The document is a project report on global warming presented by Preetish Priyadarshi Samal from Ravenshaw Junior College. It discusses the causes, effects, and mitigation strategies of global warming, emphasizing human contributions to climate change and the urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It includes acknowledgments, a certificate, and elaborates on scientific evidence, potential consequences, and adaptation measures related to global warming.

1. Ravenshaw Junior College
Cuttack
Project Report:
Presented by :-
Preetish Priyadarshi Samal
For having nice project contact me on :-
preetish.pn2@gmail.com
www.facebook.com/preetish.pn2

2. GLOBAL WARMING

3. CONTENTS
Certificate
 Declaration
 Preface
 Acknowledgement
 Difference between Global Warming & Climate Change
 What is Global Warming
 How do GLOBAL Warming works
 Cause of Global Warming
 Green House effect & its example
 Global Warming Causes
 Animal’s thought toward Global Warming
 Major Consequences
 Who is responsible
 Proof
 When did Global Warming start
 How can we stop Global Warming
 Have Faith on
 Global Warming : Shifting Gears
 Us emission
 But our Goal
 Response to Global Warming
 Interesting evidence of Global Warming
 Conclusion

4. CERTIFICATE
I Do here by certified that this project titled “GLOBAL
WARMING.” Is done by “ PREETISH PRIYADARSHI SAMAL”, of
“RAVENSHAW JUNIOR COLLEGE” , is an original work and have
been submitted under by supervision and guidance.
Acknowledgement and believe, this project work is
completed from every aspect, which can help the study in
various ways.
“ I wish all success in future life”.

5. DECLARATION
I , PREETISH PRIYADARSHI SAMAL
declared that , I tried my best to do this
project work, “ GLOBAL WARMING” and the
project is completed by myself from every
aspect under the guidance of my college
teacher.
PREETISH PRIYADARSHI
SAMAL

6. PREFACE
Human activities have led to large increases in heat-trapping gases over the past century. The
global warming of the past 50 years is due primarily to this human-induced increase. Global
average temperature and sea level have increased, and precipitation patterns have changed.
Human “fingerprints” also have been identified in many other aspects of the climate system,
including changes in ocean heat content, precipitation, atmospheric moisture, plant and animal
health and location, and Arctic sea ice.
In the U.S., the amount of rain falling in the heaviest downpours has increased approximately
20 percent on average in the past century.
Many types of extreme weather events, such as heat waves and regional droughts, have
become more frequent and intense during the past 40 to 50 years. The destructive energy of
Atlantic hurricanes has increased... In the eastern Pacific, the strongest hurricanes have become
stronger since the 1980s, even while the total number of storms has decreased. Sea level has risen
along most of the U.S. coast over the last 50 years, and will rise more in the future. Arctic sea ice is
declining rapidly and this is very likely to continue. Global temperatures are projected to continue
to rise over this century. Whether by 2-3 degrees F or more than 11 degrees depends on a number
of factors, including the amount of heat-trapping gas emissions humans continue to allow and how
sensitive the climate is to those emissions. Lower emissions of heat-trapping gases will delay the
appearance of climate change impacts and lessen their magnitude. Unless the rate of emissions is
substantially reduced, impacts are expected to become increasingly severe for more people and
places.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, PREETISH PRIYADARSHI SAMAL, owe a great many thanks to
a great many people who helped and supported me during the writing
of this project. My deepest thanks to our Zoology Lecturer MS.
PUSHPALATA PAL, the guide of the project for guiding and correcting
various documents of mine with attention and care.
She has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary
correction as and when needed. I express my thanks to the Principal
for extending her support. My deep sense of gratitude to my friends for
their support and guidance. I would also thank my Institution and my
faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant
reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers
for their encouragement and cooperation.

8. It should NOT be confused with climate
change ! !
Difference
GLOBAL WARMING CLIMATE CHANGE
is the increase of the is a broader term that
Earth’s average surface refers to long-term
temperature due to a changes in
build-up of greenhouse climate, including
gases in the average temperature
atmosphere. and precipitation.

9. What is global
warming ?
Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans,
which started to increase in the late 19th century and is projected to keep going up. Since the early
20th century, Earth's average surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 C (1.4 F), with
about two thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal,
and scientists are more than 90% certain that most of it is caused by increasing concentrations of
greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels. These
findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations.
An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and
pattern of precipitation, and a probable expansion of subtropical deserts. Warming is expected to be
strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and
sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include more frequent occurrence of extreme-weather
events including heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, species extinctions due to shifting
temperature regimes, and changes in crop yields.

10. How Global Warming Works
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Greenhouse gases
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

11. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
POLLUTION FROM COAL,
NATURAL GAS, AND OIL
CO2 FROM AIRPLANES & VEHICLES
POPULATION INCREASE
DEFORESTATION

13. Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
The Sun’s energy
passes through the
car’s windshield.
This energy (heat) is
trapped inside the
car and cannot pass
back through the
windshield, causing
the inside of the car
to warm up.

14. Global warming causes-
Warmer waters and
Melting of glaciers Polar Bear Extinction more hurricanes
Melting Increased Temperature
Increased probability and
intensity of droughts and Polar ice caps
heat waves

15. Animals like these
think like…… WHERE IS my habitat…!!!

16. Global warming causes-
Temperatures
• Between the years 1860-1900 average temperatures have increased by 0.75 degrees Celsius.
• Over the past 100 years global temperatures have risen by 1.3 degrees.
Weather in recent winters
• Recent winter was the warmest winter ever recorded( in the history of the planet Earth).
• 10 out of the past 14 years are the warmest on record.
Glacier and Ice Cap Melting
• Evidence of global warming is very apparent in the recent melting of ice sheets.
• Two places where melting has become extremely visible are Antarctica and Greenland.
• One problem with this is that much less heat is absorbed by snow than by water, thus worsening the
effect as the ice retreats.
• One area of particular concern is the Himalayans. 1/3 of the worlds fresh drinking water comes from
the run off from this glacier system.
• A direct consequence from our polluting actions will be the disappearance of these vital glaciers.
Sea level rising
• Possibly the biggest threat brought by global warming is rapid sea level changes.
• Two years ago the entire Larsen B ice shelf broke away into pieces in less than a month.
Scientists thought it would be at least a decade before this shelf melted, even with global
warming.
• Both Greenland and Western Antarctica are depleting at shocking rates.
• Not all of global Warming's effects are unprecedented.

17. Major CONSEQUENCE
At some places, it
DROUGHT
SOMEWHERE it’s WHEREAS At others tooo…..
At others……
tooo…….ooo
Hot !! COLD
UNSEASONAL
FLOOD
Its all because of
GLOBAL WARMING

18. CAUSED BY WHOM…????
WHO Is THE
CULPRIT???
WE the HUMAMS are
the ones causing It
BUT We need PROOF ! !

19. SO Here’s the PROOF
Alaska Arizona
Portage Glacier Colorado River
June 2002
1914
Dec 2003
2004

20. ANTARCTICA – losing ice
faster..!!!!!!
BEFORE NOW
"There will be no polar ice by 2060...Somewhere along that
path, the polar bear drops out."

21. When did global warming start ?
Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2

22. Spread Awareness Turn off your computer or the TV
when you’re not using it.
Incandescent
Compact
Fluorescent
500 lbs. of coal
•1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided -$30 saved
Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs Recycle
Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of Drive LESS, drive SMART Use a bicycle or bus
turning up the air conditioning.

23. AND HAVE FAITH ON ……………
Fuel efficient cars Wind Power
Solar Power
Hey…..!!! Its working

24. Global Warming:
Shifting Gears

25. Billions of Metric Tons Carbon
Goal: Reductions
in
2007
CO2 Per Year

26. BUT

27. Billions of Metric Tons Carbon Our Goal
Produce
electricity
efficiently
Use electricity
efficiently
Vehicle
efficiency
Solar and Wind
Power
Reductions Biofuels
2007 in CO2 Carbon capture
and storage
Per Year

28. RESPONSE TO GLOBAL WARMING
• MITIGATION
In order to limit warming to within the lower range described in the IPCC's "Summary Report for Policymakers" it
will be necessary to adopt policies that will limit greenhouse gas emissions to one of several significantly different
scenarios described in the full report. This will become more and more difficult with each year of increasing volumes
of emissions and even more drastic measures will be required in later years to stabilize a desired atmospheric
concentration of greenhouse gases. Energy-related carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2010 were the highest in
history, breaking the prior record set in 2008.
Since even in the most optimistic scenario, fossil fuels are going to be used for years to come, mitigation may
also involve carbon capture and storage, a process that traps CO2 produced by factories and gas or coal power
stations and then stores it, usually underground.
• ADAPTATION
Other policy responses include adaptation to climate change. Adaptation to climate change may be planned, e.g.,
by local or national government, or spontaneous, i.e., done privately without government intervention. The ability to
adapt is closely linked to social and economic development. Even societies with high capacities to adapt are still
vulnerable to climate change. Planned adaptation is already occurring on a limited basis. The barriers, limits, and
costs of future adaptation are not fully understood.
• REENGENEERING
A body of the scientific literature has developed which considers alternative reengineering techniques for climate
change mitigation. In the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (published in 2007) Working Group III (WG3) assessed
some "apparently promising" geoengineering techniques, including ocean fertilization, capturing and sequestering
CO2, and techniques for reducing the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth's atmospheric system. [132] The IPCC's
overall conclusion was that geoengineering options remained "largely speculative and unproven, (...) with the risk of
unknown side-effects."[133] In the IPCC's[ judgement, reliable cost estimates for geoengineering options had not yet
been published.
As most geoengineering techniques would affect the entire globe, deployment would likely require global public
acceptance and an adequate global legal and regulatory framework, as well as significant further scientific research.

29. Interesting evidence of global
warming
• In far northern Canada
the Native Inuit have • This has been
noticed the sun rise caused by the
significantly earlier in the warming of the
year (2 months) layer of air above
the snow. This
distorts the sun’s
• This phenomena is an light, literally
example of how little causing it to rise
we know about the earlier.
possible implications
of global warming
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30. CONCLUSION
The term global warming was probably first used in its modern sense
on 8 August 1975 in a science paper by Wally Broacher in the journal
Science called "Are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?".
Broacher’s choice of words was new and represented a significant
recognition that the climate was warming; previously the phrasing used by
scientists was "inadvertent climate modification," because while it was
recognized humans could change the climate, no one was sure which
direction it was going. The National Academy of Sciences first used global
warming in a 1979 paper called the Carney Report, it said: "if carbon dioxide
continues to increase no reason to doubt that climate changes will result
and no reason to believe that these changes will be negligible." The report
made a distinction between referring to surface temperature changes as
global warming, while referring to other changes caused by increased CO2
as climate change.
Global warming became more widely popular after 1988 when NASA
climate scientist James Hansen used the term in a testimony to Congress.
He said: "global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with
a high degree of confidence a cause and effect.

31. The Earth is melting!
Preetish Priyadarshi Samal
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