Low carbon steels are the most commonly used type of steel due to their diversity of properties. Heat treatment methods such as annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering are used to modify the microstructure and properties of low carbon steel. Annealing produces a soft, ductile material while hardening followed by tempering increases strength at the cost of ductility. New methods like rapid heat treatment and intercritical heat treatment have been shown to considerably improve the mechanical properties of low carbon steel by producing microstructures with mixtures of phases like ferrite and martensite. There is a strong correlation between the microstructure and properties of materials like steel, allowing a wide range of steel grades to be produced for different applications.
In order for metal workpiece to have required working properties, a heat treatment process is often necessary. Heat treatment process generally includes three processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling. It is divided into quenching, tempering, normalizing, annealing, etc. depending on process. Can you distinguish it?
The document discusses various heat treatment processes. It defines heat treatment as operations involving heating and cooling of metals/alloys in their solid state to obtain desirable properties. It describes the stages of heat treatment as heating, soaking, and cooling. It then discusses various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering in detail including their purposes, methods, and effects on material properties.
TTT diagram and Heat treatment processesSaumy Agarwal
The document discusses TTT (time-temperature-transformation) diagrams and heat treatment processes. It explains that TTT diagrams show the structures that form after various cooling rates from the austenite phase. The diagrams graphically depict the cooling rates required to form pearlite, bainite, or martensite. Common heat treatments include annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses and improves ductility while normalizing produces a more uniform grain structure. Quenching followed by tempering increases hardness but reduces brittleness. Surface hardening techniques like carburizing and nitriding introduce carbon or nitrogen to harden the surface.
The document discusses heat treatment and metal fabrication processes. It begins by defining heat treatment as a method to alter the physical and chemical properties of a material through heating and cooling. It then describes various metal fabrication techniques like forging, rolling, extrusion, and casting. The remainder of the document discusses heat treatment processes for steel like annealing, normalizing, and stress relief annealing. It explains how these processes are used to achieve desired microstructures and properties without changing the shape of the material.
The document provides information on heat treatment processes for steel, including:
- TTT diagrams show the relationship between temperature and time for decomposition transformations under isothermal conditions.
- Construction of TTT diagrams involves isothermally heating and quenching many small steel specimens to determine reaction curves.
- Common heat treatments include annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses while normalizing refines grains. Hardening forms martensite to increase hardness but tempering is required afterwards to improve properties.
Stainless steel alloys are used widely in orthodontics. They contain 12-30% chromium which gives corrosion resistance. There are three main types - ferritic, austenitic and martensitic - depending on crystal structure. Austenitic stainless steel like 18-8 is most common due to good ductility. It can be work hardened or hardened by rapid cooling to form martensite. Heat treatments like annealing can relieve stresses from work hardening. Stainless steel is joined by silver soldering or spot welding in orthodontics.
Heat treatment is a process of heating and cooling metals and alloys to achieve desired properties. There are various heat treatment processes classified based on temperature, phase transformation or purpose. Common processes include annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses and improves ductility while normalizing produces harder and stronger steel. Hardening involves rapid cooling from an elevated temperature to produce a hard surface. Tempering is used to reduce brittleness caused by hardening.
The document discusses heat treatment processes for metals like steel. It describes the purposes of heat treatment as relieving stress, improving machinability, and changing grain structure. Specific heat treatment processes covered include annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves slowly heating and cooling to soften metals. Normalizing heats above critical temperature and air cools for hardness. Hardening rapidly cools from above critical temperature to form martensite for maximum hardness. Tempering then reheats hardened steel to relieve brittleness.
In order for metal workpiece to have required working properties, a heat treatment process is often necessary. Heat treatment process generally includes three processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling. It is divided into quenching, tempering, normalizing, annealing, etc. depending on process. Can you distinguish it?
The document discusses various heat treatment processes. It defines heat treatment as operations involving heating and cooling of metals/alloys in their solid state to obtain desirable properties. It describes the stages of heat treatment as heating, soaking, and cooling. It then discusses various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering in detail including their purposes, methods, and effects on material properties.
TTT diagram and Heat treatment processesSaumy Agarwal
The document discusses TTT (time-temperature-transformation) diagrams and heat treatment processes. It explains that TTT diagrams show the structures that form after various cooling rates from the austenite phase. The diagrams graphically depict the cooling rates required to form pearlite, bainite, or martensite. Common heat treatments include annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses and improves ductility while normalizing produces a more uniform grain structure. Quenching followed by tempering increases hardness but reduces brittleness. Surface hardening techniques like carburizing and nitriding introduce carbon or nitrogen to harden the surface.
The document discusses heat treatment and metal fabrication processes. It begins by defining heat treatment as a method to alter the physical and chemical properties of a material through heating and cooling. It then describes various metal fabrication techniques like forging, rolling, extrusion, and casting. The remainder of the document discusses heat treatment processes for steel like annealing, normalizing, and stress relief annealing. It explains how these processes are used to achieve desired microstructures and properties without changing the shape of the material.
The document provides information on heat treatment processes for steel, including:
- TTT diagrams show the relationship between temperature and time for decomposition transformations under isothermal conditions.
- Construction of TTT diagrams involves isothermally heating and quenching many small steel specimens to determine reaction curves.
- Common heat treatments include annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses while normalizing refines grains. Hardening forms martensite to increase hardness but tempering is required afterwards to improve properties.
Stainless steel alloys are used widely in orthodontics. They contain 12-30% chromium which gives corrosion resistance. There are three main types - ferritic, austenitic and martensitic - depending on crystal structure. Austenitic stainless steel like 18-8 is most common due to good ductility. It can be work hardened or hardened by rapid cooling to form martensite. Heat treatments like annealing can relieve stresses from work hardening. Stainless steel is joined by silver soldering or spot welding in orthodontics.
Heat treatment is a process of heating and cooling metals and alloys to achieve desired properties. There are various heat treatment processes classified based on temperature, phase transformation or purpose. Common processes include annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses and improves ductility while normalizing produces harder and stronger steel. Hardening involves rapid cooling from an elevated temperature to produce a hard surface. Tempering is used to reduce brittleness caused by hardening.
The document discusses heat treatment processes for metals like steel. It describes the purposes of heat treatment as relieving stress, improving machinability, and changing grain structure. Specific heat treatment processes covered include annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves slowly heating and cooling to soften metals. Normalizing heats above critical temperature and air cools for hardness. Hardening rapidly cools from above critical temperature to form martensite for maximum hardness. Tempering then reheats hardened steel to relieve brittleness.
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS AND FERROUS, NON FERROUS AND THEIR ALLOYS SHYAM KUMAR Reddy
TOPICS COVERED
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS
FERROUS, NON FERROUS AND THEIR ALLOYS
This is used for polytechnic students and engineering students of mechanical engineering
This presentation provides an introduction into the basics of heat treating, primarily steel alloys. Heat treat processes for strengthening steel, or through hardening, using quench and temper, martempering, and austempering will be introduced and explained using the iron-carbon phase diagram and time-temperature-transformation diagrams to help understand the transformations occurring.
Precipitation hardening techniques will be introduced, which apply to one group of stainless steels, aluminum alloys and high performance materials. Common surface hardening techniques such as case hardening and carburizing will also be discussed. Various processes for reducing strength, or softening steel, will be presented. Preheat and post-heat treatments applied during welding will also be briefly discussed.
The document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and martensitic transformation. It provides details on the purposes, methods, and applications of each process. Annealing involves heating and slow cooling to relieve stresses and modify properties. Normalizing heats above the transformation temperature and air cools to produce a fine grain structure. Quenching rapidly cools steel above the transformation temperature to form very hard martensite. Martensitic transformation is the formation of acicular needlelike structures during rapid cooling of austenite.
6.1 Annealing: Purposes of annealing, Annealing temperature range, Types and applications
6.2 Normalizing: Purposes of Normalizing, Temperature range, Broad applications of Normalizing
6.3 Hardening: Purposes of hardening, Hardening temperature range ,application
6.4 Tempering: Purpose of tempering, Types of tempering and its applications
6.5 Case hardening methods like Carburizing, Nitriding, and Cyaniding.
6.6 Heat treatment Furnaces – Muffle , Box type
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested, one with copper and one without. Samples underwent various heat treatments including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at different temperatures. Hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility were then measured. Results showed that steel with copper had higher hardness and strength but lower ductility. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The study provides data on the mechanical properties and microstructure of heat treated medium carbon steel.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested: one with copper and one without. Samples underwent annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C. Testing showed that steel with copper had higher hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and lower ductility than steel without copper. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The microstructure of heat treated steel consisted of martensite and tempered martensite matrices.
The document provides an outline on heat treatment processes. It defines heat treatment and its purposes, discusses heat treatment theory and the stages of heat treatment including heating, soaking, and cooling. It describes various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. It also discusses case hardening techniques like carburizing, cyaniding, and nitriding. Finally, it introduces the TTT diagram and the microstructures obtained from different cooling rates.
Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
This document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating metals to specific temperatures to soften them and make them easier to shape. Hardening involves heating steel above its critical temperature then quenching to form martensite, making the steel very hard but brittle. Tempering is then used to reduce brittleness by reheating hardened steel to lower temperatures. The document provides details on the purposes and procedures for various annealing, hardening, and tempering techniques.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses metallurgical concepts related to welding, including:
1) Welding affects the mechanical properties of metals through metallurgical transformations in the heat-affected zone. Finer microstructures improve properties like strength and toughness.
2) Alloying and heat treatments can change microstructures and properties. Quenching produces martensite to increase hardness and strength. Tempering relieves stresses in martensite.
3) Preheating and controlling cooling rates in welding prevents cracking by allowing formation of microstructures besides martensite like ferrite and pearlite.
This document discusses various heat treatment processes and their effects on carbon steel properties. It describes the main heat treatment types of annealing, normalizing, hardening, carburizing, and tempering. For each it provides details on the heating temperatures, soaking times, cooling methods and their purposes such as relieving stresses, improving machinability, or inducing hardness. Hardening is described as heating steel above its critical temperature then quenching to form martensite, while tempering removes brittleness. Case hardening through carburizing and methods like pack, salt bath, and gas carburizing are also summarized.
Heat treatment involves controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their properties and is used to improve machining, reduce forming forces, and restore ductility. Key heat treatments include annealing to reduce hardness and residual stresses, normalizing to obtain a uniform structure, and precipitation hardening using a solution treatment, quench, and aging steps. Heat treatment processes are aided by phase diagrams which show temperature effects. Proper design and material selection are important to avoid issues from nonuniform sections or residual stresses during heat treatment.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their physical and chemical properties. There are several types of heat treatments for steel, including annealing, tempering, quenching, and case hardening. Annealing involves heating steel to relieve stresses from cold working and make the metal softer and more ductile. The goal of normalizing is to produce a fine-grained, uniformly distributed ferrite-pearlite microstructure through austenitizing and air cooling. Spheroidizing annealing produces a rounded carbide morphology in steel for improved machinability.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their physical and chemical properties. There are several types of heat treatments for steel, including annealing, tempering, quenching, and case hardening. Annealing involves heating steel to relieve stresses from cold working and make the metal softer and more ductile. The goal of normalizing is to produce a fine-grained, uniformly distributed ferrite-pearlite microstructure through austenitizing and air cooling. Spheroidizing annealing produces a rounded carbide morphology in steel for improved machinability.
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
The document discusses various heat treatment processes that can be applied to welded materials and structures to relieve stress and improve properties. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, stress relieving, quenching, and tempering, and explains how they work to soften metals, reduce stresses, and achieve desired material properties. Several studies are summarized that examine the effects of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness, residual stresses and mechanical properties of welded materials like titanium alloys, TRIP steel, and low-carbon steel. The studies found that heat treatment helped relieve stresses, refine grains, improve strength and ductility, and in some cases extend the life of welded components.
Heat treatment is a process that involves heating and cooling metals and alloys to modify their properties. There are two main types: softening treatments like annealing, and hardening treatments. Annealing involves heating steel above its critical temperature, holding, and slow cooling to develop an equilibrium grain structure and increase ductility. Common annealing processes are full annealing, diffusion annealing, process annealing, and spheroidizing annealing, which converts cementite into a spherical shape to improve machinability.
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS AND FERROUS, NON FERROUS AND THEIR ALLOYS SHYAM KUMAR Reddy
TOPICS COVERED
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS
FERROUS, NON FERROUS AND THEIR ALLOYS
This is used for polytechnic students and engineering students of mechanical engineering
This presentation provides an introduction into the basics of heat treating, primarily steel alloys. Heat treat processes for strengthening steel, or through hardening, using quench and temper, martempering, and austempering will be introduced and explained using the iron-carbon phase diagram and time-temperature-transformation diagrams to help understand the transformations occurring.
Precipitation hardening techniques will be introduced, which apply to one group of stainless steels, aluminum alloys and high performance materials. Common surface hardening techniques such as case hardening and carburizing will also be discussed. Various processes for reducing strength, or softening steel, will be presented. Preheat and post-heat treatments applied during welding will also be briefly discussed.
The document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and martensitic transformation. It provides details on the purposes, methods, and applications of each process. Annealing involves heating and slow cooling to relieve stresses and modify properties. Normalizing heats above the transformation temperature and air cools to produce a fine grain structure. Quenching rapidly cools steel above the transformation temperature to form very hard martensite. Martensitic transformation is the formation of acicular needlelike structures during rapid cooling of austenite.
6.1 Annealing: Purposes of annealing, Annealing temperature range, Types and applications
6.2 Normalizing: Purposes of Normalizing, Temperature range, Broad applications of Normalizing
6.3 Hardening: Purposes of hardening, Hardening temperature range ,application
6.4 Tempering: Purpose of tempering, Types of tempering and its applications
6.5 Case hardening methods like Carburizing, Nitriding, and Cyaniding.
6.6 Heat treatment Furnaces – Muffle , Box type
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested, one with copper and one without. Samples underwent various heat treatments including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at different temperatures. Hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility were then measured. Results showed that steel with copper had higher hardness and strength but lower ductility. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The study provides data on the mechanical properties and microstructure of heat treated medium carbon steel.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested: one with copper and one without. Samples underwent annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C. Testing showed that steel with copper had higher hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and lower ductility than steel without copper. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The microstructure of heat treated steel consisted of martensite and tempered martensite matrices.
The document provides an outline on heat treatment processes. It defines heat treatment and its purposes, discusses heat treatment theory and the stages of heat treatment including heating, soaking, and cooling. It describes various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. It also discusses case hardening techniques like carburizing, cyaniding, and nitriding. Finally, it introduces the TTT diagram and the microstructures obtained from different cooling rates.
Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
This document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves heating metals to specific temperatures to soften them and make them easier to shape. Hardening involves heating steel above its critical temperature then quenching to form martensite, making the steel very hard but brittle. Tempering is then used to reduce brittleness by reheating hardened steel to lower temperatures. The document provides details on the purposes and procedures for various annealing, hardening, and tempering techniques.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses metallurgical concepts related to welding, including:
1) Welding affects the mechanical properties of metals through metallurgical transformations in the heat-affected zone. Finer microstructures improve properties like strength and toughness.
2) Alloying and heat treatments can change microstructures and properties. Quenching produces martensite to increase hardness and strength. Tempering relieves stresses in martensite.
3) Preheating and controlling cooling rates in welding prevents cracking by allowing formation of microstructures besides martensite like ferrite and pearlite.
This document discusses various heat treatment processes and their effects on carbon steel properties. It describes the main heat treatment types of annealing, normalizing, hardening, carburizing, and tempering. For each it provides details on the heating temperatures, soaking times, cooling methods and their purposes such as relieving stresses, improving machinability, or inducing hardness. Hardening is described as heating steel above its critical temperature then quenching to form martensite, while tempering removes brittleness. Case hardening through carburizing and methods like pack, salt bath, and gas carburizing are also summarized.
Heat treatment involves controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their properties and is used to improve machining, reduce forming forces, and restore ductility. Key heat treatments include annealing to reduce hardness and residual stresses, normalizing to obtain a uniform structure, and precipitation hardening using a solution treatment, quench, and aging steps. Heat treatment processes are aided by phase diagrams which show temperature effects. Proper design and material selection are important to avoid issues from nonuniform sections or residual stresses during heat treatment.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their physical and chemical properties. There are several types of heat treatments for steel, including annealing, tempering, quenching, and case hardening. Annealing involves heating steel to relieve stresses from cold working and make the metal softer and more ductile. The goal of normalizing is to produce a fine-grained, uniformly distributed ferrite-pearlite microstructure through austenitizing and air cooling. Spheroidizing annealing produces a rounded carbide morphology in steel for improved machinability.
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their physical and chemical properties. There are several types of heat treatments for steel, including annealing, tempering, quenching, and case hardening. Annealing involves heating steel to relieve stresses from cold working and make the metal softer and more ductile. The goal of normalizing is to produce a fine-grained, uniformly distributed ferrite-pearlite microstructure through austenitizing and air cooling. Spheroidizing annealing produces a rounded carbide morphology in steel for improved machinability.
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
The document discusses various heat treatment processes that can be applied to welded materials and structures to relieve stress and improve properties. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, stress relieving, quenching, and tempering, and explains how they work to soften metals, reduce stresses, and achieve desired material properties. Several studies are summarized that examine the effects of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness, residual stresses and mechanical properties of welded materials like titanium alloys, TRIP steel, and low-carbon steel. The studies found that heat treatment helped relieve stresses, refine grains, improve strength and ductility, and in some cases extend the life of welded components.
Heat treatment is a process that involves heating and cooling metals and alloys to modify their properties. There are two main types: softening treatments like annealing, and hardening treatments. Annealing involves heating steel above its critical temperature, holding, and slow cooling to develop an equilibrium grain structure and increase ductility. Common annealing processes are full annealing, diffusion annealing, process annealing, and spheroidizing annealing, which converts cementite into a spherical shape to improve machinability.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
2. INDEX
• Introduction
• Iron Carbon Diagram
• Heat Treatment Methods
• Need Of Heat Treatment
• Literature Review
• Effect Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Property Of Low Carbon Steel
• Effect Of Heat Treatment On Microstructure Of Low Carbon Steel
• New Methods To Improve Mechanical Properties Of Low Carbon Steel
• Summary
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
Steel is a very common material in our life
On the basis of carbon content, the steel is divided as follows:
Low Carbon Steel
Carbon content = 0.15% to 0.45%
Most common form of steel as it provides material properties that are acceptable for many
applications.
Neither externally brittle nor ductile
Lower tensile strength and malleable
Large control over the properties.
As the carbon content increases, the metal becomes harder and stronger but less ductile and
more difficult to weld.
Low
carbon
steel
Medium
carbon
steel
High
carbon
steel
4. OVERVIEW OF IRON CARBON SYSTEM
Phases present in the system are:
Ferrite
It is α-iron (B.C.C.);
0.025% carbon.
It can be easily
cold worked.
Cementite
Iron carbide, 6.67%
carbon.
White in colour .
It has an
orthorhombic
crystal structure.
It is a hard, brittle
material
Austenite
2% carbon at 1130°C.
It is tough and non-
magnetic
Known as gamma-
phase iron (γ-Fe)
Metallic, non-magnetic
solid solution of iron,
with an alloying
element.
5. CONTINUED
Pearlite
Microstructure:
Alternate laminations of
ferrite and cementite.
Carbon=0.8%
Mixture of two phases,
ferrite and cementite
(Fe3C).
Forms by the
cooperative growth of
both of these phases at
a single front with the
parent austenite
Martensite
Obtained by quenching
from above upper
critical temperature
Hardest constituent
obtained in given steel
Shows a fine needle-
like microstructure
Diffusion less
transformation
achieved by the
deformation of the
parent lattice into that
of the product.
Bainite
Atomic mechanism of
bainite is similar to that of
martensite.
Plates of bainite form
without any diffusion, but
shortly after
transformation, the carbon
partitions into the residual
austenite and precipitates
as cementite between the
ferrite platelets - this is the
structure of upper bainite.
Lower bainite is obtained
by transformation at a
lower temperature
6. HEAT TREATMENT
It is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties
of a material.
The process starts by heating the material, holding it for some time and then cooling it in the furnace, brine, water and oil.
Types:
Annealing:- Furnace cooling is employed. Annealing is mainly of following types:
Spherodizing:- Carbon steel is heated to approximately 700oC for over 30 hours to form spheroids. This is the softest and
most ductile form of steel.
Full annealing:- Carbon steel is heated to approximately above the upper critical temperature. Here all the ferrite
transforms into austenite. Full annealed steel is soft and ductile with no internal stress.
Diffusion annealing:- The process consists of heating the steel to high temperature (1100- 1200 oC) and then inside the
furnace for a period of about 6 to 8 hours. It is further cooled in the air to room temperature. This process is mainly used
for ingots and large casting.
Normalizing:- Consist of heating the metal to a temperature of 30 to 50 oC above the upper critical temperature for hypo-
eutectoid steels and by the same temperature above the lower critical temperature for hyper-eutectoid steel. The purpose of
normalizing is to refine grain structure, improve machinability and improve tensile strength.
7. CONTINUED
Hardening:- Metal is heated to a temperature of 30-50 oC above the
upper critical point for hypo-eutectoid steels and by the same
temperature above the lower critical temperature for hyper-eutectoid
steels and held, quenched.
Tempering:- This process consists of reheating the hardened steel to
some temperature below the lower critical temperature, followed by
any desired rate of cooling.
The purpose is to relive internal stress, to reduce brittleness and to
make steel tough to resist shock and fatigue.
Other heat treatments include
• Surface hardening
• Austempering
• Martempering
8. WHY HEAT TREATMENT
The purpose of heat treatment is to soften the metal, to change the grain size, to modify the structure of the
material and to relieve the stress set up in the material after hot and cold working.
Heat treatment results into change in following properties in low carbon steels:
Strength : Ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces.
Stiffness : Ability of a material to resist deformation under stress.
Elasticity :Property of materials to regain its original shape after deformation .
Ductility :It is the property of a material which enables it to draw out into thin wire
Hardness :Property of a material to resist penetration by another material
Malleability : It is the ability of materials to be rolled, flattened or hammered into thin sheets
Plasticity :It is the ability of material to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without rupture or
failure
Heat treatment
Microstructural
changes
Property
changes
9. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Effect Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Property
Of Low Carbon Steel
In one such study, the specimen was subjected to :
Full annealing at 900 degrees for 2 hours
Normalizing at 900 degrees for 2 hours in furnace followed by air
cooling
Hardening from 900 degrees followed by oil bath quenching
Tempering at different temperature ranges in order to determine the
property change.
Austempering also performed to develop all round properties
Table 1 : Comparison of UTS ,YS and %elongation of
specimen tempered
Table 2 : Hardness comparison after tempering
10. In another study, different heat treatment processes were applied on low carbon steel to study the
behaviour
Results
Effect Of Heat Treatment
2. On Microstructure Of Low Carbon Steel
1. On Mechanical property Of Low Carbon Steel
Results
11. NEW METHODS TO IMPROVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF LOW CARBON STEEL
1. Rapid Heat Treatment (RHT): Annealing at a temperature above AC3 to be transformed to austenite in a very short time
(0.001 – 0.5 sec.).
2. Intercritical Heat Treatment (IHT): Original ferrite-pearlite structure, transforms to dual-phase structure of ferrite and
martensite
• The tensile strength of the used steel in its original
state is about 370 MPa, and after RHT it can reach
800 MPa.
• Considerable increase in tensile strength could be
achieved by subjecting it to IHT, with the proper
selection of the annealing temperature (1170 MPa
after quenching from 840 oC).
The mechanical properties obtained after IHT
12. CONTINUED
Process 3:
Special heat treatment cycle -step quenching, used to produce a dual-phase (DP) microstructure in low carbon
steel.
Dual-phase (DP) steels: advanced high-strength (AHS) steels, primarily comprised martensite and ferrite
By producing this DP microstructure, the mechanical properties of the investigated steel such
as yield stress, tensile strength, and Vickers hardness have increased 14, 55, and 38%,
respectively.
The figure shows the ferrite-
martensite (DP)
microstructure of steel after
Step Quenching (SQ).
Three different quenching paths, namely intercritical quenching,
intermediate quenching, and step quenching (SQ) can be used to
produce DP steels with different microstructures and mechanical
properties
13. SUMMARY
Out of the steel grades present, low carbon steels are the most common because of the diversity in properties.
Ferrite is the softest phase having BCC structure while martensite being the hardest and brittle phase having BCT structure.
Annealing results in soft and ductile material with decreased internal stresses which is a result of microstructure containing
ferrite and pearlite
Normalizing results in refined grain structure with a good toughness level and improved tensile strength as compared to
annealing
Hardening or quenching treatment results in high hardness having the microstructure containing martensite which is
known for its high hardness
Tempering temperature results in decrease in strength i.e. UTS and Yield strength values while an increase in ductility is
observed in terms of percentage elongation.
Other treatments like intercritical treatment, Rapid heat treatment etc. improve the mechanical properties of such steels
considerably.
There exist a strong structure property co-relation in the materials like steel due to which we can obtain a plenty of grades of steel
as per as the desired applications.
14. REFERENCES
• A Project Report On Heat Treatment Of Low Carbon Steel Bachelor Of Technology (Mechanical Engineering)
• Heat Treatment Of Low Carbon Steels, Ya. S. Finkel Shtein, V. A. Gladkovskii, And G. S. Batist
• Mechanical Properties Improvement Of Low Carbon Steel By Combined Heat Treatments J. Abou-Jahjah And J. Dobránszky.
• Effect Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Properties And Microstructure Of Nst 37-2 Steel D. A. Fadare , T. G. Fadara And
O. Y. Akanbi, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Ibadan, P.M.B 1, Ibadan, Nigeria
• Enhancing The Mechanical Properties And Formability Of Low Carbon Steel With Dual-Phase Microstructures M. Habibi, R.
Hashemi, E. Sadeghi, A. Fazaeli, A. Ghazanfari, And H. Lashini
• Effect Of Heat Treatment On Microstructure And Property Of Cr13 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel Liu Yu-Rong', Ye Dong',
Yong Qi-Long' , Su Jie' , Zhao Kun-Yu' , Jiang Wen' (1. College Of Materials Science And Engineering, Kunming University Of
Science And Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; 2. Institute Of Structural Materials, Central Iron And Steel
Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China
• Heat Treatment: Principles and Techniques-By T.V Rajan, C.P Sharma, Ashok Sharma
• Physical Metallurgy- Vijendar Singh.
• Putatunda Sushil K Material science and Engineering Vol 315, sept 2001
• Principles and application of heat treatment of CI, Isfahan University Iran, 1987