crime
c.
theft
d.
8. vandalism
1 points
Question 4
1.
How do sociologists explain the fact that women have lower
rates of suicide than men?
Answer
a.
Women are very hesitant to do harm, even to themselves.
b.
Women have less access to the means for committing suicide.
c.
Women are more embedded in relations of care and
responsibility.
d.
Women are more fearful in general.
1 points
Question 5
1.
Sociologists understand norms or rules as ______ based.
Answer
a.
morally
b.
naturally
c.
biologically
9. d.
socially
1 points
Question 6
1.
The example of attitudes toward smoking in the U.S.
demonstrates the concept that
Answer
a.
evidence of risk is enough to change behavior.
b.
smoking should not have been considered acceptable.
c.
laws are needed in order to best define deviant behavior.
d.
perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change.
1 points
Question 7
1.
Which of these statements about deviant behavior would be
considered truefrom a sociological perspective?
Answer
a.
Some people are just born rebels and deviants.
b.
Deviance may be an adaptation to the social structures in which
people live.
10. c.
In most cases there is a medical approach to solving problems
of deviance.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 8
1.
A strength of conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance
is
Answer
a.
its insight into the significance of power relationships.
b.
its ability to see how the entire social system works for the
benefit of all.
c.
its recognition of the importance of shared values and beliefs.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 9
1.
A soldier who kills in battle is not considered deviant, but a
murderer is. This illustrates the point that
Answer
a.
11. killing is not morally deviant.
b.
whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the
context.
c.
soldiers are not judged as harshly as others in the general
population when it comes to how they behave.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 10
1.
The shooting of students and faculty at Virginia Tech in the
spring of 2007 fits the pattern of Durkheim’s _____ suicide.
Answer
a.
anomic
b.
egoistic
c.
fatalistic
d.
altruistic
1. Which type of theorist would be most likely to see inequality
in the social system as fair, because everyone has an equal
chance of getting ahead?
12. Answer
a.
functionalism
b.
symbolic interaction
c.
social exchange theory
d.
conflict theory
1 points
Question 2
1.
One percent of the U.S. population controls ____ percent of the
total net wealth in the nation.
Answer
a.
46
b.
28
c.
13
d.
33
1 points
Question 3
1.
13. Karl Marx used the concept of ______ to explain why people
who do not benefit from a capitalist system would still support
it.
Answer
a.
power and prestige
b.
ideology
c.
surplus value
d.
lumpenproletariat
1 points
Question 4
1.
______ theory emphasizes cohesion in society, while ______
theory emphasizes friction between groups.
Answer
a.
Symbolic interactionist / conflict
b.
Conflict / functionalist
c.
Functionalist / symbolic interactionist
d.
Functionalist / conflict
1 points
14. Question 5
1.
Wages earned, child support received, and interest payments are
all examples of ______.
Answer
a.
income
b.
tax receipts
c.
wealth
d.
assets
1 points
Question 6
1.
Which of these statements best reflects the functionalist
perspective on social inequality?
Answer
a.
Some occupations are as important as others, but they do not
receive as much pay because they tend to be occupied by
women.
b.
The people with the most power set the rules to the benefit of
themselves.
c.
15. Society is made up of various groups that are in constant
struggle with each other over resources.
d.
The occupations that require the most training and involve the
highest risk work are paid the highest.
1 points
Question 7
1.
How does the concept of the working class differ from that of
those in traditional “blue-collar” occupations?
Answer
a.
the working class includes many in occupations that are
considered “white-collar”
b.
blue-collar workers have autonomy on the job, others in the
working class do not
c.
the working class does not have the power to control their work
life that blue-collar workers have
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 8
1.
Which of the following is an example of intergenerational
mobility?
Answer
16. a.
a daughter rises above the class of her parents
b.
a man’s class status changes due to a bad investment
c.
a woman’s class status changes as a result of business success
d.
none of these choices
1 points
Question 9
1.
The rate of poverty among people in the United States has
_____ since 2000.
Answer
a.
remained the same
b.
been steadily increasing
c.
been impossible to measure
d.
been steadily decreasing
1 points
Question 10
1.
A relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which
groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived
17. social worth is called _____.
Answer
a.
social differentiation
b.
social stratification
c.
social inequality
d.
none of these choices
1. Although the high-income countries have only 15 percent of
the world’s population, together they use _____ of the world’s
energy.
Answer
a.
more than a half
b.
one-fourth
c.
more than a third
d.
three-fourths
1 points
18. Question 2
1.
Modernization derives some of its thinking from the work of
_____ who argued that the value of individual achievement
emphasized by Protestants promoted economic development
during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer
a.
Herbert Spencer
b.
Max Weber
c.
Karl Marx
d.
Emile Durkheim
1 points
Question 3
1.
The total volume of goods and services produced by a country
each year, divided by the population is called the ______.
Answer
a.
the consumer index
b.
per capita gross national income (per capita GNI)
c.
production index
19. d.
the net national product (NNP)
1 points
Question 4
1.
According to _____, poverty results from adherence to
traditional values and customs.
Answer
a.
dependency theory
b.
world systems theory
c.
social exchange theory
d.
modernization theory
1 points
Question 5
1.
According to the text, world poverty is caused by
Answer
a.
unstable governments unable to provide basic services.
b.
economies reorganized to pay debt decreasing resources for
human services.
20. c.
changes in the world economic system that have favored some
economies over others.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 6
1.
Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be
divided economically into three levels. Those with the most
power are the _____.
Answer
a.
cornerstone nations
b.
semiperipheral countries
c.
peripheral countries
d.
core countries
1 points
Question 7
1.
The examples of India and China as newly industrializing
countries are notable because they demonstrate
Answer
a.
that communist countries can develop economically.
21. b.
that countries with large populations may experience successful
economic development.
c.
that economic development may take place without
industrialization.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 8
1.
Which of these statements related to global stratification
is true?
Answer
a.
All people in poor countries are poor.
b.
Poor countries lack natural resources.
c.
The majority of the world’s population lives in poor countries.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 9
1.
Burundi and Sierra Leone are examples of ______.
Answer
22. a.
core countries
b.
hybrid countries
c.
peripheral countries
d.
semi-peripheral countries
1 points
Question 10
1.
Which of these is a problem for countries with high birthrates?
Answer
a.
a lack of workers and the need to import labor
b.
strains on public services such as schools and hospitals
c.
competition among adults over custody of the younger
generation
d.
a low death rate
23. 1. In order to limit the number of immigrants, the U.S.
government
Answer
a.
created ethnic quotas that limited the number of immigrants
from places other than western and northern Europe.
b.
subjected potential immigrants to literacy tests.
c.
applied I.Q. tests in English to immigrants who were not
English-speaking.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 2
1.
Which of these statements regarding the racial system in Brazil
is false?
Answer
a.
In Brazil a person is considered Black only if they have no
discernible White ancestry.
24. b.
A person who might be considered Black in the U.S. would be
considered white in Brazil if they had high socioeconomic
status.
c.
Brazil has successfully created a nation in which there is no
social inequality based on race.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 3
1.
Which of these statements regarding the position of Native
Americans in this country is false?
Answer
a.
Historical accounts have underrepresented the vast cultural and
social heterogeneity of tribes prior to European conquest.
b.
Today Native Americans have the highest poverty rate of any
group in the U.S.
c.
Only about one-fourth of Native Americans live on or near
reservations today.
d.
Native American populations were devastated by European
diseases from which they had no immunity
1 points
25. Question 4
1.
Which of these statements regarding the judgments people make
about others is false?
Answer
a.
Most of the time the quick judgments that people make are
remarkably comprehensive and accurate.
b.
The judgments people make enable them to process a great deal
of information very quickly.
c.
Quickly categorizing the people one meets is a very common
and widespread practice.
d.
People make quick assessments and judgments about others in
order to save time.
1 points
Question 5
1.
The Black power movement of the late 1960s
Answer
a.
rejected assimilation.
b.
recognized the institutional power that Whites had over Blacks.
c.
advocated separatism, under the leadership of Malcolm X.
26. d.
all of the above
1 points
Question 6
1.
The principle of ______ holds that stereotypes, especially
negative ones, are often applied interchangeable from one group
to another.
Answer
a.
cultural relativism
b.
selective identity
c.
stereotype interchangeability
d.
universal applicability
1 points
Question 7
1.
The National Origins Quota Act of 1924 limited the number of
immigrants
Answer
a.
from Mexico and Central America.
b.
who could enter the U.S. on temporary working visas.
27. c.
who were Jewish.
d.
to the percentage equal to the numbers already in the U.S.
1 points
Question 8
1.
The histories of African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian
Americans are very different, however the text argues that they
are similar to the extent that they all have experienced _____.
Answer
a.
a system of White supremacy
b.
economic exploitation
c.
political disenfranchisement
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 9
1.
William Julius Wilson believes the cause of the emergence of an
urban underclass is
Answer
a.
the “culture of poverty.”
28. b.
economic and social structural deficits in society.
c.
prejudice and racism.
d.
too much immigration from some areas.
1 points
Question 10
1.
Study of salience characteristics in stereotyping indicates that
Answer
a.
all societies base stereotypes about members of different groups
on the same salient characteristics.
b.
age and sex are the only characteristics to which stereotypes are
almost never attached.
c.
the choice of salient characteristics as the basis for stereotypes
is culturally determined.
d.
in the U.S. the salient characteristic used most often for
stereotyping is religion.
29. 1. Both functionalism and conflict theory
Answer
a.
relate sexuality to the stability of the family.
b.
understand sexuality in terms of the overall organization of
society.
c.
see sexuality in relation to power and the economic structure of
society.
d.
emphasize how sexual identities are socially constructed.
1 points
Question 2
1.
Sexual identity
Answer
a.
is something that evolves over time.
b.
is influenced by political movements and relationships with
others.
c.
sometimes undergoes a change at some time in one’s life.
d.
30. all of these are true
1 points
Question 3
1.
Queer theory
Answer
a.
only applies to transgender people.
b.
takes the view that only one type of sexuality is normal.
c.
considers sexual identity to be biologically based.
d.
challenges the belief that one is either gay or straight.
1 points
Question 4
1.
Public opinion about abortion
Answer
a.
has become increasingly liberal over time.
b.
has become increasingly conservative over time.
c.
has remained relatively constant over the last 20 years.
d.
31. none of these; there is little research on public opinion about
abortion.
1 points
Question 5
1.
Research findings indicate that gays and lesbians
Answer
a.
do not assume dominant and submissive roles in their
relationships.
b.
generally have a negative impact on their children.
c.
actively try to seduce or “recruit” straight people.
d.
are mostly middle or upper class.
1. According to the text, what proportion of Americans believe
that religion can solve all or most of society’s problems?
Answer
a.
one-fourth
32. b.
one-half
c.
two-thirds
d.
one-fifth
1 points
Question 2
1.
_____ theorists argue that families serve to socialize children
into being obedient workers and good consumers to fit the needs
of capitalism.
Answer
a.
Conflict
b.
Symbolic interaction
c.
Social exchange
d.
Functionalist
1 points
Question 3
1.
“Religion is the basis for intergroup conflict.” This statement
most closely reflects _____.
Answer
33. a.
functionalism
b.
conflict theory
c.
symbolic interaction theory
d.
feminist theory
1 points
Question 4
1.
What type of marriage is most characteristic of the U.S. today?
Answer
a.
monogamy
b.
serial monogamy
c.
polygamy
d.
polygyny
1 points
Question 5
1.
Emile Durkheim argued that religion is
Answer
34. a.
a distinct threat to social cohesion.
b.
an institution that exists in direct opposition to the other
institutions that exist in society.
c.
a tool for class oppression.
d.
functional for society because it reaffirms the social bonds that
people have with each other.
1 points
Question 6
1.
Religion is an institutionalized system of _____ by which a
group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is
sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate
meaning.
Answer
a.
symbols
b.
beliefs
c.
values
d.
all of the above
1 points
35. Question 7
1.
Sociologists sometimes measure the intensity and consistency of
a person’s faith. This is termed _____.
Answer
a.
religiosity
b.
devotion
c.
fundamentalism
d.
theism
1 points
Question 8
1.
The largest religion in the world (measured in numbers of
followers) is _____.
Answer
a.
Buddhism
b.
Christianity
c.
Hinduism
d.
36. Islam
1 points
Question 9
1.
Among industrialized nations, the country that provides the
least support for maternity and childhood policies is _____.
Answer
a.
the United States
b.
Canada
c.
Japan
d.
Australia
1 points
Question 10
1.
Weber believed that the search for signs of religious salvation
supported the development of _____.
Answer
a.
Protestantism
b.
religion
c.
capitalism
37. d.
socialism
Question 1
1.
Sociologists believe that the most important factor in reducing
the incidence of AIDS is
Answer
a.
understanding the social networks and social norms for
transmission of the disease.
b.
new drug protocols for treatment.
c.
education for protection against the disease.
d.
a great deal more funding for health care clinics worldwide.
1 points
Question 2
1.
According to the text, which of these is a major contributor to
skyrocketing health-care costs in the U.S.?
Answer
a.
38. increasing costs of hospital care
b.
the costs of malpractice insurance
c.
third party payment system
d.
All of these are causes.
1 points
Question 3
1.
The criticism of credentialism is most associated with _____.
Answer
a.
social exchange theory
b.
symbolic interaction theory
c.
conflict theory
d.
functionalism
1 points
Question 4
1.
The extent to which standardized tests accurately predict future
college grades is called the _____ of the tests.
Answer
39. a.
assessment capacity
b.
predictive validity
c.
analytical viability
d.
reliability
1 points
Question 5
1.
Even if the poor had better access to health care services, they
would still have lower health status because
Answer
a.
low-income neighborhoods are more likely to have elevated
rates of pollution.
b.
the psychological stress of financial burdens is related to ill
health.
c.
there are some detrimental personal habits, such as smoking,
that are correlated with lower social class.
d.
All of these choices are true.
1 points
Question 6
40. 1.
According to the _____ perspective, the fundamental problem of
the health care system is that it produces some problems that
contribute to disharmony in society.
Answer
a.
symbolic interactionist
b.
feminist
c.
conflict
d.
functionalist
1 points
Question 7
1.
W Level of formal education achieved is strongly correlated
with _____.
Answer
a.
occupational prestige
b.
life satisfaction
c.
income
d.
wealth
41. 1 points
Question 8
1.
The capacity for abstract thinking is referred to as _____.
Answer
a.
mental ability
b.
cognitive ability
c.
psychosocial ability
d.
intellectual ability
1 points
Question 9
1.
Education in the U.S. was made compulsory in _____.
Answer
a.
1778
b.
1920
c.
1900
d.
1860
42. 1 points
Question 10
1.
Research in social epidemiology has found that
Answer
a.
white women are more likely to die in childbirth than African
American women.
b.
cervical cancer is the only disease for which Whites have a
higher rate than Black women.
c.
the mortality rate for breast cancer among African American
women is much higher than for White women.
d.
death in during pregnancy is three times more likely for White
women than for African American women.
Question 1
1.
Which of these statements regarding gays and lesbians in the
military is false?
Answer
a.
The policy “Don’t ask; don’t tell” has effectively kept gays and
43. lesbians in the military from being discriminated against.
b.
Homophobia is very pervasive within military culture.
c.
There have long been gays and lesbians in service in the
military.
d.
The U.S. military does acknowledge that gays and lesbians have
been serving in all branches of the armed forces.
1 points
Question 2
1.
According to the _____ model of state power, political power is
diffused broadly throughout society and derives from the
activities of interest groups.
Answer
a.
autonomous state
b.
pluralist
c.
feminist theory
d.
power elite
1 points
Question 3
1.
44. Sociologists define work as
Answer
a.
productive activity that creates something of value, goods or
services.
b.
human activity in the public sphere.
c.
human activity that is paid either by hourly wage or salary.
d.
participation in any activity that increases the gross domestic
product.
1 points
Question 4
1.
_____ theorists see economic restructuring as the result of
tensions and power differences between groups vying for social
and economic resources.
Answer
a.
Social exchange
b.
Conflict
c.
Functionalist
d.
Symbolic interaction
45. 1 points
Question 5
1.
Which of the following is not included in the sociological
concept of the state?
Answer
a.
organized power and authority in society
b.
the military
c.
the court system
d.
a state, like Alaska, within the U.S.
1 points
Question 6
1.
In terms of the frequency of occurrence of sexual harassment,
Answer
a.
there is evidence that White women are harassed more often
than women of color.
b.
same-gender sexual harassment does not occur.
c.
about three percent of sexual harassment cases involve men as
the victims.
46. d.
the rate has dropped to about only a fourth of working women
who are ever harassed.
1 points
Question 7
1.
Autonomous state theory builds from the sociological
discussion of _____ originally proposed by Max Weber.
Answer
a.
identity
b.
solidarity
c.
capitalism
d.
bureaucracy
1 points
Question 8
1.
According to research done for the Pentagon, _____ percent of
women in the military have experienced sexual harassment
including sexual coercion.
Answer
a.
19
b.
47. 2
c.
33
d.
9
1 points
Question 9
1.
In the U.S. the class-based division of labor is correlated most
closely with _____.
Answer
a.
race
b.
sex
c.
education
d.
age
1 points
Question 10
1.
Which of these types of work is valued most highly in the
United States?
Answer
a.
emotional labor
48. b.
mental labor
c.
manual labor
d.
none of these choices
Question 1
1.
Organized Latino groups used the aftermath of the Loma Prieta
earthquake in California to mobilize for better housing and
other services. This example supports which type of social
movement theory?
Answer
a.
new social movement
b.
political process
c.
resource mobilization
d.
exploitation
1 points
49. Question 2
1.
In the U.S., the most internal migration of African Americans,
Hispanics, and Asians since WWI occurred _____.
Answer
a.
during WWII
b.
during the Depression
c.
during the 1980s
d.
in the early years of the 21ist century
1 points
Question 3
1.
For those opposed to permitting the self-selection of more than
one race in the U.S. Census, an important argument is that
Answer
a.
most people don’t really know what race they are.
b.
there is no such thing as race, so multiracial makes no sense.
c.
identifying as multiracial reduces the strength of numbers of
already underrepresented minority groups.
50. d.
None of these; there are no serious objections to the selection of
more than one race.
1 points
Question 4
1.
According to modernization theory, the primary causes of social
change are
Answer
a.
changes in the economic structure.
b.
technology and global development.
c.
cycles of culture that advance and repeat.
d.
evolution from less to more complexity.
1 points
Question 5
1.
Tönnies noted that in gesellschaft
Answer
a.
the role of the family is considerably less prominent than
in gemeinschaft.
b.
the level of interpersonal trust is less.
51. c.
a high division of labor exists.
d.
all of the above
1 points
Question 6
1.
The pattern of disproportionate dumping of toxic waste and
other forms of pollution in neighborhoods where the poor and
people of color live is called _____.
Answer
a.
industrial racism
b.
polluter genocide
c.
environmental racism
d.
environmental inequity
1 points
Question 7
1.
Despite the revolutionary developments that have forestalled his
predictions, Malthus made an important contribution by
Answer
a.
creating the field of demography.
52. b.
bringing attention to the limitations on subsistence and natural
resources.
c.
creating MSC: PICKUP positive checks on population increase.
d.
promoting the development of better contraceptive.
Question 8
1.
Which of these types of collective behavior tends to persist over
time longer than the others?
Answer
a.
fads
b.
riots
c.
social movements
d.
fashions
1 points
Question 9
1.
Studies of ecosystems have demonstrated that
Answer
53. a.
it is impossible for the social sciences to interconnect with the
biological sciences.
b.
with proper management all resources can eventually be
renewed.
c.
there are many social problems that are much more pressing
than the environment.
d.
a disturbance in one element has an impact on the entire system.
1 points
Question 10
1.
Stage two of the demographic transition is characterized by
Answer
a.
high birth and death rates.
b.
high death rates and declining birth rates.
c.
declining birth and death rates.
d.
high birth rates and a declining death rate.
54. Part #2:
Answer these questions in short essay (at least 300 words for
each question)
1. List the major social institutions in our society (they overlap
with the Agents of Socialization). Which of these institutions
(or Agents) are more influential at what ages (Childhood,
Adolescence, Adulthood, Late Adulthood)...?
2. Do you think we can we have unity in diversity? Why or
Why not?
3. In your opinion, what are the different factors that lead
someone to perform crime?
4. Do people perform crime out of their choice or
circumstances?
5. Although class should not define someone.... do you think
that the circumstances of class may shape the "trajectory" of
one's life...? Why or why not...?
6. n thinking about poverty, do you think it is due to
structural/systemic reasons or due to the behaviors/choices of
individuals? Or both?
What kinds of solutions might you suggest for dealing with the
problem of poverty? In the US? In the world?
7. Explain your impressions of how race can be "socially
constructed", and give examples of how race can be socially
"defined" and "redefined", as cultures change.
8. Do you think there could be more than 2 sexes?
Do you think there could be more than 2 genders?
Explain your reasoning.
9. Interview an older adult, (preferably a grandparent, older
family member, or friend of your family) choose American
55. homestay, and ask this person how families have changed over
the last couple of generations (e.g., in the last 50 years).
Include a list of your questions.
What similarities and differences do they see in families (over
time), including family structures, traditions, activities,
problems, etc....?
10. Examine the issue of Public versus Private Education, and
Public versus Private Health Care.
From your own perspective, describe the pros and cons of
having Public Education. Then describe the pros and cons of
having Public Health Care.
11. Interview an older adult, (preferably a grandparent, older
family member, chose my American dad’s roommate. and ask
this person how the Economy has changed,
(particularly in the last 10-20 years but also over their
lifetime),
for them and their family. Include a list of your questions.
What changes and/or trends have they observed and
how has it affected them, their lives, their work, their families,
etc.
(including industry changes, income changes, work or
profession choices,
family planning, etc.) ....?
(Interview old family member or friend of your family), and ask
this person what Social Changes they have observed
in their lifetime.
Include a list of your questions.
What social changes and/or trends have they observed and how
has it affected them,
their lives, their work, their families, etc. (including Civil
Rights, gender equality, the
Technology Revolutio
56. Talal bin Jahlan
CS Theories Cont Arch 1
Oct14, 2013
Figuration
Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are
numerous. Drawing,
composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to
manifest the expressive
and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Also is a beautiful
thing to express
natural, however in architecture it can exploit in order to
acquire projects or can give
ideas a simplicity for the audience to understand an image for
the project. Sometime
architectural drawings are hard to demonstrate in public,
nevertheless the painting
could expose a secret behind the project and affect the audience
judgment.
I can see that in the Hokusai Wave design by Alejandro Zaero-
polo(Forign office
57. Architects). Alejandro won in the Yokohama competition
project in February 1995.
Thanks to British painter Richard Sweeney. The story started in
Yokohama City Hall.
During that day Alejandro felt the audience didn't get the
message while he was
explaining his proposal. He proceeded to explain the
circulation diagrams, the
geometric, transforming and the construction technologies that
he involved in the
project, hoping that the audience would be aware about a
principle thought from his
proposal. Suddenly his rescue came, which is Hokusai Wave, a
drawing by local
painter that he had been toying with while he indulged in
geometry manipulations
and construction hypotheses during the design phase of the
competition
entry. Alejandro explained to the audience the image of Hokusai
Wave was his
inspiration after that the proposal became clearly understood for
the audience.
Iconography is a convenient tool to make the architecture
58. concept obvious to the
public also connect the architecture with nature, so we can see
that clearly in The
Beijing Stadium designed by Herzog and De Meuron refer to the
image of a birds
nest. The solid material for stadium takes a new impression, it
considers a bunch of
wood but in the reality is a bunch of steel and concrete, but the
public knows the
inspiration of artificial birds nest as a way to describe the
stadium.
Conversion thing to a perceptible value that what happen
with iconography in
architecture. Usually, when start any design with manipulates a
geometry and see the
unexpected shape come is going to be hard to define it in public
without the process
design which lead to a final result even with the disciplinary for
the geometry. For
instance, when see Zaha Hadid works and want to describe it to
someone is hard to
tell what is looks like or don't know the start point she did to
get a nice geometry.
59. However, with iconography a normal person will feel he has a
nice information about
any design comes from any idea he realized which gives him a
valuable information
will make it easier to describe it for anyone. For example, ING
House in Amsterdam
of the Dutch architects Meyer & Van Schooten is not explicitly
designed to be
iconographic in any sense. To the public however the building
looks like a shoe, an
ice-skate. When ask people about that building next to the
highway in Amsterdam,
they refer to it like an ice-skate.
Finally, iconography helps an architect to open the door for
Imagination and gives
any building identity between the other building. Furthermore,
it redefined the solid
material is used in the building as connection with natural life
or gives more value
than a stone , a steel or concrete
. In the other hand, the iconography contributes a clarify
figuration for people who
60. believe the architecture is hard to be understood.
The response form teacher:
Hi Talal,
I think your discussion of painting in relation to figuration
relates to some of the issues raised in Gilles
Deleuze's texts "Painting and Sensation," and "The Diagram"
(in the readings for week 9). You should
also definitely refer to the attached text by Charles Jencks as a
primary source for how collage was
defined in the context of Postmodern architecture. It would be
useful to differentiate between collage as
defined by Jencks and what you refer to as 'iconic'. You should
identify specific techniques that are used
in several projects in order to facilitate legibility. How does this
contemporary form of architectural
legibility differ from discussions of Postmodern iconicity and
collage (Jencks)? It would be good to
review all the readings in the Figuration topic in order to
present your position in that context. It would
also be useful to speculate on what aspects of our contemporary
cultural moment have prompted this
shift in forms of legibility in architecture. I look forward to
seeing the essay develop.
Best, Marcelyn
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Before delving into the argument, I should probably admit a
personal aversion to
political ideology that goes beyond its application to
architecture and which probably
has a biographical origin. My experience of Spain’s transition
to democracy has
left me with a rather cynical view of political ideology as an
effective tool for under -
standing or transforming reality. I was born in a dictatorship
and I remember
having to learn to vote at school as one of the new protocols of
the new democracy.
As a left-leaning adolescent, I remember longing for the
Western powers to inter -
vene against Franco’s dictatorship, an episode that came back to
haunt me thirty
years later when pondering Western intervention in Iraq, in a far
worst dictatorship
and in a far more globalized world. In Spain I first witnessed
Javier Solana,
then Spanish Minister of Culture under the Socialist
62. Government, campaigning
for Spanish integration into NATO. Then came the termination
of compulsory
military service by Aznar’s right-wing government, with the
Socialist Party in
opposition, which reinforced my doubts about political
ideologies. On the other
hand, I had witnessed the subversive effects of foreign tourism
on sexual behavior
during Franco’s strictly Catholic era and the impact of low
interest rates, home
ownership and massive infrastructure construction on social
mobility. The demise
of the Aznar government, brought down by text-messaging,
convinced me of the
deeply trans formative political potentials of seemingly neutral
technological and
economic processes.
It is precisely in the most pragmatic, concrete operations where
contemporary
politics are to be found.1 The current American presidential
campaign proves that
within contemporary politics, an all-encompassing mass politics
focused on class,
gender, race, creed and identity and built upon partisan
ideologies is less effective
than more nimble molecular politics capable of engaging swing
voters. Within the
contemporary processes of the built environment, where an
increasingly complex
interaction between different agents takes place, ideological
politics often become
an obstacle to urban development.
The discipline has been split between those who believe
63. architecture is a
mere social construct and those who believe that architecture’s
facts are determined
by the inexorable laws of physics, economics, buildability,
climatology and ergo -
nomics. Recent attempts to shift the grounds of the architectural
debate away
from tech nology and production toward political critique and
ideology are rightly
aiming to recover some political ground that has been missing
for some time within
the discipline. However, they haven’t succeeded in coupling
political genealogies
or ideologies with disciplinary traits, and therefore have been
unable to produce
effective political strategies in architecture, let alone new
architectural possibilities.
The attempts to politicize architecture have emerged from the
hypothesis that
architecture is a ‘social construct’, a cultural fabrication and an
embodiment of
political concepts, disas so ci ated from an architecture
governed by natural laws,
statics and climatic demands.
But architecture is as much a physical construct as it is a social
or political
one and to understand architecture as a mere representation of
the political is as
problematic as to declare architecture entirely ruled by natural
laws. In order to
enable a viable strand of architectural politics, we need to
politicize the discipline
as the mediator between humans and non-humans, culture and
technology and
as the mechanism that will enable us to produce problematized
64. matters of concern:
Things rather than Objects.2
This text is an attempt to initiate an effective link between
architectural
tech nologies and politics and to advance a new political
critique of architecture
capable of addressing the challenges posed by globalization by
incorporating
political content to architectural entities.
1 ‘The conflict over the basic terms of
social life, having fled from the ancient
arenas of politics and philosophy, lives
under disguise and under constraint in
the narrower and more arcane debates
of the specialized professions. There we
must find this conflict, and bring it back,
transformed, to the larger life of society’.
Roberto Mangabeira Unger, What Should
Legal Analysis Become (New York: Verso,
1996).
2 Following the description proposed
by Bruno Latour in Politics of Nature:
How to Bring the Sciences Into Democracy
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 2004). Latour retrieves the
Heideggerian notion of Ding (‘thing’ in
German) to coin the neologism Ding -
politik as an alternative to Realpolitik.
In the Latourian conception thing is an
assemblage between humans and non-
humans, politics and nature as well as
con cerns and facts that is neither merely
a natural object nor a socially constructed
65. one, but an assemblage of both, the
object and its attachments.
The Politics of the Envelope
A Political Critique of Materialism
Alejandro Zaera Polo
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The Powers of Architecture
During the last two decades we have witnessed a substantial
reformulation of the
political stance of architectural practice vis-à-vis the
development of global capitalism.
As a result of new conditions through which cities and
architecture are produced,
the politics of architectural practice have changed, but their
impact on the discipline
has not yet been fully theorized. The increasing complexity of
global developments –
the distribution of power within the world economy, the
66. transnational competition
between cities, the development of world-wide environmental
policies, the growing
importance of media as a political force, the increasing presence
of private agents
in the provision of services and infrastructures – are redefining
the politics of archi -
tecture and urbanism. Multiple and ubiquitous communication
technologies have
eroded the power of dialectics and discourse as a political
instruments, while the
rising profile of city governance relative to national politics and
the surge in violence
and military activities as a contemporary form of geopolitics are
indexes of a
physicalization of the political.
Despite having become a crucial political battleground,
architecture and
urbanism appear to be unable to find a role within this new
politics. Architects’
traditional role as visionaries and ideologists has become
redundant as the sheer
speed of changes overtakes architects’ capacity to represent
politics ideologically.
Within a reality far more complex and multi-faceted than any
visionary formulation,
an ideological position devoid of a close link to actualization
and corporeality will
remain disempowered. Paper architecture has lost its
effectiveness as a political vehicle;
like utopia, it is restricted to pure representation without the
attachments and
frictions capable of politicizing matters. In order to guarantee a
minimum level of
agency, architects need today to engineer their acquisition
67. strategies, procurement
routes, etc. to sustain a certain level of research. And those
decisions become an
integral part of the project.
Within this context it is vital to produce an updated politics of
architecture
in which the discipline is not merely reduced to a representation
of ideal political
concepts, but conceived as an effective tool to produce change.
Rather than returning
to ideology and utopia (as some critical theorists are proposing)
a contemporary
politicization of architecture needs to relocate politics within
specific disciplinary
domains – not as a representation of an ideal concept of the
political but as a political
effect specific to the discipline.3
The building envelope is possibly the oldest and most primitive
architectural
element.4 It materializes the separation of the inside and
outside, natural and artificial
and it demarcates private property and land ownership (one the
most primitive
political acts).5 When it becomes a façade, the envelope
operates also as a repre sen ta -
tional device in addition to its crucial environmental and
territorial roles. The building
envelope forms the border, the frontier, the edge, the enclosure
and the joint: it is
loaded with political content. We have focused on the envelope
as an optimal domain
to explore the politicization of architecture and, possibly, the
development of a
Dingpolitik.6 A political critique of the envelope will hopefully
68. help us to reconstruct
the discipline as an effective link between material
organizations and politics.
Despite the envelope’s original role, the political performances
of architecture
have conventionally been located in the plan or the section,
even if the protection
from the elements and the securing of a physical domain were
the primary reason
for building. The plan of the building organizes the political
structure and protocols
hosted within it, while the section organizes the social strata
and its relationships
with the ground. For example, centralized or symmetrical plans
have been thought
to contribute to the stability and hierarchy of political
structures, while distributed,
clustered or labyrinthine plans are supposed to preserve the
independence of localities
from a central, panoptic structure. The traditional
differentiation between the attic,
the basement and the piano nobile, as well as the modernist
homogenization of the
section through the use of pilotis and plan libre are some of the
political effects that
have been available to buildings to date. In the past, the
envelope has never had this
capacity to directly effect and structure communities and has
been traditionally
relegated to a mere ‘representational’ or ‘symbolic’ function.
The reasons for such a
restricted political agency may lie in the understanding of the
envelope as a surface,
rather than as a combined effect of the construction technology
of the building’s
69. skin and the specificities of its massing.
The choice of the building envelope as an object of research
aims to thicken
the range of attachments of the surface, a field of research that
has recently returned
to the architectural debate with unexpected strength, albeit
within a rather isolated
scope. The envelope exceeds the surface by incorporating a
much wider set of
attachments within the issues of construction and representation
that converge in
the design of the physical limit of a building. It includes the
crust of space affected
3 This was a condition already announced
by Tafuri: ‘From the criticism of ideology
it is necessary to pass on to the analysis
of techniques of programming and of the
ways in which these techniques affect
the vital relationships of production. For
those anxiously seeking an operative cri ti -
cism, I can only respond with an invi tation
to transform themselves into analysts of
some precisely defined economic sector,
each with an eye fixed on bringing together
capitalists development and the processes
of reorganisation and consolidation of the
working class’. Manfredo Tafuri, Archi -
tecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist
Development (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1979), xi.
4 ‘…the beginning of building coincides
with the beginning of textiles. …The wall
is the structural element that formally
70. represents and makes visible the enclosed
space as such, absolutely, as it were, with -
out reference to secondary concepts. We
might recognize the pen, bound together
from sticks and branches, and the inter -
woven fence as the earliest vertical spatial
enclosure that man invented. … Weaving
the fence led to weaving movable walls.
… Using wickerwork for setting apart
one’s property and for floor mats and pro -
tection against heat and cold far preceded
making even the roughest masonry.
Wickerwork was the original motif of the
wall. It retained this primary significance,
actually or ideally, when the light hurdles
and mattings were transformed into brick
or stone walls. The essence of the wall
was wickerwork’. Gottfried Semper, ‘The
Textile Art’ in Style in the Technical and
Tectonic Arts: or, Practical Aesthetics (Los
Angeles: Getty Trust Publications, 2004).
5 Aristotle mentions the management of
property as one of the primary reasons
for the need of a political organization
of human communities. The binding of
goods and physical domains to the com -
munity or the individual is at the root of
power structures and political behavior.
Legislation and constitutions are very
much based on the structuring of property
over material goods. In one of the first
known expositions of Tragedy of the
Commons Aristotle wrote, ‘that which is
common to the greatest number has the
least care bestowed upon it. Everyone
71. thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all
of the common interest; and only when
he is himself concerned as an individual’.
In addition, he says when property is
common there are natural problems that
arise due to differences in labor: ‘If they
do not share equally enjoyments and toils,
those who labor much and get little will
necessarily complain of those who labor
little and receive or consume much. But
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by the physical construction of the surface, by the scale and
dimension of the space
contained, by its permeability to daylight and ventilation and by
its insulation values
and solar-shading capacities. It also involves the space that
surrounds the object, its
orientation in respect to sun, wind, views, etc. This includes its
capacity to re-present,
72. not in the sense to which the architectural critique has
accustomed us, but in the
ancient political role that articulates the relationships between
humans and non-
humans in a common world.7 The envelope is the surface and
its attachments.
The envelope is a core concern of the discipline affecting
materiality and
construction, environmental performance, energy efficiency and
other issues, but it
also engages several political forms: economical, social and
psychological. Yet there
is no such a thing as a unitary theory of the building envelope
in the history of archi -
tecture. Previous theories of the building envelope have
addressed either problems
of representation and composition or construction technologies.
Semper’s analysis
of cladding materials and Durand’s proposals for an adequate
expression of the
different typologies are examples of these partial approaches.
The Loosian ornamental
crime and the modernist abstracted ‘whitewash’ of the façade
are other episodes that
relate the design of the envelope to what happens behind. Colin
Rowe’s aesthetic
critique on ‘Character and Composition’ and ‘Literal and
Phenomenal Trans parency’8
insists on similarly compositional issues concerning
transparency. Venturi’s theory
of the decorative and the representational are also precedents to
this discussion, and
of course there is a large body of knowledge addressing the
environmental and
structural performance of envelopes: Fuller, Le Ricolais,
73. Banham...
Like the skin of a living creature, the envelope is the primary
actor in the
complex process of maintaining homeostasis in the building.9 In
human life, however,
the closed circle of homeostasis is opened up by psychological,
political, social and
cultural surpluses. The façade of a building functions not only
on a purely biological
level. It assembles the building’s interior, which it protects, and
the external public
realm with which it communicates. The surface of the building
has a kind of double
existence intervening in two disparate worlds: the private inside
and public outside.
It is a boundary which does not merely register the pressure of
the interior, but
resists it, transforming its energy into something else. And vice
versa. The envelope
is the result of an act of violence on both spheres.
In the same way that artificial intelligence and genetic
modification have
become key political subjects, the building envelope is central
to a political discussion
of material practices. It is not by chance that we have become
interested in the
envelope at a time when energy and security concerns have
replaced the earlier
importance of circulation and flow as subjects that structure
contemporary material
practices. A unitary theory of the building envelope may be an
answer to the decoupling
of politics and nature and an opportunity to construct a hybrid
world of Things,
74. rather than political subjects and natural objects.10
Globalization has propelled a set of spatial typologies primarily
determined
by the capacity to conduct flow. Architects have tried to engage
with this new
borderless space, the ‘space of flows’,11 by dissolving the
envelope as an obstacle to
flow and spatial continuity and presenting an image of the
world as a chaotically
flowing magma. However a new picture is emerging in the form
of bubbles and
foams, containers of a liquid reality. The proliferation of bubble
buildings, bubble
furniture and bubble objects in the last decade is difficult to
explain as a simple
coincidence: Foster’s 30 St. Mary’s Axe and London City Hall,
Grimshaw’s Eden
Project, Future Systems’ Selfridges and Lord’s Media Centre,
Herzog & de Meuron’s
Allianz Arena and Beijing Olympic Stadium, Paul Andreu’s
Beijing Opera – to
name just a few very iconic buildings – demonstrate the
powerful attraction of this
aesthetic trend within the contemporary architectural Zeitgeist.
The power of archi -
tecture is not just iconographic but also organizational. The
lower envelope ratio
that bubble buildings produce in respect to buildings of
comparative volume is an
index of the rarefaction of the exterior surface, perhaps as a
result of increased
security and energy concerns. These are social and political
forces that have direct
bearing upon the physical, material nature of the envelope.
75. Peter Sloterdijk described this new paradigm in his Sphären
Trilogy12 most
eloquently. His powerful imagery evokes the world as a foamy
space filled with
bubbles and balloons of different scales and qualities. This
capsular society and its
phenomena such as global provincialism, the politics of
climatization and the social
uteri describe a new paradigm that requires not just a
reconsideration of the tech -
nologies and economics of the building envelope, but of its
political, social and
psychological implications.
Another crucial factor in the renewed importance of the
envelope as a central
problem of contemporary architecture derives from the
evolution of its production
technologies. The rise of global capital markets and the transfer
of urban power from
indeed there is always a difficulty in men
living together and having all human
relations in common, but especially in
their having common property’. Aristotle,
Politics 1261b34 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999).
6 Dingpolitik is the term coined by Bruno
Latour to address the politics resulting
from the crisis of objectivity triggered by
the collapse of modernity and the search
for a new model of objectivity in which
politics are one aspect of the object, its
sciences and nature at large. See Bruno
Latour and Peter Weibel’s introduction
76. to the exhibition catalogue Making
Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005).
7 This borrows Bruno Latour’s proposal for
a political ecology capable of politicizing
science without resorting to the idea of
an entirely ‘socially constructed’ nature.
Latour, Politics of Nature.
8 Colin Rowe, The Mathematics of the Ideal
Villa and Other Essays (Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1982).
9 Jean-François Lyotard has applied this
term to social ‘power centers’ he describes
as being ‘governed by a principle of
homeostasis,’ sometimes ignoring radical
new discoveries or changes of environ ment
because they destabilize previously-
accepted norms or the status quo. See
Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A
Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
10 See Bruno Latour’s critique in Politics
of Nature.
11 Manuel Castells, The Informational City:
Information Technology, Economic
Restructuring, and the Urban Regional
Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989).
12 Peter Sloterdijk, ESFERAS I Burbujas.
Microesferología. ESFERAS II Globos –
Macroesferología. ESFERAS III. Espumas.
77. Esferología plural (Madrid: Ediciones
Siruela, 2003, 2004 and 2006
respectively).
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institutions to private agents have generated a global, market-
driven building culture
of predominantly private commissions, as even institutional
clients are increasingly
seeking private-public partnerships (PPPs) as a means of
delivering and maintaining
vital public infrastructure. While most other aspects of the
architectural project are
now in control of other agents (e.g. project managers, specialist
contractors) that
ensure the efficiency of the project delivery, the increasing
facelessness of the client
gives architects license to invent the building’s interface. The
envelope has become
the last realm of architectural power, despite the discipline’s
inability to articulate
78. a theoretical framework capable of structuring its renewed
importance. Mobilizing
a political critique of the envelope capable of addressing its
multiple attachments
and complexities may enable us to frame architecture not
merely as a representation
of the interests of a client, of a certain political ideology or an
image of utopia, but as
an all-too-real, concrete, and effective political agency able to
assemble and mediate
the interests of the multiplicities that converge on the
architectural project. In order
to realize these potentials we need to generate a definition of
the discipline that
remains attached to reality and yet resistant to consolidation. A
discipline that rather
than aiming at revolution as a political ambition, focuses on
explicitation.13 Within
professional practice we can find a positivist model of
naturalization in which the
discipline is driven toward seemingly quantifiable processes
where statics, construction
processes, economy and lately environmental performance are
seen as the backbone
of architecture, excluding the political questioning of the
models of quantification.
For example, the tests behind a LEED certificate include
parameters like job creation,
ethnic diversity, carbon footprint and use of renewable energy
sources – each of
which is a politically loaded subject. Are biofuels truly
sustainable? Are the carbon
footprint parameters applicable world-wide? Is a liberal job
market – which creates
and destroys jobs at a faster rate – a more sustainable
employment policy? Can you
79. offset embedded energy with recyclable materials? Admittedly,
the number of para -
meters contained in the assessment would even out potential
biases in the quanti fi -
cation models of some of them. But once a ‘gold’ certification
is issued, the building
is beyond any question of its sustainability credentials.
Within architectural academia, disciplinarity has been caught up
in a critical
model of negation that unfolds in two directions: a critique of
interiority or a critique
of exteriority. A critique that assumes the autonomy of the
discipline enables the
development of its codes in the absence of external attachments
but limits the trans -
formative potential of the discipline. A critique that assumes the
attachment of the
discipline to external constraints questions the performance of
architecture on a
wider political level, usually focusing on a political discourse
which architecture can
only represent. Disciplinary knowledge has fallen captive either
to a univocal idea
of nature or political representation. Neither approach can
effectively engage in the
transformation of reality – that is, to work politically – and
simultaneously update
the core of the discipline. The question is whether it is possible
to open up the
definition of the discipline to the impact of market forces and
technical advances as
a drive to evolve its codes and simultaneously engage in
practice while operating as
a critical agent. Is architecture socially constructed, or is it a
faithful representation
80. of reality? Or is it rather the missing link between the
community of humans and
the community of things as political entities?
Previous theories of the building envelope have not been
capable of directly
relating the technical and physical properties of envelopes to
their political, social and
psychological effects. As with the impact of certain technical
fields (artificial intel li gence
and genetic modification, for example) on the political arena, a
general theory of the
building envelope could reconstitute a political discourse of
architecture with the ca pac ity
to produce effects that may actually destabilize power regimes
rather than func tion ing
as mere representations of politics, whether of the status quo or
its resisting parties.14
This theory needs to be constructed on a careful analysis of the
contemporary
envelope’s phenomenology as different aspects of the envelope
have the capacity
to produce specific effects. For example, a more intricate design
of the limit between
private and public increases the contact surface between both
realms, like a radiator
adopting an intricate form to increase the surface of heat
exchange with the air.
A more permeable definition of the property boundary is more
likely to effectively
accommodate a fluid relationship between private and public in
an age when the
public realm is increasingly built and managed by private
agents. The envelope of a
retail complex or the enclosure of an office building lobby are
81. powerful mechanisms
of social integration; the façade ratio of a residential block
determines the environ -
ment’s level of artificiality; a gradual delimitation between the
natural and the
artificial in the façade of an office building could help to
improve energy efficiency
and minimize its carbon footprint; a more ambiguous
appearance may allow for the
reprogramming of the building’s identity...
13 Explicitation is the term used by Sloterdijk
as an alternative process to revolution and
emancipation. The history of explicitation
is made increasingly intelligible in the
spheres and objects to which we are
attached. The categories of the French
revolution and left and right, both with
their particular techniques of classifi ca tion
and of positioning, no longer correspond
to the order of things that is no longer
hierarchical but heterarchical. Whether
we talk about carbon footprints, dere gu -
lation, genetically modified foods, con -
gestion pricing or public transport, these
issues give rise to a variety of political
configurations that exceed the left/right
distinction. The left/right divide still
exists, but has been diluted by a multitude
of alternative attitudes. See Peter
Sloterdijk, ESFERAS III.
14 ‘“It’s very cheap and easy for architects
and artists and film-makers to pull out or
to make this kind of criticism,” Herzog
says. “Everybody knows what happens
82. in China. All work conditions in China
are not what you’d desire. But you wear
a pullover made in China. It’s easy to
criticise, being far away. I’m tempted
almost to say the opposite...How great it
was to work in China and how much I
believe that doing the stadium [and] the
process of opening will change radically,
transform the society. Engagement is the
best way of moving in the right direction”.
Excerpts from a conversation between
Herzog & de Meuron and Tom Dyckhoff
in The Guardian, March 14th, 2008.
The Eden Project, Cornwall, UK.
Grimshaw Architects.
Im
a
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C
a
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ta
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o
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It is at this level that the discussion of the qualities and
structure of material
organizations – such as difference and repetition, consistency
and variation, flexibility,
transparency, permeability, local and global and the definition
of the ground – that
architecture becomes political. The politicization of architecture
may also be induced
by virtue of representation – and not just by synthesizing
physical expressions of
political concepts, but by literally redesigning typical living
conditions or lifestyles –
or by disrupting political norms or assumed environmental
imperatives. What is at
stake here is the possibility for architectural entities to acquire
the status of Things,
to develop various attachments to a multiple reality, to enter the
realm of the contested
entities rather than remaining the inevitable product of
established forms of power
or the mere representation of alternative ideologies.
Political, social and economic factors shape architecture; the
question is
84. whether architecture can in turn alter the distribution of power.
The hypothesis of
this text is that the relationship between politics and
architecture is one of mutual
influence. Instead of resorting to predefined and all-
encompassing political ideologies
or utopian references to frame the practices of architecture, we
aim to map possible
correlations between architectural strategies and political
effects in order to mobilize
the discipline on a sub-political level. 15 The question now is
not whether certain
architecture is aligned to the right, to the left or to a certain
political party – as in
earlier embodiments of architectural politics – but rather what
architectural strategies
may trigger effects on the distribution of power. We may
question whether explicitation
is sufficient; but in any case, we may need to disengage from
conventional political
forms in architecture in order to politicize society at large.16
Until now, buildings
considered to have a political program included, for example,
city halls, schools, social
housing, parliaments, airports... To be able to discern the
politics behind a retail park,
a commercial complex or a residential development, we need to
resort to a political
analysis of architecture that has not yet been integrated into the
discipline.
The introduction of certain cladding and roofing technologies,
such as curtain-
walling systems, silicon joints and plastic waterproofing
membranes, has eliminated
the need for cornices, corners, pediments and window reveals.
85. With respect to
envelope technology, the difference between the roof and the
walls has disappeared
and fenestration is no longer a critical building problem. The
growing number of
buildings adopting supple envelopes with differentiated patterns
is not mere coin -
cidence, but is an index of a convergence of factors leading to a
particular design
choice. One of the important forces behind this tendency is the
evolution of building
technology. While just a few decades ago the crucial question
for architects was the
choice between pitched roofs and flat roofs, today we are
considering the choice
between the box and the blob as the primary articulations of the
building envelope.
Given the advancements in envelope systems, the choice
between the box and the
blob is therefore a specious one, unable to structure a robust
theoretical frame to
discuss the convergence of political forms and architectural
technology.
Yet the erasure of those primary articulations of the envelope
arises simultane -
ously from an increase in the complexity of the faciality of
buildings. What is the
nature of public representation in the age of PPP when both
corporations and public
administrations are procuring their buildings and infrastructures
from developers
who are sourcing their capital from private equity, hedge funds
and Real Estate
Investment Trusts (REITs)? Even if the rise of sovereign funds
and the re-empower -
86. ment of central banks – following the downfall of Northern
Rock, Bear Stearns,
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Lehman Brothers – succeeds in
removing fluidity
from the identities of power, the building envelope will still be
required to fulfill
a complex set of performances, as the primary regulator
between public and private,
inside and outside.
The contemporary city is built for corporations run by
administrative boards
for multinational shareholders’ interests; it is built by building
emporiums serving
multinational interests as well, who procure the buildings and
often run them for
decades, taking care of maintenance, security, refuse collection,
energy supply and
even the provision of infrastructure. All this is happening in a
market in which cities
are competing fiercely for well-educated citizens and foreign
investment, making
urban identity a crucial weapon, even if in the wake of more
distributed ownership
structures identity has become contingent. The choice of the
developer and the
contractor, the primary agents of urban production, is not
democratically managed,
and yet they are not entirely free of political – or sub-political –
influence. These are
the kind of mechanisms that need unmasking if we are to engage
with contemporary
urban politics.
In order to develop a political discipline, we will try to draw the
links between
87. spatial typologies and political modes. Richard Sennett’s
concept of spaces of
democracy is an interesting precedent for the articulation of this
type of discipline:
15 ‘Subpolitics is distinguished from politics
in that (a) agents outside the political
or corporatist system are also allowed to
appear on the stage of social design (this
group includes professional and occu pa -
tional groups, the technical intelligentsia
in companies, research institutions and
management, skilled workers, citizens’
initiatives, the public sphere and so on),
and (b) not only social and collective
agents but individuals as well compete
with the latter and each other for the
emerging power to shape politics’. Ulrich
Beck, The Reinvention of Politics:
Rethinking Modernity in the Global Social
Order (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1997).
16 Ulrich Beck in The Reinvention of Politics,
Bruno Latour in Politics of Nature and
Peter Sloterdijk in ESFERAS III attempt
to theorize the politico-technological
complex that drives contemporary life.
They have written extensively about an
emerging political dynamics that is no
longer ruled by party lines, class, gender
or race and has become mediated through
technologies such as genetics and
information technology.
The four envelope types:
flat-horizontal, spherical, flat-vertical
88. and vertical.
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his identification of the edge as the most politically active zone
of a material organi -
zation sets up a model for tracking the political content of an
architectural entity.
Sennett theorizes that deliberative democracy, which is
primarily mediated through
language, can be traced back to Greek democracy and located in
the Pnyx, while
associative democracy is mediated through the body and unfolds
primarily in the
Agora.17 The Pnyx is a central organization built as a theater
and based on political
representation and submission to the majority, while the Agora
is characterized
by the Stoa, the limits between the public and the private space,
where community-
building takes place informally by mere coexistence. Sennett
concludes that it is
89. precisely this peripheral position of the Stoa, rather than the
centrality of political
rhetoric, that can produce forms of politics driven by difference
rather than by
indifference and submission. Establishing a parallel with natural
populations, borders
appear to be the most biologically active and diverse zones: the
areas where inter -
action between groups happens, where exchange intensifies,
where mutations occur.
They are also where political energy is concentrated and
activated by difference.
Likewise, a general theory of the building envelope aims to
draw a direct link
between spatial typologies and political modalities or forms of
political organization
through the identification of a series of concrete domains of
architectural performance
with attached political potentials. Environmental performance,
the drawing and
definition of borders, the structuring of interfaces and the
representation of com -
munities are some of the political domains where specific
architectural actions may
trigger substantial political effects without resorting to all-
encompassing political
paradigms and ideologies.
The structure of this theory of the building envelope has been
based on the
hypothesis that the political possibilities of the envelope are
primarily related to
its dimensions, and that every dimensional type can trigger
specific technological,
social and political effects. Admittedly, the dimensions of the
90. envelope are not usually
left for the architect to decide and are usually associated with
the type of project,
the site constraints and the client’s requirements. Therefore this
analysis is primarily
aimed at laying out the field of political opportunities within
the con straints – the
attachments – that come with these different envelope
typologies. Within those
constraints and within each envelope type, there is a wealth of
possibilities that can be
activated that would transcend the mere technical problems and
affect the wider
political performance of the buildings. The structure of this
analysis has been con -
sistently organized into four categories of envelope: flat-
horizontal, spherical, flat-
vertical and vertical resulting from the specific ratios between
the envelope’s primary
dimensions. What are significant in each category are the
technical and the political
variations that trigger the particular potentials that this theory
attempts to identify
in the following chapters. These four categories are aimed at
establishing an effective
taxonomy capable of bringing together environmental and
political performances in
a new discipline of the building envelope. Obviously they are
particular cases of a
much more gradated speciation of envelopes that ranges across
them. While there
are buildings that occupy an ambiguous position within this
taxonomy, it seems
improbable that we can initiate a revision of the discipline
without resorting to some
form of taxonomy, however precarious and ephemeral it may be.
91. 17 ‘Do we find it (democracy) in those
spaces or places where the word recedes
in importance? A different democratic
model would be a place where it does not
matter whether people understand each
other verbally, but they understand each
other by their bodies. They can only do
that through the form of association in
which they are both together, aroused by
each other’s presence, but still kept distinct.
That is the democracy with the living
edge. And that is what I believe in, and I
think it is something that architects and
planners can make’. Lecture entitled
‘Democratic Spaces’ by Richard Sennett
at the Berlage Institute on March 3rd 2004.
See also Richard Sennett, Respect in the
World of Inequality (New York: WW
Norton and Co., 2003). The concept of
associative democracy is borrowed from
Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New
Forms of Economic and Social Governance
(Amherst, MA: University of
Massachusetts Press, 1994).
V17_FINAL.qxd:Opmaak 1 09-10-2008 17:30 Pagina 81
18 David Harvey, The Condition of Post -
modernity (London: Blackwell, 1998).
19 The notion of an artificial atmosphere is
particularly vivid in this type of envelope,
which returns us again to the work of
92. Sloterdijk on the artificial diversification
of the atmosphere within the capsular
society. The human island, the capsule
and the greenhouse are the prototypical
devices for a new generation of buildings
committed to this diversification of the
atmosphere in which this envelope
typology features prominently. Peter
Sloterdijk, ESFERAS III.
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X≈Y>Z. Flat-Horizontal Envelopes. Loose Fit.
The first category of building envelopes comprises those in
which the horizontal
dimensions are considerably larger than the vertical. Buildings
like stations, airports,
train stations, industrial buildings, trade fairs, convention
centers, markets as well
as retail and leisure complexes generally belong to this
category. Flat-horizontal
envelopes perform by delimiting edges, frontiers and boundaries
and sheltering the
domains they enclose, operating primarily on the articulation
between natural and
93. artificial. Since their comprehensive perception can only be
obtained from an aerial
perspective, flat-horizontal envelopes are experienced in a
fragmented manner and
are therefore less concerned with representation and figural
performance than with
the organization of material flows: traffic, ventilation, daylight,
security, etc.
The capacity for buildings to handle large flows of transient
populations and
goods is one of the mechanisms of spatial displacement18 that
global capitalism has
created as one of its basic infrastructures. Their ability to host
crowds, enclose public
space and control flow in an artificially controlled environment,
as well as their
conflictive relationship with the local, qualifies flat-horizontal
envelopes as highly
politically charged.
Flat-horizontal envelopes are crucially determined by the
structural per formance
of the roof membrane, as their floor-consuming functions are
usually coupled with
long-spans. Often, they are also determined by flow control
mechanisms: in the case
of transportation buildings – stations and airports – the
footprint of the envelope
is usually related to a security protocol, while in retail parks,
stadia and convention
facilities the importance of access points and interface with the
public space constitute
the crucial determinations of the building outline.
From a structural perspective, flat-horizontal envelopes can be
94. generally classified
into two groups: those that bring gravitational loads down to the
ground at regular
intervals, like shopping malls, and those that span between their
walls across the
space, such as trade fair halls and sport venues. The structural
system, the spatial
organization and the depth of the envelope are interrelated
parameters: if the function
is centrally organized, the structural depth increases to avoid
intermediate supports
as the span grows larger. Distributed flat-horizontal envelopes
are built on a struc -
tural base unit that covers the ground by repetition, thus
economizing resources.
The roof pattern, driven by structural modulations or daylight
and ventilation supply,
is one of the regular features of this typology.
The flat-horizontal envelope induces a strong differentiation in
terms of
performance between its predominantly vertical and horizontal
surfaces. The primary
performance of the vertical surfaces is first defensive and then
ornamental, primarily
determined by the relationship of the object to the outside.
Alternatively, if we
consider the roof – the predominantly horizontal component of
the flat-horizontal
envelope – the most critical determinations are primarily
environmental and
atmospheric performances.19
Due to the volume of air they contain, flat-horizontal envelopes
are crucially
determined by environmental constraints: the potential of the
95. roof design to provide
daylight, solar shading and enhance natural ventilation are
critical concerns that will
gain importance in the near future as energy becomes a costly
commodity. Retail
malls, a particular case of this typology, are generally designed
as sealed envelopes
where interior and exterior are strictly detached
environmentally. On the other hand,
trade fair halls, stations and airport terminals are often designed
as permeable skins,
capable of filtering daylight, enhancing natural ventilation and
opening views
between inside and outside. We can therefore identify two
divergent lineages in the
evolution of this typology: the first toward a privatized and
artificially controlled
environment and a sterilized atmosphere; the second toward a
more gradual integration
of nature and public space within the building. The fact that
retail malls are privately
owned while transport infrastructure and trade complexes are
usually run by public
bodies may be the reason for this divergent evolution of this
type, beyond the
functional specificities.
The global economy has triggered some processes that affect the
evolution
of these typologies very directly. As public infrastructures
become increasingly
procured by the private sector, and the private sector becomes
increasingly concerned
with the public nature of retail developments, the degree of
engagement between
the flat-horizontal envelopes and the surrounding urban fabric
96. intensifies. As flat-
horizontal envelopes keep getting larger to provide for a
burgeoning urban population
and the consequent growth of consumers, goods and transient
populations, an
interesting dynamic powered by the contradiction between
permeability and
energy-efficiency emerges.
As energy concerns grow, the incorporation of passive
technologies such as
daylight provision and natural ventilation is quickly entering
the mainstream: sealed
Stansted Airport, Uttlesford, UK.
Foster + Partners
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97. 20 ‘Political ecology’ is the term Bruno
Latour proposes to describe an anti-
fundamentalist politics of nature in an
attempt to overcome traditional
distinctions between nature and society,
subject and object as well as human and
non-human. Bruno Latour, Politics of
Nature.
21 See interview with Bjarke Ingels in
Volume n. 13 (2007): 48-51.
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envelopes are no longer the default solution as a more gradual
engagement with the
surrounding atmosphere is proving to be more sustainable.
While compactness is
one of the most energy-efficient qualities of an envelope, the
edge surface and the
roof may be able to enhance the relationship between the
internal and the external
environments – both as a climatic device and as a physical and
98. visual boundary.
The material and geometrical configuration of the edge is
crucial to the articulation
inside and outside: insets of the footprint or corrugations of the
vertical surface and
the use of permeable materials may contribute to enhancing
osmosis between the
contained program and its surroundings.
The problem of inserting a large shed into an urban fabric is
well known.
The lack of active frontages turns flat-horizontal envelopes into
large-scale obstacles
to urban flows, sterilizing their surroundings with a usually
forbidding edge. Stadia,
stations, retail malls, trade halls and factories are all structures
primarily driven by
the necessity of roofing over a large area and tend to present a
very low level of environ -
mental engagement, as these containers do not usually contain
activities with a strong
interface with the outside. A classical solution to this problem
is to wrap them with
complementary programs capable of producing active frontages.
One of the specificities of this envelope type is a very high ratio
of solar exposure
per square meter of covered floor plate which makes the roof
features crucial to the
environmental performance of the building. The flat-horizontal
envelope’s roof
produces an extended horizontal limit that provides shelter from
temperature, rain
and excessive solar exposure, but is also required to allow
daylight and ventilation
into the enclosed volume. Due to its waterproofing functions,
99. the horizontal limit
of building envelopes was traditionally rather definitive, but as
the envelope becomes
more extensive, a certain degree of opening is necessary to
allow for ventilation and
daylight unless an entirely artificial environment is
implemented.
One of the most interesting concerns of the flat-horizontal
envelope is whether
its relationship with nature is one of exclusion or inclusion, and
furthermore, what
sorts of natures this relationship implies. The flat-horizontal
envelope usually engulfs
nature in an idealized form, as all those bamboo gardens and
water features in air ports
and convention centers demonstrate. The proliferation of
biospheres and bio topes
as part of this envelope typology resonates with Latour’s
proposal of a political ecology
based on the multiplicity of natures, as an opportunity to
challenge mononaturalism.20
The possibility of a manipulation and eventual reformulation of
the ground is
an alternative challenge to the idealized version of nature that is
frequently deployed
in these projects and that usually excludes political
considerations from its conception.
Yet these opportunities are often misspent. The technologies of
the flat-horizontal
envelope roof can be effectively used to produce the
rearrangement of daylight,
airflow and solar intake for the production of a specific
atmosphere without having
to resort to the radical detachment of interior from exterior.
100. Could interior gardens
be used to reduce carbon dioxide inside the building in order to
minimize the air
renewal cycle, and therefore the heating loads in winter? Can
vegetation act as a hu mid -
ifier helping to cool the air in the summer? Is nature an ideal
notion to be represented
inside these large envelopes, or is it an integral part of the
building systems?
On the other end of the spectrum of possibilities, the roof of the
flat-vertical
envelope can operate simply as a new datum: an artificial
ground which does not
engage in atmospheric continuities, but challenges a uniform
concept of nature and
alters a politically loaded architectural element. The treatment
of large-scale roofs
as new natural grounds seems to have become a default solution
for buildings today
as green credentials and organic features have become a favorite
with both politicians
and urban activists.21 The success of a certain infrastructural
approach to archi tec -
ture in recent years suggests a similar process of
multinaturalization of the human
environment.
The use of large flat-horizontal envelopes as grounds, often
employed in land -
scape design, can be found across a variety of programs and
locations. The COEX
Center in Seoul, the Suntec City Mall in Singapore and the West
Kowloon Mall
in Hong Kong are examples where retail facilities act as
connective tissue to a large
101. urban complex, forming a socle or ground onto which other
parts of the program
are placed. The sort of nature that is constructed on these
artificial grounds is often
an idealized one rather than an exploration of potential
interferences between nature
and the artificiality of its physical support.
Digging the program underground or generating multiple
grounds through
bifurcation avoids the disruption that flat-horizontal envelopes
may produce within
the urban fabric by blocking arteries and destroying active
frontages. If in the modernist
ideal the democratization of the ground was produced through
its reproduction
(the Maison Domino or the elevated walkways built in the 1960s
as a solution to the
intersection between pedestrian and vehicular traffic), these
new strategies of urban
Roof as atmosphere-inducer: Southern
Cross Station, Melbourne, Australia.
Grimshaw Architects.
Roof as ground-infrastructure: Namba
Parks, Osaka, Japan. Jerde Partnership.
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ground bifurcation are usually attached to active frontages on
several levels and
incorporate a very high density of program, particularly retail.
The advantage of this
type of intensified ground is that it produces a series of
gradations between natural
and artificial capable of adjusting to the intensity of the urban
field they are serving.22
Generally the requirement to make the roof more permeable to
light and air
implies a lower capacity to work as a ground, as a physical
infrastructure. The question
for flat envelope roofs is then whether the natural – or rather,
what natural – lies
below or above the envelope. Does the design attempt to
produce an atmosphere by
reducing artificial lighting, moderating the temperature
variation and inducing
natural ventilation? Or is the purpose to act as a ground by
increasing thermal mass
and insulation, retaining storm-water and absorbing carbon
104. dioxide with vegetation?
Once the flat horizontal envelope has ceased to act as insulation
between the natural
and the artificial, it will develop entirely different mechanisms
to qualify either
as an atmosphere-inducer or as a ground-infrastructure. In order
to produce a more
gradual determination of the atmosphere, we will find unitized
roofs built from a
base unit resulting from the intersection between structural
solutions, drainage
paths, daylight provision and natural ventilation. Stansted
Airport is a particularly
interesting example of the modular construction of an
atmosphere, integrating all
environmental control systems in a base unit that builds the
whole by repetition.
As carbon footprints and energy prices become key subjects of
global geo politics,
energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions will become
crucial political
performances of a building. Building technologies can
substantially improve these
performances by increasing the insulation capacity and thermal
mass of the envelope,
but energy consumption is primarily a geometrical problem, a
function of compact -
ness: the less external façade a building has, the easier it
becomes to maintain its
internal temperature.23
Technically, the limits of a large-scale envelope derive from the
provision of
daylight and fresh air, but there is already an arsenal of systems
to solve this problem
105. without having to resort to energy-intensive artificial lighting
and air conditioning:
mechanically oriented mirrors bring daylight deep into the
space, water jets and
wind turbines produce adiabatic cooling and atria can be
strategically distributed to
produce natural ventilation through stack effects. The capacity
to enclose and
manage vast volumes of air and produce energy-efficient
artificial atmospheres
capable of minimizing the consumption of natural resources
crucially depends on
the capacity of the envelope to regulate flows of solar radiation,
air, water, people,
vehicles, etc.
Sloterdijk’s ‘politics of climatization’24 points to a process in
which growing
sectors of urban space are given to private agents to develop
and maintain: gardeners,
event managers and private security agents are part of the
design of these atmos -
pheres. Koolhaas’ junkspace25 is another description of the
same phenomenon of
sanitization of ever-larger areas of the city, providing a safe –
environment, assuming
we are prepared to surrender police duties to private security
services. Norman Foster
has just announced Crystal Island,26 a project in Moscow that
will contain 2.5 million
square meters under a single envelope, the world’s biggest
building, approximately
five times the size of the Pentagon building. The project is
described as an example
of sustainability, able to improve the environmental
performance of the building by
106. swallowing ever larger areas of the city under a single envelope
designed to enhance
natural ventilation and daylight.
Whatever contempt we may feel for the junkspace
megastructures and other
social uteri, they have an undeniable popular appeal and their
energy performance
is quickly improving and may eventually surpass the
conventional city fabric where
the requirements for natural ventilation and daylight force the
adoption of a smaller
envelope texture with a much higher envelope ratio. The
question is whether the
environmental achievements of Crystal Island and the
refinement of its skin devices
to allow for atmospheric gradations across the surface will be
sufficient to guarantee
an adequate political performance. The political dangers of the
scale of the flat-
horizontal envelopes lie in the scale of space they regulate: the
fundamental difference
between, say, Yona Friedman’s Ville Spatiale and the Mall of
America is that the
first is not an envelope but primarily a frame, while the second
is a container with a
thoroughly sealed and dressed envelope. Because of its smaller
grain, traditional city
fabrics were perhaps better adapted to intensifying a social mix
and the coexistence
of diverse population groups in a space. The only way to ensure
that the skin of flat-
horizontal envelopes does not create a radical split between
those who are included –
let’s say shoppers with a certain acquisitive power – and those
who are excluded is
107. to devise equally sophisticated mechanisms of permeability
across the skin. And the
larger the envelope becomes, the more sophisticated the
interface has to be to guarantee
an appropriate level of mix in the population of the envelope.
The transparency of
22 Some examples of this strategy of public
space bifurcation on two or more levels
can be found in projects by the Jerde
Partnership, for example in the Beurs -
traverse in Rotterdam, Namba Park in
Osaka and Kanyon in Istanbul.
23 This is something that Buckminster Fuller
identified some time ago. His proposal of
a giant dome over Manhattan in Operating
Manual For Spaceship Earth (New York:
E.P. Dutton, 1971) was a ground breaking
proposal in the development of atmo s -
phere design.
24 Peter Sloterdijk, ESFERAS III.
25 See ‘Junkspace’ in AMO-OMA/Rem
Koolhaas et al, Content (Köln: Taschen,
2004), 152-161.
26 ‘Enclosed within a vast mega structure
covering a total floor area of 2.5 million
square meters – the project’s scale is
unprecedented. Conceived as a self-
contained city within a city, it contains a
rich mix of buildings including museums,
theatres and cinemas, to ensure that it
is a major new destination for the whole
108. of Moscow’. ‘Crystal Island will have a
range of cultural, exhibition and per -
formance facilities, approximately 3000
hotel rooms and 900 serviced apartments,
as well as offices and shops, designed to
maintain a dynamic and animated public
realm throughout the day. Residents are
able to work and live within a densely
planned area where every amenity is
within easy walking distance, including
an international school for 500 students.
Mixed-use also presents a strong case for
energy balance, with individual com -
ponents using energy at different times,
while reinforcing the breadth of economic
and social activity of the area’. ‘This
terracing creates a series of wintergardens,
which form a breathable second layer and
thermal buffer for the main building,
shielding the interior spaces from
Moscow’s extreme summer and winter
climates. A vertical louver system sheaths
the internal facades to ensure privacy for
the individual apartments’. ‘Dynamic
enclosure panels slotted into the struc -
tural framing allow daylight to penetrate
deep into the heart of the scheme and can
be controlled to modify the internal
environment – closed in winter for extra
warmth and opened in summer to allow
natural ventilation. Energy management
is at the heart of the design, with additional
strategies to include on-site renewable
and low-carbon energy generation’.
From Foster + Partners website,
www.fosterandpartners.com.
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the membrane, the projection of an image of exclusivity or
accessibility and adjust -
ment to the surrounding urban fabric are devices that can be
used – in addition to
the security policies27 – to enhance the mix. The politics of
climate offer the possibility
for environmental technologies to disrupt the logic of the
controlled envelope. Just
as the air conditioner enabled large areas of horizontal space to
be enclosed, the sealed
envelope is in turn superseded by open, permeable horizontal
spaces whose openness
is justified on environmental grounds – for example in the
Masdar project from
Foster and Partners in Abu Dhabi. The eco imperative becomes
a means to break
down the impermeability of membranes and to intensify contact
between populations.
110. An interesting case study to analyze in this respect, particularly
significant
for the relationship between large-scale flat-horizontal
envelopes and urban fabrics,
is the retail developments done in second tier cities in the UK in
the last ten years.
This process started in 1996 with the Sequential Test, a
planning policy issued by
John Gummer, the Conservative Secretary of State for the
Environment, which gave
priority to mix-use development and inner-city sites over out-
of-town locations
as a response to failing city centers and the failed strategy of
privatizing the urban
regeneration processes. Urban centers in Britain had reached
levels of substantial
degradation in the mid-1990s and the Sequential Test was
designed to entice the
private sector to invest in inner-city sites by making the price of
inner-city property
so low that moving retail to the suburbs, as in the American
model and promoted
in the UK by early Thatcher policies, reached its extreme in the
completion of the
Bluewater mall and no longer made sense. Inner-city locations
came together with
infrastructure and catchment population. This policy has
resulted in large sectors of
the city centers of Birmingham, Bristol, Liverpool, Leeds,
Leicester, Manchester,
Sheffield and Southampton being bought up and redeveloped by
private developers
while being closely monitored by intense public scrutiny. This
process has unfolded
through the New Labour tenure which promoted these
developments as strategically
111. vital to the survival of city centers, triggering a shift in the
orientation of UK retail
development and planning in the late 1990s toward a focus on
urban regeneration.
A beefed-up public planning infrastructure was put in place by
the Labour Govern -
ment to continue what John Gummer had already started during
the conservative
governments; The Commission for Architecture and the Built
Environment (CABE)
and the Urban Task Force were set up in order to promote
denser urban cores and
an ‘urban renaissance’. City councils pioneered the link
between retail and urban
regeneration as a central component of a strategy focused on the
development and
promotion of urban cores. In turn, the notion of such a ‘place
building’ – which has
been at the heart of New Labor’s urban policy agenda – has
become entwined in
current revisions of retail planning policy.
The resulting struggle between old urban structures and the
junkspace invaders
is certainly being played out on the domain of the envelope and
performed as a
negotiation between developers, who want to swallow as much
space as possible
within their complexes, and urban planners, who want to keep
as much permeability
as possible throughout these complexes and extend the city
fabric through them,
producing active frontages and intensifying permeability. The
final form becomes
a hybrid between the existing urban fabric and the diagram of a
suburban retail