This document provides an overview of digital fluency and operating systems. It defines an operating system as an interface between the user and computer hardware. It describes the main functions of operating systems including memory management, processor management, device management, file management, and security. It also discusses different types of operating systems such as batch, time-shared, distributed, network, and real-time operating systems. Finally, it covers user interfaces and office automation tools.

1. DIGITAL FLUENCY
Module 1: Digital Fluency (NEP) Modified Syllabus As Per Notification Dated: 29/12/2021
Prescribed by;

3. Introduction to Operating System (OS)

5. OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS)
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer
user and computer hardware. An operating system is a
software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.

6. Definition
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and
the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating
System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

8. Functions/ Features/ Characteristics of
Operating Systems (OS)
1. Memory Management
2. Processor Management/
Scheduling
3. Devices Management
4. File Management
5. Security
6. Accountin
7. Other Functions
• Fraud Detection
• Performance Management
• Softwares Co-ordination

9. 1. Memory Management
It is the management of the main or primary memory.Whatever programis executed, it has to
be presentin the main memory.Therefore,there can be more than one programpresent at a
time. Hence, it is requiredto manage the memory.
• OS Allocates and deallocates the memory.
• OS Keeps a recordof which part of primary memory is used by whom and how much.
• OS Distributes the memory while multiprocessing.
2. Processor Management/Scheduling
When more than one process runs on the systemthe OS decides how and when a process will
use the CPU. Hence, the name is also CPU Scheduling.
• OS Allocates and deallocates processor to the processes.
• OS Keeps recordof CPU status.

10. Certain algorithms used for CPU scheduling are as follows:
1. FirstCome FirstServe (FCFS)
2. ShortestJob First (SJF)
3. Round-Robin Scheduling (time slices are assigned to each process in equal portions and
in circular order, handling all processes without priority )
4. Priority-basedscheduling etc.
Purpose of CPU scheduling
• The purpose of CPU scheduling is as follows:
• Since the proper utilizationof CPU is necessary.Therefore,the OS makes sure that the CPU
should be as busy as possible.
• Since every device should get a chance to use the processor.Hence,the OS makes sure that
the devices get fair processor time.
• Increasing the efficiency of the system.

11. 3. Device Management
The processes may require devices for their use. This management is done by the
OS. The OS:
Allocates and deallocates devices to different processes.
• OS keep records of the devices.
• Decides which process can use which device for how much time.
4. File Management
The files on a system are stored in different directories. The OS:
• keeps records of the status and locations of files.
• Allocates and deallocates resources.

12. 5. Security
The OS keeps the systemand programs safe and secure through authentication. A user id and
passworddecide the authenticity of the user.
7. Accounting
As the operating systemkeeps track of all the functions of a computer system.Hence,it makes a
recordof all the activities taking place on the system.It has an account of all the informationabout
the memory,resources,errors,etc. Therefore,this informationcan be used as and when required.
8. Other Functions
Some other functions of the OS can be:
• Error detection.
• keeping a recordof systemperformance.
• Communicationbetween differentsoftware etc.

13. Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch OS
2. Time Shared OS
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS
5. Realtime OS (RTOS)

14. 1. Batch OS
In this system, the OS does not forwardthe jobs/tasks directly to the CPU. It works by grouping
together similar types of jobs under one category.Further, we name this group as a ‘batch’.
Hence, the name batch OS.
Examples are the payroll system, bank statement,etc.
2. Time-Shared OS
When more than one task takes place on the systemit is called time-shared OS. As multiple tasks
can run at the systemat a time as per requirement.Hence,they all share the CPU time one by
one. Therefore, we also name it multitasking.The time that each task gets is called quantum.
A fixed interval of time is decided for each task. When the firsttask executes for that periodof
time, the second task executes, and so on.
Examples are UNIX etc.

15. 3. Distributed OS
In this system, there is more than one CPU present. The OS distributes the tasks
among all the processors. The processors do not share any memory or clock time.
OS handles all communication between them through various communication
lines.
Examples are LOCUS etc.
4. Network OS
In these OS various systems are connected to a server. It allows the system to
share resources such as files, printers, applications, etc. Moreover, it gives the
capability to serve to manage these resources.
Examples are UNIX, LINUX, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, etc.

16. 5. Real-Time OS (RTOS)
In these systems, the time interval for processing and responding to inputs is
very small. Therefore, due to this quality, these are used in real-time
situations. For example in missile systems, robots, etc.
They have two categories as follows:
a) Hard Real-Time Systems
In this, the time constraint is very short and strict. Even seconds of delay is not
acceptable.
b) Soft Real-Time Systems
In this, the time constraint is not so short and strict.

18. A user interface, also sometimes called a human-computer interface, comprises
both hardware and software components. It handles the interaction between
the user and the system.
There are different ways of interacting with computer systems which have
evolved over the years. There are five main types of user interface:
1. command line Interface (CLI)
2. Graphical user interface Interface (GUI)
3. Menu driven Interface (MDI)
4. Form based Interface (FBI)
5. Natural language Interface (NLI)

19. 1. Command line Interface
(CLI)
Command line interfaces are
the oldest of the interfaces
discussed here. It involves the
computer responding to
commands typed by the
operator. This type of interface
has the drawback that it
requires the operator to
remember a range of different
commands and is not ideal for
novice users.
Example:

20. 2. Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
Graphical user interfaces (GUI) are sometimes
also referred to as WIMP because they
use Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers.
Operators use a pointing device (such as a
mouse, touchpad or trackball) to control a
pointer on the screen which then interacts
with other on-screen elements. It allows the
user to interact with devices through
graphical icons and visual indicators such as
secondary notations. Microsoftreleasedits first
GUI-based OS, Windows 1.0, in 1985.
Example:

21. 3. Menu driven Interface (MDI)
A menu driven interface is commonly
used on cash machines (also known as
automated teller machines (ATM's),
ticket machines and information kiosks
(for example in a museum). They
provide a simple and easy to use
interface comprised of a series of menus
and sub-menus which the user accesses
by pressing buttons, often on a touch-
screen device. Preferably, if one has
knowledge on UML modeling, it can be a
good example when designing the
architecture of the machine.

22. 4. Form based Interface
(FBI)
A form-based interface is
a kind of user interface.
In it, the user interacts
with the application by
selecting one of a
number of possible
values, and by entering
text into the fields that
accept it.

23. 5. Natural language Interface (NLI)
A natural language interface is a spoken
interface where the user interacts with the
computer by talking to it. Sometimes referred
to as a 'conversational interface', this interface
simulates having a conversation with a
computer. Made famous by science fiction
(such as in Star Trek), natural language systems
are not yet advanced enough to be in wide-
spread use. Commonly used by telephone
systems as an alternative to the user pressing
numbered buttons the user can speak their
responses instead. An Example of this type of
interface is Voice Recognition

24. Office Automation Tools
An office automation system is the tool that
enables data to move from one system to another
on its own without human intervention and
inaccuracies. These tools help organizations collect,
manage, and analyze securely to accomplish
everyday tasks and processes. It optimizes and
automates existing business processes and
procedures.
The most popular office Automation Tools used
world wide are Word Processor, Power Point and
Spread Sheets.

25. Advantages / Of Office Automation Tools
1. Reducing the manual effortto complete mundane (Repeated) tasks
2. Cutting down on manual errors
3. Shrinking the processing time for items
4. Getting insights into process performance metrics
5. Gaining greater process visibilityand identifying potential bottlenecks
6. Making sound business decisions based on data
7. Office automation adds efficiency to your workflows

29. Features of Word Processor Tool
• Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.
• Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
• Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or
italicizing.
• Creating and editing tables.
• Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or
photographs.
• Correcting spelling and grammar.

35. Features of Spreadsheets / Excel
1. Add Header and Footer
MS Excel allows us to keep the header and footer in our spreadsheet document.
2. Find and Replace Command
MS Excel allows us to find the needed data (text and numbers) in the workbook and also
replace the existing data with a new one.
3. Password Protection
It allows the user to protect their workbooks by using a password from unauthorized
access to their information.
4. Data Filtering
Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a range. A
filtered range displays only the rows that meet the criteria you specify for a column. MS
Excel provides two commands for filtering ranges:
• AutoFilter; which includes filter by selection, for simple criteria
• Advanced Filter; for more complex criteria

36. 5. Data Sorting
Data sorting is the process of arranging data in some logical order. MS Excel allows us to sort
data either in ascending or descending order.
6. Built-in formulae
MS Excel has got many built-in formulae for sum, average, minimum, etc. We can use those
formulae as per our needs.
7. Create different charts (Pivot Table Report)
MS Excel allows us to create different charts such as bar graph, pie- charts, line graphs, etc. This
helps us to analyze and compare data very easily.
8. Automatically edits the result
MS Excel automatically edits the result if any changes are made in any of the cells.
9. Formula Auditing
Using formula auditing we can graphically display or trace the relationships between cells and
formulas with blue arrows. We can trace the precedents (the cells that provide data to a specific
cell) or the dependents (the cells that depend on the value in a specific cell).

37. Examples:

38. Power Point
A PowerPoint slideshow (PPT) is a
presentation created on software from
Microsoft that allows users to add audio,
visual and audio/visual features to a
presentation. It is considered to be a
multimedia technology and also acts as a
tool for collaboration and content sharing.
PowerPoint is included in Microsoft Office,
making it one of the most well-known and
widely used brands of presentation
software.
A PowerPoint slideshow is also known as
a PowerPoint presentation.

39. • PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentationgraphics software program that
allows you to create professional-looking electronic slide shows.
• The image given below shows the main page of MS PowerPoint, where a person lands
when the program is opened on a computer system:
Follow the steps below to open MS
PowerPoint on a personal computer:
• Click on the start button
• Then choose “All Programs”
• Next step is to select “MS Office”
• Under MS Office, click on the “MS
PowerPoint”

40. The following elements can be added to a
Powerpoint slide:
1. Clip Art
2. Graphs
3. Tables
4. Photographs
5. Charts
6. Media Clips
7. Videos
8. Slide layout and Slide Design’s

41. Uses of Power Point Presentations
Education – With e-learning and smart classes being chosen as a common mode of
education today, PowerPoint presentations can help in makingeducation more interactive
and attract students towards the modified version of studying
Marketing – In the field of marketing, PowerPoint presentations can be extremely
important.Using graphs and charts, numbers can be shown more evidently and clearly
which may be ignored by the viewer if being read
Business – To invite investors or to show the increase or decrease in profits, MS
PowerPoint can be used
Creating Resumes – Digital resumes can be formed using MS PowerPoint. Different
patterns, photograph, etc. can be added to the resume
Depicting Growth – Since both graphics and text can be added in a presentation, depicting
the growth of a company, business, student’s marks, etc. is easier using PPT

42. Advantages of Power Point Presentations
• Quick and easy: the basic features are easy to master and can make you
appear to be organized, even if you are not.
• Simple bullet points: it can reduce complicated messages to simple bullet
points. Bullet points are a good basis for a presentation and remind the
speaker of main points and the organization of the message.
• Easy to create a colorful, attractive design: using the standard templates
and themes, you can create something visually appealing,even if you do
not have much knowledge of basic graphic design principles .
• Easy to modify: when compared to other visual aids such as charts,
posters, or objects, it is easy to modify.
• Easily re-order presentation: with a simple drag and drop or using key
strokes, you can move slides to re-order the presentation.

43. • AudienceSize: PowerPoint slides are generallyeasier to see by a large audiencewhen
projected than other visual aids.
• Easy to present: you can easily advancethe slides in the presentationone after another with a
simple key stroke while still maintaining eye contact with the audience.
• No need for Handouts:they look good visuallyand can be easily read if you have a projector
and screen that is large enough for the entire room.

44. Happy Learning
Kind Regards.
Prof. Syed Salman M.Com, PGDBA, K-SET
📞 9538330245
📧 syedsalmanhussain777@gmail.com
📧 Syed_Salman80@yahoo.com