1) Solid waste management requires substantial and reliable funding to cover daily operational costs like labor, fuel, and equipment maintenance and repair.
2) The document discusses different approaches to funding solid waste management systems, including cost recovery from users, private sector involvement through contracting, and various financing mechanisms.
3) It also examines the appropriate roles and responsibilities of different levels of government in managing solid waste, as well as considerations around economies of scale for different components of waste systems.
MSW in Indian Cities is still crawling in its infancy. In Spite every day it is going from Bad to worst we are yet to set a priority in this part od Urban management.
Our idea is to involve private entity in solid waste management & make waste sector as formal
Initially, waste were calculated on the basis of volume for the purpose of assessing required material and human resource
Overall estimation of money required to implement effective municipal solid waste management was evaluated based on its functional elements
SWOTs were analysed to formulate the planning of entity
Field survey had been taken to fix user fee
Financial analysis was done to look-into future of entity
On the basis of benefit-cost ratio, the project was proved as feasible
H765, An Act to Reduce Solid Waste and Provide Universal Recycling AccessMassRecycle .
Claire Sullivan, Executive Director of the South Shore Recycling Cooperative presents her universal recycling bill, H765 An Act to Reduce Solid Waste and Provide Universal Recycling Access
Fecal sludge management involves emptying and transporting septic tank waste. Several countries practice scheduled desludging funded by sanitation taxes. Tariffs in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia recover operation and maintenance costs within 8 years. Fecal sludge can be used to generate biogas, biochar, and nutrients for soil and fodder. It can also be co-composted with municipal solid waste to produce compost for sale. Septage can be co-treated in existing wastewater treatment plants or via dedicated treatment such as drying beds, mechanical treatment, or lagoons. Case studies show cost recovery from fecal sludge collection and compost sales can offset user charges for emptying
Overview of faecal sludge management challenges and practicesIRC
Presentation by Erick Baetings during the Faecal Sludge Management Lunch Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 17 April 2014.
This meeting was organised by IRC with support from DGIS.
Seth McClure is a drainage engineer at the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) Bureau of Land and Water Resources. DATCP oversees drainage districts in Wisconsin, of which there are about 176 active districts across 31 counties. Drainage districts are local governmental organizations that work to drain lands and maintain drainage infrastructure for agricultural and other purposes through landowner assessments. They provide regional solutions to water removal issues and help prevent flooding and high water conflicts between neighbors. Drainage boards hold public meetings to discuss drainage issues and projects within each district.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
MSW in Indian Cities is still crawling in its infancy. In Spite every day it is going from Bad to worst we are yet to set a priority in this part od Urban management.
Our idea is to involve private entity in solid waste management & make waste sector as formal
Initially, waste were calculated on the basis of volume for the purpose of assessing required material and human resource
Overall estimation of money required to implement effective municipal solid waste management was evaluated based on its functional elements
SWOTs were analysed to formulate the planning of entity
Field survey had been taken to fix user fee
Financial analysis was done to look-into future of entity
On the basis of benefit-cost ratio, the project was proved as feasible
H765, An Act to Reduce Solid Waste and Provide Universal Recycling AccessMassRecycle .
Claire Sullivan, Executive Director of the South Shore Recycling Cooperative presents her universal recycling bill, H765 An Act to Reduce Solid Waste and Provide Universal Recycling Access
Fecal sludge management involves emptying and transporting septic tank waste. Several countries practice scheduled desludging funded by sanitation taxes. Tariffs in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia recover operation and maintenance costs within 8 years. Fecal sludge can be used to generate biogas, biochar, and nutrients for soil and fodder. It can also be co-composted with municipal solid waste to produce compost for sale. Septage can be co-treated in existing wastewater treatment plants or via dedicated treatment such as drying beds, mechanical treatment, or lagoons. Case studies show cost recovery from fecal sludge collection and compost sales can offset user charges for emptying
Overview of faecal sludge management challenges and practicesIRC
Presentation by Erick Baetings during the Faecal Sludge Management Lunch Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 17 April 2014.
This meeting was organised by IRC with support from DGIS.
Seth McClure is a drainage engineer at the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) Bureau of Land and Water Resources. DATCP oversees drainage districts in Wisconsin, of which there are about 176 active districts across 31 counties. Drainage districts are local governmental organizations that work to drain lands and maintain drainage infrastructure for agricultural and other purposes through landowner assessments. They provide regional solutions to water removal issues and help prevent flooding and high water conflicts between neighbors. Drainage boards hold public meetings to discuss drainage issues and projects within each district.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTENERSHIPS (PPP) TO ADDRESS WASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN SOUTH BEIRUT
THE CURRENT WASTE CRISIS IN GREATER BEIRUT AND THE EMERGING GOAL OF INVOLVING PRIVATE ENTITIES WITHIN PPP AS A TOOL OF SCALING-UP DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
Presented by Dr. Anna Mdee, Mzumbe University/University of Sussex at the workshop on “New Directions for Irrigation Development in Tanzania: The Context of Public Private Partnership”, September 2, 2016.
IRJET- Solid Waste Management Efficiency in Kabul CityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management efficiency in Kabul City, Afghanistan. The study used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods, including surveys of 380 households in District 7 and 375 households in District 10. The results showed that the majority of respondents felt the municipality's waste management was ineffective and services were insufficient. Over 72% noted a lack of public awareness programs. More than 56% said residents participate in waste management. The study concluded that improving efficiency requires reducing waste, increasing awareness, private sector involvement, and new technologies. It was suggested to develop a strategic plan with short and long-term goals to guide sustainable waste management.
This document summarizes a study on institutional challenges around slum sanitation in Kampala, Uganda. It finds:
1) Sanitation governance is fragmented among different ministries, with no single entity considering it a core mandate.
2) There is a lack of a clear institutional framework for slum sanitation engagement with the private sector and unclear public-private roles.
3) Interventions by multiple actors involved in slum sanitation are not well-coordinated or harmonized.
This document provides an overview of best practices for municipalities developing private hauler regulations to promote waste reduction and recycling. It discusses Massachusetts regulations regarding solid waste management and waste bans. It describes a process where a consultant drafted model regulation guidance based on feedback from stakeholders like haulers, municipalities, and the DEP. The resulting guidance package provides templates, forms, and optional language to help municipalities implement consistent regulations requiring haulers to offer recycling services and comply with waste bans. The goal is to maximize recycling and ensure fair and enforceable rules for all parties.
The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) provides resources and services to help Massachusetts businesses and communities reduce the use of toxic chemicals and make the state a safer place to live and work. The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act established TURI and requires large quantity toxic users to report usage, pay fees, and plan reductions. TURI offers grants, training, demonstration projects and other assistance to help companies, municipalities and organizations implement safer alternatives and reduce toxics at the source. Recent grant projects have focused on eliminating specific toxic chemicals from various industries and developing safer alternatives for artificial turf and household cleaners.
Sustainability and the Cost of Compliance with the Clean Water Act: Implement...Judith Marquez
Stormwater programs have contributed to significant improvement in our nation’s water quality. However, while very important, stormwater programs are also very costly. This paper describes the difficulty in adequately funding the stormwater program in Huntington Beach, CA with general funds. While water and wastewater fees have become the norm, stormwater fees have not, but are being developed in cities nationwide, and should be developed in Huntington Beach. A review and comparison of other cities that have developed dedicated funding determined that it requires a change in policy. Through implementing a utility fee the City of Huntington Beach will be able to acquire necessary funds to adequately fund its stormwater program.
Presented by IFPRI Senior Research Fellow Ruth Meinzen-Dick and University of Dar Es Salaam Professor Faustin Maganga at Workshop on “New Directions for Irrigation
in Tanzania: The Context of Public Private Partnership” on September 2, 2016. https://www.ifpri.org/event/new-directions-irrigation-development-tanzania
Côte d'Ivoire faces significant challenges in waste management due to population growth and increasing waste generation. The country lacks adequate infrastructure and enforcement of regulations for industrial and residential waste disposal. At the policy level, multiple government agencies are responsible for waste management but lack resources and coordination. Improved education, innovative solutions, private sector involvement, and political will are needed to address waste management problems and their health and environmental impacts.
Stormwater utilities are growing in the US as a way to fund stormwater management programs. They allow municipalities to charge stormwater fees rather than relying on tax revenues. Over 1,800 stormwater utilities exist in 40 states. Fees are typically based on a property's impervious surface area and provide a steady dedicated funding source for aging infrastructure and regulatory compliance. Regional stormwater authorities can achieve greater economies of scale and cost savings compared to individual municipal programs. The Wyoming Valley Stormwater Authority in Pennsylvania serves 32 municipalities and reduces costs for ratepayers by 60% compared to tax-based funding.
Understanding Environmental Degradation under ISA by the students of SBGJ, Gu...sbgjbritishcouncil
Malaysia is facing increasing waste generation that is causing social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Improper waste management leads to health issues and negatively impacts tourism. The government and private sectors are working to improve waste collection, disposal, and recycling but face challenges like a lack of coordination, clear legislation, technical expertise, and funding models. Overall, Malaysia's waste management system needs more proactive policies to better tackle the root causes of increasing waste production.
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas emitted from various human activities like agriculture, landfills, and wastewater treatment. The Clinton Climate Initiative is working with governments to reduce methane emissions from waste by improving waste management systems. Currently, waste only accounts for 3-5% of greenhouse gas emissions but has potential for greater reductions. Many developing areas are considering public-private partnerships for integrated waste systems but they face challenges like unclear roles and responsibilities between public and private actors, lack of regulations, and unrealistic financial expectations that must be addressed for the partnerships to succeed long-term.
The document discusses green economy and sustainable development. It defines a green economy as one that increases investments and growth while reducing carbon footprints through renewable energy, efficient transportation and production, and sustainable resource management. A green economy aims to drive growth through investments that reduce pollution and emissions while protecting biodiversity. Cities are important for green economies as most economic activity occurs in cities, so urban infrastructure must be planned sustainably.
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management and its effects on economic growth in Enugu State, Nigeria. It finds that the current waste management system lacks recycling, reuse, and waste reduction programs. A proposed new system would incorporate these elements and educate the public to successfully implement source separation, recycling, and bans on certain plastics. The benefits of recycling to the economy through reduced costs, energy and resource conservation, and job creation are also reviewed.
“Reimagining responsible business & sustainable development: the net-zero emi...Kyungeun Sung
“Reimagining responsible business & sustainable development: the net-zero emissions transition experience” – Dr Nana Osei Bonsu, University of Birmingham, presenting at the Net Zero Conference 2022, ‘Research Journeys in/to Net Zero: Current and Future Research Leaders in the Midlands, UK’ (on Friday 24th June 2022 at De Montfort University)
The document discusses the problem of sewage and solid waste management in urban India. It notes the rapid increase in domestic and industrial waste due to urbanization and economic growth. Current waste disposal methods are insufficient, with only 30% of sewage facilities meeting benchmarks. Solutions proposed include creating public-private partnerships for waste collection, transport, and processing into usable materials like compost to reduce dumping. Barriers to private sector involvement like financial challenges are also covered.
The document provides background information on a project to develop a national strategy for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Jordan. It discusses the current challenges with MSWM in Jordan, including lack of integrated practices and proper legislation. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like Jordan's willingness to transition to a modern system, but also weaknesses such as low operational efficiency and lack of private sector involvement. The document establishes the need for a new national MSWM strategy to address these issues and improve waste management practices across Jordan in the short, medium and long term.
The document discusses integrated risk management as the first priority for municipal water management. It notes that while municipal water management involves managing many risks, these risks are typically not addressed within a coordinated structure. This can reduce opportunities to most effectively mitigate and manage risks. The document advocates for more strategic approaches to risk management that consider both operational and strategic risks and involve stakeholders beyond local water utilities. It provides an example of how the City of Calgary is working to adopt a more integrated enterprise risk management framework to create value from risk.
The document discusses the need for public-private partnerships (PPPs) in sanitation in India. It notes that there are large gaps in demand and supply of sanitation infrastructure and services. Existing government policies and programs have faced challenges in implementation including poor awareness, institutional issues, and lack of integrated city-wide approaches. PPPs can help address these issues by de-politicizing user charges, allocating risks smartly, managing contingent liabilities, and building institutional capacities. Successful PPPs require commercial viability, political will to privatize, defining clear roles for public and private stakeholders, and end-user participation. Case studies of PPPs in Senegal, Argentina, and Morocco show some successes in
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTENERSHIPS (PPP) TO ADDRESS WASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN SOUTH BEIRUT
THE CURRENT WASTE CRISIS IN GREATER BEIRUT AND THE EMERGING GOAL OF INVOLVING PRIVATE ENTITIES WITHIN PPP AS A TOOL OF SCALING-UP DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
Presented by Dr. Anna Mdee, Mzumbe University/University of Sussex at the workshop on “New Directions for Irrigation Development in Tanzania: The Context of Public Private Partnership”, September 2, 2016.
IRJET- Solid Waste Management Efficiency in Kabul CityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management efficiency in Kabul City, Afghanistan. The study used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods, including surveys of 380 households in District 7 and 375 households in District 10. The results showed that the majority of respondents felt the municipality's waste management was ineffective and services were insufficient. Over 72% noted a lack of public awareness programs. More than 56% said residents participate in waste management. The study concluded that improving efficiency requires reducing waste, increasing awareness, private sector involvement, and new technologies. It was suggested to develop a strategic plan with short and long-term goals to guide sustainable waste management.
This document summarizes a study on institutional challenges around slum sanitation in Kampala, Uganda. It finds:
1) Sanitation governance is fragmented among different ministries, with no single entity considering it a core mandate.
2) There is a lack of a clear institutional framework for slum sanitation engagement with the private sector and unclear public-private roles.
3) Interventions by multiple actors involved in slum sanitation are not well-coordinated or harmonized.
This document provides an overview of best practices for municipalities developing private hauler regulations to promote waste reduction and recycling. It discusses Massachusetts regulations regarding solid waste management and waste bans. It describes a process where a consultant drafted model regulation guidance based on feedback from stakeholders like haulers, municipalities, and the DEP. The resulting guidance package provides templates, forms, and optional language to help municipalities implement consistent regulations requiring haulers to offer recycling services and comply with waste bans. The goal is to maximize recycling and ensure fair and enforceable rules for all parties.
The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) provides resources and services to help Massachusetts businesses and communities reduce the use of toxic chemicals and make the state a safer place to live and work. The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act established TURI and requires large quantity toxic users to report usage, pay fees, and plan reductions. TURI offers grants, training, demonstration projects and other assistance to help companies, municipalities and organizations implement safer alternatives and reduce toxics at the source. Recent grant projects have focused on eliminating specific toxic chemicals from various industries and developing safer alternatives for artificial turf and household cleaners.
Sustainability and the Cost of Compliance with the Clean Water Act: Implement...Judith Marquez
Stormwater programs have contributed to significant improvement in our nation’s water quality. However, while very important, stormwater programs are also very costly. This paper describes the difficulty in adequately funding the stormwater program in Huntington Beach, CA with general funds. While water and wastewater fees have become the norm, stormwater fees have not, but are being developed in cities nationwide, and should be developed in Huntington Beach. A review and comparison of other cities that have developed dedicated funding determined that it requires a change in policy. Through implementing a utility fee the City of Huntington Beach will be able to acquire necessary funds to adequately fund its stormwater program.
Presented by IFPRI Senior Research Fellow Ruth Meinzen-Dick and University of Dar Es Salaam Professor Faustin Maganga at Workshop on “New Directions for Irrigation
in Tanzania: The Context of Public Private Partnership” on September 2, 2016. https://www.ifpri.org/event/new-directions-irrigation-development-tanzania
Côte d'Ivoire faces significant challenges in waste management due to population growth and increasing waste generation. The country lacks adequate infrastructure and enforcement of regulations for industrial and residential waste disposal. At the policy level, multiple government agencies are responsible for waste management but lack resources and coordination. Improved education, innovative solutions, private sector involvement, and political will are needed to address waste management problems and their health and environmental impacts.
Stormwater utilities are growing in the US as a way to fund stormwater management programs. They allow municipalities to charge stormwater fees rather than relying on tax revenues. Over 1,800 stormwater utilities exist in 40 states. Fees are typically based on a property's impervious surface area and provide a steady dedicated funding source for aging infrastructure and regulatory compliance. Regional stormwater authorities can achieve greater economies of scale and cost savings compared to individual municipal programs. The Wyoming Valley Stormwater Authority in Pennsylvania serves 32 municipalities and reduces costs for ratepayers by 60% compared to tax-based funding.
Understanding Environmental Degradation under ISA by the students of SBGJ, Gu...sbgjbritishcouncil
Malaysia is facing increasing waste generation that is causing social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Improper waste management leads to health issues and negatively impacts tourism. The government and private sectors are working to improve waste collection, disposal, and recycling but face challenges like a lack of coordination, clear legislation, technical expertise, and funding models. Overall, Malaysia's waste management system needs more proactive policies to better tackle the root causes of increasing waste production.
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas emitted from various human activities like agriculture, landfills, and wastewater treatment. The Clinton Climate Initiative is working with governments to reduce methane emissions from waste by improving waste management systems. Currently, waste only accounts for 3-5% of greenhouse gas emissions but has potential for greater reductions. Many developing areas are considering public-private partnerships for integrated waste systems but they face challenges like unclear roles and responsibilities between public and private actors, lack of regulations, and unrealistic financial expectations that must be addressed for the partnerships to succeed long-term.
The document discusses green economy and sustainable development. It defines a green economy as one that increases investments and growth while reducing carbon footprints through renewable energy, efficient transportation and production, and sustainable resource management. A green economy aims to drive growth through investments that reduce pollution and emissions while protecting biodiversity. Cities are important for green economies as most economic activity occurs in cities, so urban infrastructure must be planned sustainably.
The document discusses sustainable solid waste management and its effects on economic growth in Enugu State, Nigeria. It finds that the current waste management system lacks recycling, reuse, and waste reduction programs. A proposed new system would incorporate these elements and educate the public to successfully implement source separation, recycling, and bans on certain plastics. The benefits of recycling to the economy through reduced costs, energy and resource conservation, and job creation are also reviewed.
“Reimagining responsible business & sustainable development: the net-zero emi...Kyungeun Sung
“Reimagining responsible business & sustainable development: the net-zero emissions transition experience” – Dr Nana Osei Bonsu, University of Birmingham, presenting at the Net Zero Conference 2022, ‘Research Journeys in/to Net Zero: Current and Future Research Leaders in the Midlands, UK’ (on Friday 24th June 2022 at De Montfort University)
The document discusses the problem of sewage and solid waste management in urban India. It notes the rapid increase in domestic and industrial waste due to urbanization and economic growth. Current waste disposal methods are insufficient, with only 30% of sewage facilities meeting benchmarks. Solutions proposed include creating public-private partnerships for waste collection, transport, and processing into usable materials like compost to reduce dumping. Barriers to private sector involvement like financial challenges are also covered.
The document provides background information on a project to develop a national strategy for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Jordan. It discusses the current challenges with MSWM in Jordan, including lack of integrated practices and proper legislation. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like Jordan's willingness to transition to a modern system, but also weaknesses such as low operational efficiency and lack of private sector involvement. The document establishes the need for a new national MSWM strategy to address these issues and improve waste management practices across Jordan in the short, medium and long term.
The document discusses integrated risk management as the first priority for municipal water management. It notes that while municipal water management involves managing many risks, these risks are typically not addressed within a coordinated structure. This can reduce opportunities to most effectively mitigate and manage risks. The document advocates for more strategic approaches to risk management that consider both operational and strategic risks and involve stakeholders beyond local water utilities. It provides an example of how the City of Calgary is working to adopt a more integrated enterprise risk management framework to create value from risk.
The document discusses the need for public-private partnerships (PPPs) in sanitation in India. It notes that there are large gaps in demand and supply of sanitation infrastructure and services. Existing government policies and programs have faced challenges in implementation including poor awareness, institutional issues, and lack of integrated city-wide approaches. PPPs can help address these issues by de-politicizing user charges, allocating risks smartly, managing contingent liabilities, and building institutional capacities. Successful PPPs require commercial viability, political will to privatize, defining clear roles for public and private stakeholders, and end-user participation. Case studies of PPPs in Senegal, Argentina, and Morocco show some successes in
Ensuring World Class Civic Amenities in Urban India discusses challenges facing India's major cities like housing shortages, waste disposal, and power issues due to rapid urbanization. It proposes solutions like building high-rise housing, organizing waste pickers, and establishing public transport systems. However, challenges remain on implementation due to lack of coordination, funding, and long-term planning. The solution proposes establishing a pooled financing entity and improving human resources to better coordinate and fund solutions to ensure civic amenities in urban India.
Economic risks and opportunities of new waste legislationMartin de Wit
Waste is valuable.
Waste is not for free.
Sustainable management of waste brings risks and opportunities for private business.
A reflection on the case of Cape Town.
The document proposes a municipal E-U waste system that uses pay-by-weight waste collection and waste assembly units to provide incentives for customers to reduce waste and recycle more. The system would allow customers and municipalities to pay less for waste collection by charging fees based on the amount of waste produced. It aims to provide environmental and financial benefits to customers, waste haulers, and municipalities.
Green economy aims to increase investments and growth while substantially reducing carbon footprints. It promotes resource efficiency, clean technologies, and sustainable production and consumption patterns. A green economy is driven by investments that reduce emissions, enhance efficiency, and prevent biodiversity loss. It emphasizes the intersection between environment and economy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Environmental issues in the context of urban povetyMahtabAlam80
This document discusses environmental issues related to urban poverty. It covers five dimensions of urban poverty: income, health, education, security, and empowerment. It also examines how pollution, lack of sanitation and natural disasters affect the health of urban poor populations. The document provides frameworks for understanding the relationship between urban poverty and environmental problems. It explores strategies for governments, private sectors and other actors to improve environmental conditions and reduce the impacts of environmental hazards on vulnerable urban communities.
The document discusses waste classification and management. It outlines various types of waste including domestic, factory, e-waste, construction, agricultural, and more. The waste management process includes waste generation, handling, storage, collection, sorting, processing, transport, and disposal. Key aspects of waste management are minimization, recycling, processing, transformation, and land disposal. The goal is developing an integrated management plan based on the waste lifecycle and sources.
The document discusses setting up a public-private partnership (PPP) for municipal solid waste recycling in Gotham City, Kerflokistan, including an analysis of the current waste situation and potential stakeholders, technical requirements and financial projections for a proposed PPP project to collect and process recyclable waste materials. It provides background on the city, outlines the key components and risks of a waste recycling PPP, and presents sample requirements and evaluation criteria that could be included in a tender for a private concessionaire.
Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: IntroductionCor Verdouw
Introduction to the Panel on: Pathways and Challenges: AI-Driven Technology in Agri-Food, AI4Food, University of Guelph
“Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: a Path Forward”, 18 June 2024
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART INDIA MATKA KALYAN SATTA MATKA 420 INDIAN MATKA SATTA KING MATKA FIX JODI FIX FIX FIX SATTA NAMBAR MATKA INDIA SATTA BATTA
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
Ellen Burstyn: From Detroit Dreamer to Hollywood Legend | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
In this article, we will dive into the extraordinary life of Ellen Burstyn, where the curtains rise on a story that's far more attractive than any script.
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
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Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan Chart
Financeconceptnote
1. Draft and Informal Concept Notes – Not for Distribution
Solid Waste Management Conceptual Issues on Cost Recovery,
Financial Incentives, and Intergovernmental Transfers
Author: Sandra Cointreau1
September 2005
Solid Waste Systems – Cash Flow Needs
Solid waste management is a daily task that is never done. Every day brings new waste
to collect, streets to sweep, waste loads to haul and safely dispose. As local economies
develop, per capita waste generation increases in proportion to increased consumer
activity and related packaging. Tourism and other foreign business transactions may
cause waste generation to increase faster than local consumption growth.
Solid waste budgetary requirements in municipalities of developing countries are
substantial. They commonly range from 20-50% of total municipal recurrent
expenditures. With the rise in contracting for private sector service delivery, the
recurrent cost goes up, because capital investment by the private sector is reimbursed
through their contract payments.
When services are provided by government workers, solid waste budgets may be
significantly obligated to labor salaries and benefits. Fuel costs and consumables, such as
tires, also have precedence. Beyond these priority commitments, the solid waste budgets
may not be sufficiently ample to buy spare parts to make repairs, replace collection bins,
or purchase soil to cover waste in the landfill. In such situations, solid waste workers
may not be able to perform their job for lack of operable vehicles and/or consumables.
Without spare parts, a portion of the fleet may be set aside to be cannibalized for spare
parts. These circumstances then lead to a spiral downward and willingness to pay for
service diminishes as residents experience service irregularities.
Good solid waste service occurs only where reliable, regularized and adequate cash flow
is available. With adequate cash flow for recurrent expenditures, it is possible to arrange
for private sector involvement that would provide investment in new equipment and
facilities, and thus enable capital costs to be translated to recurrent debt service payments.
Similarly, adequate cash flow enables municipalities to borrow from local commercial or
national development banks. Without adequate recurrent revenues, only transfers, grants
and borrowing on concessional terms are likely to be available.
Solid Waste Governance – Who is Responsible?
Municipalities own the solid waste that is put on their public streets, have full control
over who they allow as their agents to handle that waste, and are expected to provide
waste management services from the source to the final disposal. This service is highly
1
Sandra Cointreau, Solid Waste Management Advisor, The World Bank, Washington, DC; ,
http://worldbank.org/solidwaste. Review and advice on urban finance guidance from Patricia Annez,
Urban Finance Advisor, The World Bank, Washington, DC. Examples of various financial mechanisms
by Francisco Grajales Cavioto, environmental engineer in the Bank’s Latin America Environmental
Department.
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visible and it influences the perception of city functionality held by all residents and
visitors. The many surveys conducted by the World Bank have routinely demonstrated
that it is important to municipal residents and they are willing to pay for service that is
conducted in a cost-effective manner. Follow-up surveys show willingness to pay
increases after services have been improved.
Inadequately collected and improperly managed solid waste generates significant local
externalities that affect, for example, local traffic, aesthetics, flooding, disease, odors, air
particulate levels, and water quality. There are few potential regional and global
externalities, but these are quite controllable, at a cost, through pollution control systems.
The primary regional and global impacts needing special controls are: regional air
emissions from improperly controlled incineration (i.e., dioxins, furans and volatilized
heavy metals in stack gases), and global green house gases from improperly controlled
waste disposal (i.e., methane gas from sanitary landfills that do not have gas flaring or
recovery systems). Because solid waste systems have few externalities beyond local
boundaries, it is appropriate for local people to manage their wastes within their local
capacity, including financial capacity.
Solid Waste System Sizes - Are there Economies of Scale?
Solid waste systems do not need to link to regional networks or depend on regional
resources, as do electricity and water. There are limited economies-of-scale justifying
extending management beyond municipal boundaries. And thus, following the objective
of decentralizing services to the appropriate level of management that is able to capture
economies and control externalities, municipalities have, and are expected to continue to
have, this sector responsibility.
Regarding economies-of-scale, solid waste collection zones can be efficiently allocated to
a single truck or cart, without adversely affecting cost of service. Contracting with
private haulers can be done for those with only a single vehicle, even though there could
be some economies and built in spare capacity from hiring private haulers with several
vehicles versus one. Large contract zones for collection are not needed, except where an
international private operator is desired to mobilize expertise and major new investment
in a high-profile city or tourist area. A single small vehicle might serve as few as 10,000
people/daily shift, while a large vehicle could serve as many as 60,000 people/daily shift
Beyond solid waste collection, transfer facilities have only modest economies-of-scale.
Transfer facilities can be sized for service by only one transfer vehicle with multiple
liftable containers or trailers, each about 20 tonnes capacity. Thus, a small scale transfer
station would handle 80-120 tonnes/day, thus serving up to 240,000 people/daily shift.
For treatment and disposal, economies-of-scale are more significant. Most of these types
of facilities are implemented through inter-municipal agreement. The flexibility of inter-
municipal agreements, versus regional solid waste entities enables each facility to be
sized according to its needs, municipalities to partner according to their preferences and
the character of their wastes, and plants to be located relative to potential by-product
markets (e.g., electricity, secondary materials, compost). Examples of economies-of-
scale of treatment and disposal are noted below.
• Although manual neighborhood compost facilities can be sized under 10
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tonnes/day, municipal compost facilities using mechanized equipment would be
economic with capacities of 200 tonnes/day (from up to 400,000 people/daily
shift) to enable full use of loading and turning machinery.
• For sanitary landfill, the economies-of-scale are based on the need to fully utilize
heavy landfill equipment that has compaction ability based on its weight, as well
as ability to push, spread, grade and cover waste. Typically, a landfill should
handle at least 300 tonnes/day (from up to 600,000 people/daily shift).
• Sophisticated processing plants such as waste-to-energy plants and anaerobic
digesters need to have duplicate process lines so that one keeps working while the
other is down for maintenance and repair. These types of plants are not
considered appropriate for developing countries, but it is noted that they are
typically at least 300 tonnes/day (from up to 600,000 people/daily shift).
Inter-municipal agreements are the primary means for separately developing regional
facilities. Responsibility thus remains in the hands of municipal governments. Even in
those less common situations where regional solid waste authorities are formed, it would
be common for municipal officials to participate as board members.
Solid Waste Costs – Breakdown of Capital versus Operating Costs?
Finance for solid waste management needs to cover capital, operating and maintenance
costs. While solid waste management is often quite labor intensive, the cost of labor in
developing countries is so low that labor need not be the main expenditure in a well-
managed solid waste service..
For a perspective of how capital and operating costs break-down by solid waste activity,
the following ranges are observed to be common ranges for well managed solid waste
services in developing countries, as noted below.
• For solid waste collection, capital costs range from 30-40%, labor costs range
from 15-40%, and consumables and maintenance costs range from 30-45%.
• For sweeping, capital costs range from 20 to 30 %, labor costs range from
50-70%, and consumables and maintenance costs range from 10-20%.
• For transfer, capital costs range from 50-65%, labor costs range from 10-15%,
and consumables and maintenance range from 20-30%.
• For composting, capital costs range from 40-60%, labor costs range from 15-30%,
and consumables and maintenance range from 10-20%.
• For high-tech treatment, such as anaerobic digestion or incineration, capital costs
range from 60-85%, labor costs range from 5-10%, and consumables and
maintenance range from 10-30%.
• For sanitary landfill, capital costs range from 40-70% percent, labor costs range
from 10-20%, and consumables and maintenance costs range from 20-30%.
Sources of Funds to cover Capital Expenditures – Options?
Most municipalities are restricted from having renewal funds to replace capital assets.
They also are restricted from saving monies today to cover the capital costs of tomorrow.
Allowing this flexibility should be a part of putting municipal finances on a sound
footing. Borrowing for long-lived assets is typically a good solution because this
approach allocates the costs to those who benefit from the assets in the future as well as
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today.
Finance to cover capital costs may be obtained from the following potential sources:
• intergovernmental transfers from central government, including earmarked and
matching grants (sometimes supported by external assistance);
• loans from specialized institutions or funds (sometimes supported by external
assistance);
• direct municipal borrowings from local development banks, communal funds, and
commercial banks;
• renewal funds from local solid waste user fees, including tipping fees, and special
environmental/disposal taxes;
• bond-issues for facilities that are potentially revenue generating, such as landfill
gas recovery and compost facilities; and
• private sector investment as part of a concession, private subscription or service
contract.
Municipalities may offer private sector investors a range of financial incentives that could
be viewed as hidden subsidies. These include:
• use of government land and/or facilities,
• tax exemption,
• customs duties exemption,
• accelerated depreciation periods for taxation,
• staffing support from government roles,
• facility in obtaining permits,
• improved regulatory enforcement to assure compliance with new systems,
• assured source segregation to obtain quality wastes for resource recovery
purposes,
• revenue sharing of by-product sales revenues,
• special utility pricing,
• limited liability (as in the long-term post-closure liability of sanitary landfills)
• development rights to completed and/or reclaimed disposal sites, in partnership
with government.
Solid Waste Services– Should There be Intergovernmental Transfers from
Provincial or Central Government?
Municipalities in developing countries are seldom empowered by central and provincial
government to address their solid waste responsibilities in the most cost-effective
manner. They are also commonly are restricted from developing sufficient local
revenues to cover expenses.
For example, municipalities may be restricted from:
• increasing local property taxes to include a designated amount for solid waste
management;
• creating new solid waste or environmental taxes;
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• creating and collecting solid waste user fees or landfill tipping fees;
• contracting for service delivery beyond a one-year budget period;
• tendering for any contractor above a certain allowed total contract price ceiling;
• reducing redundant municipal employees to free up budget for contracting or
capital investment;
• issuing municipal bonds or borrowing for capital investment;
• initiating inter-municipal arrangements that would capture economies-of-scale;
and
• entering into private sector concession agreements to design, build and operate
new facilities.
The preferred approach to addressing these issues is to delegate more authority to
municipalities to address their local service delivery and related cost-recovery needs.
These measures typically improve the overall financial health of municipalities for this
and other services. Experience with willingness to pay studies (see above) clearly
demonstrates scope to recover costs. Thus, it is generally not desirable to enshrine
specific subsidies for solid waste in intergovernmental arrangements.
Hamstrung by central or provincial government restrictions, intergovernmental financial
incentives (ideally temporary) from higher levels of government may be needed. They
must be carefully approached and designed so that they do not become disincentives to
good local revenue generation.
Municipalities set standards for their perceived best practicable level of environmental
quality and public health protection that they believe they can reasonably attain and
require of others in their jurisdiction, taking into account level of income and ability to
pay. On the other hand, provincial or central governments may wish to require
municipalities to meet higher standards, perhaps for downstream water quality or
downwind air quality needs, or perhaps for international agreements to which they have
made commitments.
To help municipalities reach a higher standard of environmental protection, carefully
earmarked and time-limited intergovernmental incentives could encourage municipalities
to address provincial or national targets. This is particularly relevant for public health
and environmental goals that affect people and resources beyond municipal boundaries,
such as in the control of communicable diseases or pollutant discharges related to poor
waste disposal.
Urban finance policy on the grants was discussed in detail within “Better Urban Services
– Finding the Right Incentives”, authored by Bill Dillinger and published by the World
Bank in 1995, and summarized below:
“Transfers can serve several important positive roles in the financing of municipal
services. First, they permit central governments to influence the sectoral pattern
of local expenditure – to use the power of the purse to induce local governments
to undertake expenditures that are of national rather than local interest,
compensating local government for the costs of services that the central
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government expects them to provide.”
Where recommended, intergovernmental transfers would be accompanied by clear
regulatory targets, accountability procedures and enforcement sanctions that hold
municipal leaders and local governments responsible for handling the monies and
achieving the intended outcomes.
Given the scope for commercialization of solid waste management, the form of
intergovernmental incentive should be chosen such that it “crowds in” market sources of
finance by subjecting projects to commercial appraisal and risk management criteria,
using the subsidy as a temporary measure, in the form of a separate grant, for example, to
make projects viable. Carbon finance may be viewed as a global form of subsidy to
encourage reduction of greenhouse gases.
Before establishing transfers for solid waste management, hidden taxes on the sector
should be considered, and if possible reduced, since this can be a more cost effective
means of achieving the same objective. Central and provincial governments influence
subsidies and pricing of various goods that in turn affect the value of solid waste by-
products, and hence, how much money municipalities recover from disposal and
processing activities. For example, subsidies on chemical fertilizer influence the
marketability of compost; subsidies of electricity prices influence the grid prices that are
paid for renewable energy from waste; subsidies of logging lands and transport of raw
materials influence the sale prices for recovered secondary materials. In such instances,
if governments are unwilling to adjust existing subsidies and pricing policies, it may be
necessary to balance these with subsidies for affected solid waste systems.
Municipalities are sometimes burdened with extra service requirements but receive no
corresponding local economic development to enable increasing revenues. For example,
tourist charters to beach resorts and remote islands are often booked from other locations,
sometimes even from places outside of the country. Municipalities need to be allowed to
charge tourist entry fees, or receive adequate subsides, to cover the costs of extra service
requirements caused by these tourists. If there is willingness to pay, as is often the case in
tourism, allowing municipalities to charge carries less overall fiscal burden, and is more
desirable. Concessions for resource extraction or industries may also be arranged
externally, and the revenue benefits are often not passed on to the local governments that
are tasked with managing the waste. Passing through a user charge from concession
revenues to municipalities is desirable in these instances. If this is not agreed, subsidies
may be considered to cover the extra waste management needs of these concessions.
Solid Waste Service – A Public or Private Good?
Solid waste management as a public good. In part, this determination reflects the fact
that uncollected and illegally discharged solid wastes adversely affect the general public,
not only the individuals that are not participating in the proper management of their
wastes. Also, everyone benefits from the actions of various individuals to properly
manage their wastes.
When user charges and tipping fees are not acceptable to various households,
establishments, and private haulers, they may resort to illegal dumping of their wastes.
This supports the public good argument, as no one should be excluded from service or it
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would affect the service benefit to all. While a valid argument for many types of waste
(such as demolition rubble), it is possible that a significant portion of illegal discharges of
most solid waste types may be identifiable from mailing envelopes or other items with
names and addresses found in the waste. This is a tool for enforcement that is unique to
some solid waste categories, as opposed to the impossible task of trying to identify where
an illegally dumped load of pumped septage might have originated.
Although solid waste management is a public good, there are limitations to the ability to
act as a free rider and people are willing to pay for the service, so promoting cost
recovery to the extent possible and affordable is good policy. Willingness to pay is
greatly enhanced when local residents perceive accountability and transparency in the
management of the fees charged for solid waste management services, thus collecting
money in a segregated account for the sole use of the solid waste sector is a useful tool
for financial management. Ideally, there should be one entity with full solid waste
responsibility to enable accountable and transparent services. When the solid waste
activities are disaggregated (e.g., collection equipment maintained by a central workshop,
fleets managed by an engineering department, field supervision conducted by health
inspectors, and collection workers operating under a solid waste manager) accountability
is virtually impossible.
From the perspective of encouraging private sector participation in the solid waste sector,
evidence of self-sustaining revenues at the local government level may affect the private
sector’s willingness to invest in solid waste infrastructure and enter into long-term service
agreements. In a few cases, central government payment guarantees of have enabled
city-wide contracting for all solid waste services (as in Senegal, where MIGA also
provided a non-commercial risk guarantee).
Solid Waste Revenue Generation – Payment by Fee or Tax?
There are few cities in developing countries that attempt to achieve full cost recovery for
collection, recycling, transfer, treatment and disposal systems. Activities such as street
sweeping, cleaning of public areas (e.g., public markets), servicing public institutions and
barracks, and removal of clandestine waste piles easily comprise 20-40% of the total
waste collection effort.
People in developing countries typically are willing and able to pay for the solid waste
collection service that they receive directly at their door and within their immediate
neighborhood. Few appreciate the rationale to contribute to city-wide street cleaning,
clean up of parks and other public areas, emptying communal collection bins, promoting
recycling activities, providing secondary collection beyond their neighborhoods,
transferring waste long distance, treatment or sanitary landfill. When residents directly
pay a private operator to collect waste from their home or establishment, it is particularly
difficult to convince them that a second fee is justified to government for services
provided beyond the primary collection service.
Ideally, it would be efficient and effective to fully cover all solid waste costs through
solid waste tariffs included within the property tax, designating on the tax bill the solid
waste portion to be set aside for the solid waste sector. However, in most developing
countries, given the inadequate property cadastral and appraisal systems, poor tax
collection efficiency, and the large number of illegal settlements, recovering some
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payment from all residents through property tax is typically not feasible.
Solid Waste Fees – Cross Subsidies among Service Recipients?
Solid waste collection commonly costs more for service to the poor than the wealthy, and
costs vary with settlement patterns, road conditions, and traffic levels. The poor have
small quantities of waste in containers that are less easy to gather and load than those
found in wealthy neighborhoods. Access for collection vehicles is better in wealthy
neighborhoods. It costs much less to collect waste in a large container from a big hotel or
commercial establishment, on a per tonne basis, than it costs to collect waste in baskets
and cartons in front of slum dwellings.
A practical and reasonable solution to this problem from a public finance perspective is to
cross subsidize different consumers across a benefit area, and link charges broadly to
capacity to pay, for equity reasons. As long as the service is well-managed, the cross –
subsidies needed should not be so significant as to disaffect more affluent users.
Solid waste treatment and disposal could also cost more for the waste of the poor than the
wealthy. The waste from the poor has a lot of water, ash and sand in it, and seldom has
very much combustible or recyclable material that could generate resource recovery
revenues. Charges for various treatment and disposal facilities should be based on city-
wide costs for environmentally safe waste management and proportioned fairly by ability
to pay. To minimize transport emissions and energy consumption, comparable tipping
fees at the various unloading facilities are essential.
To avoid the administrative costs of separate collection of yet another charge or tax
uniquely for solid waste, an effective expedient involves tying a solid waste surcharge to
utility bills, such as electricity or water. This solution works well when utility services
cover most households and charges are linked to consumption.
Fees that reflect affordability (and related consumption that leads to waste) are relatively
easy to develop and preferable to customer-specific cost of service fees. For households,
this typically means setting the tariff based on one of the following:
• Size of property, category of neighborhood (by income) and related property tax,
• Water consumption and billings, and
• Electricity consumption and billings.
In order to discourage excessive waste generation, waste generators that regularly
produce large quantities are typically charged by the size of their containers. The cut-off
for a large generator is any establishment with containers that can hold, for example, over
1 cubic meter of waste per day.
As countries develop and solid waste systems become more regulated, it becomes
possible to increase quantity-based charges. This may be done, for example, by selling
specially colored or labeled plastic bags for a price that would enable cost recovery and
then collecting only waste that is in these specially marked plastic bags. At this time, few
low and middle income countries have the monitoring and enforcement system that
would enable this system to be put in place without significant potential for illegal
dumping.
Solid Waste Revenues – Additional Sources of Income?
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When the electricity and water authorities will not allow the solid waste fees to be
included in their billing systems, it is necessary to collect monies through a wide variety
of sources. These sources of revenues may also be used to augment the funds available
to cover costs:
• penalties for littering, clandestine dumping and other solid waste infractions
• license fees from collectors/haulers of special categories of solid waste (e.g.,
construction/demolition debris, medical waste, bulky waste);
• share of gross revenues from collectors/haulers having a franchise (i.e., zonal
monopoly) for waste collection;
• revenues from sale of recyclables (e.g., secondary materials), recovered
resources (e.g., compost), and energy (e.g., steam, electricity) from treatment
and disposal facilities;
• revenues from sale of avoided or reduced emissions (e.g., methane expressed
as carbon dioxide equivalent green house gas);
• tipping fees from individuals, private establishments, and waste haulers at
transfer, treatment, and disposal facilities; and
• landfill or general environmental taxes.
Summary
This is a discussion concept note, which outlines financial options and experiences. Each
country needs to develop financial arrangements and incentives that match their
development policies and plans. No specific cost recovery mechanism or financial
incentive is recommendable across the board. In general, decades of experience
recommends a strong move away from intergovernmental transfers for solid waste
management and toward decentralization of financial authority to local governments.
However, in a less than perfect world, new environmental and health goals may
necessitate financial support to local governments from provincial and central
government funds.
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