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1. Computer software and operating system
Software :
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks.

2. • Software is divided into two types :
• System software &
• Application Software
1) System software : System software is set of one or more programs designed to control
the operation of our computer system.This type of software doesn't fulfill the specific
requirement of the user.They are general program written to assist human in the use of
the computer system.
It is further divided into 3 types :
i) Operating System : : Operating system is a collection program that controls the overall
operation of the computer system. It provides platform for other application program
to run and execute. It provides user with an interface so that uses can easily
communicate with computer. For example Linux, Windows, Mac etc.

3. ii) Language translator : It is a special kind computer software which translates the
programs written one language in another language. It is also called language processor.
The types of language translator are compiler, interpreter and assembler.
iii) Utility software : It is the supporting software which is used to perform specific task
related to the maintenance of the computer system.They are also called service program.
For example Norton Utility, PC tools, win zip etc.
2) Application Software : Application software is a set of one or more program which are
design to do a specific task. It is made to fulfill the user demand.This program directs a
computer to solve user oriented problem such as preparing bills, calculating mathematical
equation, preparing mark sheet etc.
It is further divided into two types :
i) Packaged software :They are the generalized set of programs design and develop for
general purpose. It is generally large sized, error-free, advance and standard software with
much more functionality.They cannot be changed easily are developed and designed by
reputed software Company so they are trust worthy. for example Ms-Office, Adobe,
Macromedia etc.

4. • ii) Customized /Tailored software :This is a software develop in high level language for
special task.This types of software is developed for some specific purpose for solving
specific problem of specific user or organization. For example: payroll system, inventory
management, school management, billing software, mark sheet evaluation etc.
• Operating system :
• An operating system (OS) is an integrated set of program that controls overall resources such as
CPU, memory, input-output device of the computer system.The major objective of operating
system is to improve the performance and efficiency of a computer system.
• The major properties of operating system are:
1. It controls, monitor and co-ordinate overall operation of our computer system.
2.It act as an interface between user and computer.
3. It provide platform to develop, run and execute other computer program.
4.It manages hardware resources such as CPU, memories, input-output terminals, networking
equipment etc.
5. It hides programming and hardware complexity to the user.

5. • Functions of Operating System (OS) :
• 1) Input-Output (I/O) Management: Input-Output is essential to operate any computer. It
allows computer to interact with several peripheral devices such as keyboard, mouse,
printer, scanner etc.
• 2) Security :The operating system of a computer has a number of built-in tools to protect
against security threats such as viruses, unauthorized access, suspicious network activity
etc.The basic security in a OS is to control access to your computer by setting users and
password.
• 3) Memory Management : S determines the amount of memory required for the program
instruction and data.Then OS allocates required memory to load the program and data
into RAM. When the program terminates it freeze up the space and new program is
loaded.
• 4) Data Management : Data management allows organizing their data into logical
grouping called files. Earlier Operating system does not provide features of data
management. Hence, they were inflexible but nowadays, every operating system provide
this feature.

6. • 5) Virtual Memory :Virtual memory is the feature of an operating system that allows a
computer to compensate for shortage of physical memory by transferring temporary files
from RAM to disk.
• 6) Dead-Lock prevention : During processing a situation can arise in which a resources
shared by two or more process cannot continue because the resources required by a
process is held by other.This situation is known as dead lock. Operating system ensure
prevention of deadlock by taking situation action by careful allocation of resources.
• 7) Time sharing : The function of OS that involves CPU to allocate time in a number of
user on same computer.This property generally found in network operating system such
as windows NT.
• ****** *****

7. • Types of operating software :
i) On the basis of User Interface ( UI ) :
1) Character User Interface (CUI) : It is a type of operating system in which whole computer
operates or depend upon the command issued by user. All the operations that take place in CUI
have their own specific command. Hence, they are known as Character User Interface. User have
to remember all the command need to operate the computers. So, they are non user friendly.
Only the people having technical knowledge would operate this type of operating system.
Features of CUI :
• It is single user and single tasking operating system.
• Less user friendly than GUI.
• Commands are used to instruct the computer.
• User needs to remember the command for operating this system.
• It cannot display graphics, icon, pictures and multimedia.
• It is faster then GUI system
• Pointing devices such as mouse, joystick, track-pad are not recognize.
• It can be used in low memory and low processing computer.

8. • 2) Graphical User Interface (GUI) : A GUI (graphical user interface) is a system of
interactive visual components for computer software. Since, user doesn't have to
remember a single command, every user without technical knowledge can also use this
type of OS. Due to user friendly interface, they are simple to use and widely used for
domestic application.The goal of graphical operating system is to create a system that the
computer user can turn on and operate in right way without any training or by
remembering commands.
• Features of GUI :
• It is user-friendly. So, it is easy to use.
• User don't have to remember supports full multimedia and animation.
• It requires larger memory for its processing.
• GUI environments supports full multimedia and animation.
• It can be used in network environment.
• It is multi-tasking, multi-programming, multi-user operating system.
• Every type of peripheral devices can be used.

9. • On the basis of processing :
• 1) Multi-programming OS : Multi-programming is used in multi-user environment. It is
the technique in which multiple user program are executed simultaneously by single
processor. Multi-programming means when two or more than two program are provided
to the CPU for processing or loaded in the internal storage of CPU at the same instant of
time. From the loaded program once the portion of one program is executed and the
portion of another program is executed and so on.
• 2) Multi-tasking OS : Multi-tasking OS allows more than one program to run concurrently
mainly in a single user system.These computer are capable of executing several tasks or
program at the same time. Multi-tasking OS increase the productivity of the user by
executing many task simultaneously. Some of the most common example are MS-
Windows, Linux, MAC OS etc.
• 3) Multiprocessing OS : Multi-processing system has more than one processor linked in a
coordinated way. Multiprocessing OS supports running a program in more than one CPU.
Generally, super server are especially designed to support multiple processor. Multi-
processing concept is also known as parallel processing. It is more costly and complex
technique than multi-programming which dramatically increase the program execution
speed of computer.

10. • *****Multi-programming and multiprocessing are no the same concept. Multi-
programming involves concurrent execution of two or more programs by a single CPU,
whereas multi-processing involves two or more processor (CPU) for controlling the
different activities or execution of many program simultaneously. *****
• 4) Time-Sharing OS : Time sharing is a technique which enable many people located in
various terminal to use a particular computer system at a same time. Processors time
which is shared among multiple user simultaneously is termed as time sharing. Multiple
jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between then, but the switches occurs so
frequently that user can receive a immediate response.
• ThankYou