A Complete Presentation on Italy

CONTENTS
S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. MAP OF ITALY 4
2. LOCATION 5
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
HISTORY
Ancient Italy
Middle Ages
Contribution of the Middle Ages
Limited Government
6-13
7
8
9
10-13
4. CLIMATE 14
5. MAJOR CITIES 15-21
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ROME: REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
Etruscans
Founding of Rome
Roman Republic
Government in Rome
22-29
24
25
26
27-29
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
THE ROMAN FORUM TODAY
Foundations: Roman Law
Foundations: Latin Languages
Foundations: Family in Ancient Rome
Foundations: Roman Slavery
Foundations: Roman Military
30-35
31
32
33
34
35
8. ROMAN REPUBLICAN VALUES 36
9.
a.
b.
ROME’S EARLY ROAD SYSTEM
Roman Roads: The Appian Way
Imperial Roman Road System
37-39
38
39
10. HANNIBAL V/S SCIPIO ( SECOND PUNIC WAR 264-201 BCE ) 40-41
11. ROMAN REPUBLICAN CONQUESTS 42-43
12. THE DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC 44
13. SLAVE REVOLTS 45
14.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
MILITARY UPHEAVAL – EXPANSION IMPACTS MILITARY
General Marius : Professional Army
The Dictatorship of the Trium Vitae
Julius Caesar Conquers Gaul
Julius Caesar
Beware the ideas of March!
The Second Trium Vitae
Antony and Cleopatra
46-55
47
48
49-50
51
52
53
54-55
2

3
S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
15.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE ( 27 BCE – 476 CE )
Emperor Augustus(27 BCE – CE )
Octavian Becomes Augustus
Octavian Augustus : Rome’s 1st Emperor
Pax Romana
The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire
Augustus: Provides Basis for Stability
Augustus: Provides Basis for Stable Empire
The 5 Good Emperors ( 96-180 CE )
The Long Decline : Instability at Borders
Constantine The Great
Decline of the Roman Empire
56-75
57
58
59-61
62-63
64
65-66
67
68-69
70
71-73
74-75
16.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Model Of Rome
Origin of the Roman Architeture
Roman Innovations
Roman Buildings
76-113
77
78-82
83-97
98-113
17. VISUALART, LITERATURE, CULTURE, LANGUAGES, RELIGIONS,
THEATRES, MUSIC, FESTIVALS, CINEMA, SCIENCE, SPORTS
114-125
18. ECONOMY 126-128
19. TRANSPORTATION, TOURISM, EDUCATION 129-137
20. TOP ITALIAN COMPANIES 138-141
21. HEALTH AND CARE 142
22. SHOPPING CENTRES 143-145
23. ITALIAN CUISINE 146-153
24. FASHION AND DESIGN 154-160
25. INTERESTING FACTS 161-163
26. REFERENCES 164
CONTENTS

• Location: Southern Europe.
• The boot-shaped Italian Peninsula.
• Lies between latitudes 35° and 48° N, and longitudes 6° and 19°
E.
• Area: 301,230 km², 294,020 km² is land and 7,210 km² is
water.
• Including the islands, Italy has a coastline and border of
7,600 km on the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian seas (740 km), and
borders shared with France (488 km), Austria (430 km),
Slovenia (232 km) and Switzerland; San Marino (39 km) and
Vatican City (3.2 km), both enclaves, account for the remainder.
5

• Derived from term Italia, from Latin meaning “Land of Young
Cattle”.
• The bull was a symbol of the southern Italian tribes during the
Samnite Wars.
• Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and
Thucydides.
• Italic tribes : Umbrians, Latins , Volsci, Samnites, Celts and
Ligures inhabited northern Italy.
• Non-Indo-European heritage include the Etruscans, the
Elymians and Sicani in Sicily and the prehistoric Sardinians.
HISTORY
6

ANCIENT ITALY
• 6th Century- Byzantine Emperor Justinian I reconquered Italy
from Ostrogoths.
• The invasion of Germanic tribes, the Lombards late in the
same century, reduced the Byzantine presence to the
Exarchate of Ravenna and other lands in southern Italy.
• The Lombard reign of northern and central Italy absorbed into
the Frankish Empire by Charlemagne in the late 8th century.
7

MIDDLE AGE
• 8th and 7th centuries BC Greek colonies established all along the coast of
Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula became known as
Magna Graecia.
• The Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily.
• 17th to the 11th century BC Mycenaean Greeks established contacts with
Italy.
• Founded on 8th century BC, grew into a colossal empire encompassing the
whole Mediterranean Sea.
• 395 AD: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
• The western part, under Franks, the Vandals, the Huns, the Goths and other
populations.
• The eastern part became Roman legacy.
• 9th century- In the south, Sicily became an Islamic emirate , thrived until
the Normans conquered it in the late 11th century, together with most of the
Lombard and Byzantine states of southern Italy.
• In Sardinia, the former Byzantines provinces became independent states
known as Giudicati, island was under Genoese or Pisan control, until the
Aragonese conquered it in the 15th century. 8

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
MIDDLE AGES
• Limited Government (Magna Carta)
• Architecture (Gothic Cathedrals).
• Art (Stained Glass Windows).
• Literature (Robin Hood, King
Arthur, Canterbury Tales, Beowulf).
• Universities (Sorbonne, Oxford,
Cambridge).
• Spread of Christianity.
• Formation of Nation-States. 9

LIMITED GOVERNMENT
GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
CHARTRES, FRANCE 10

NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL
BEGUN IN 1163
11

NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL FLYING
BUTTRESSES C. 1175
FLYING BUTTRESS DIAGRAM 12

CHARTRES CATHEDRAL BUTTRESSES 13

CLIMATE
• Highly diverse and , depending on
location.
• Piedmont, Lombardy and Emilia-
Romagna, have humid continental or
temperate climate.
• climate of the Po valley region is
continental with harsh winters and hot
summers.
• The coastal regions have mild winters
and warm and dry summers.
14

MAJOR CITIES
• ROME: Capital city of
Italy , largest and most
populous city, 2.8
million inhabitants.
• The historic capital of
the Roman Empire.
• It has many ancient
monuments, interesting
medieval churches,
beautiful fountains,
museums, and
Renaissance palaces.
• Modern Rome is a
bustling and lively city
and has some excellent
restaurants and
nightlife. 15

• VENICE: Famous for its canals &
palaces built on water. Venice is
the Capital of the Veneto region.
• Population: 271,251.
• Venice is a unique city built on
water in the middle of a lagoon.
• Venice is one of Italy's most
beautiful and romantic cities as
well as one of the most popular for
visitors to Italy.
• The heart of Venice is Piazza San
Marco with its magnificent church.
• There are many museums, palaces,
and churches to visit and
wandering along Venice's canals is
interesting.
• Venice is in the northeast of Italy
and historically was a bridge
between East and West.
Piazza San Marco
16

• MILAN: One of the world capitals of
design and fashion and capital of the
Lombardy region.
• Milan, one of Europe's richest cities, is
known for stylish shops, galleries, and
restaurants and has a faster pace of life
than most Italian cities.
• It also has a rich artistic and cultural
heritage.
• Its Duomo, with its beautiful marble
facade, is magnificent.
• La Scala is one of the world's most
famous opera houses.
La Scala Opera House
17

• TURIN: Important industrial city.
• A business and cultural centre in
northern Italy.
• Headquarter of the Fiat company.
• Population: 908,000 inhabitants.
• Capital of the Piedmont region, with a
population of 908,000 inhabitants.
• Turin, host of the 2006 Winter
Olympics, is a major cultural hub with
excellent museums, elegant shops, and
good restaurants.
• There are also some very nice examples
of baroque architecture and historic
palaces.
• Turin has many historic cafes, artisan
workshops, and arcades.
• Turin is in the northwest of Italy,
between the Po River and the foothills
of the Alps. 18

• BOLOGNA: Capital city of the
Emilia-Romagna region.
• One of the top cities in Italy in terms
of quality of life.
• It is the home of the oldest continually
operating university of the Western
world, founded in 1088 Bologna is
known for its beauty, wealth, cuisine,
and left-wing politics.
• Its streets are lined with beautiful
arcades, making it a good place to walk
even in the rain.
• It has one of Europe's oldest
universities and a nice medieval center.
• There are several attractive squares,
lined with buildings with nice
porticoes.
• Bologna is the capital of the Emilia-
Romagna region in northern Italy.
Canale a San Vitale 19

• FLORENCE: One of the
most important Renaissance
architectural and art centers.
• Duomo and Baptistery are
magnificent but crowded with
tourists as is their large piazza.
• Florence has several
interesting museums with
many famous paintings and
sculptures.
• There are also Medici palaces
and gardens. Florence is in
Tuscany. The Uffizi Gallery
20

MAJOR CITIES
RANK CITY POPUL. RANK CITY POPUL.
1 ROME 2761477 8 FLORENCE 371282
2 MILAN 1324110 9 BARI 320475
3 NAPLES 959574 10 CATANIA 293458
4 TURIN 907563 11 VENICE 270884
5 PALERMO 655875 12 VERONA 263964
6 GENOA 607906 13 MESSINA 242503
7 BOLOGNA 380181 14 PADUA 214198
21

ETRUSCANS
• Etruscan civilization dominated central Italy
between Arno & Tiber Rivers from 8th – 3rd C.
BCE (height – 6th c. BCE).
• Busy seaports – trading with Phoenicians &
Greeks.
• Etruscan League – 12 cities.
• Non-Indo European language – developed
writing from Greek alphabet.
• Like Egyptians – strong focus on the afterlife --
the soul continued to live on– elaborate
sarcophagi and tombs.
• Master metal smiths & potters.
• Religion & art – influenced Romans. 24

FOUNDING OF ROME
• Indo-European migrations c.
1500 BCE – brought the Italics –
Latin-speaking tribe into region.
• Legend – founded by twins
Romulus and Remus in 753 BCE
on site where a she-wolf had
suckled them as abandoned
infants saving their lives (father
was the god Mars).
• Small, poor city-state in early 8th
C. BCE – in the shadow of the
growing Etruscan power
(Etruria).
• Slowly Rome began to expand
• 509 BCE—threw off the
monarchy (last of the Etruscan
kings)—Republic established by
the aristocracy. 25

ROMAN REPUBLIC
• Wealthy patricians controlled the
Senate while the plebeians (poor) had
limited voice in the Plebeian Council.
• 2 Consuls (top magistrates)—1 year
terms, checked each other power,
advised by the Senate, 1 consul had
dictatorial powers in times of crisis,
ex-consuls -> senate.
• Senate had the real power (controlled
money & directed government
policies).
• Structure evolved over 3 centuries due to constant power struggles between the
plebeians and patricians.
• By the late 3rd C. BCE – the plebeians had gained more rights and had their own
representative body called the tribunes who looked after their interests (had veto
power).
• Periods of strife – some tribunes became too popular with the people –
assassinations. 26

Government in the Time of Republic
• To be fair to all classes of Roman
citizens, a tripartite ( 3 parts ) government
was developed.
• Only citizens can vote in assemblies.
• Patricians and Plebeians were counted as
citizens.
• Women and slaves couldn’t vote.
• Citizens of Rome – Patricians and
Plebeians met in the assembly and voted
for consuls, tribunes and magistrates.
• Separation of legislative and execution
powers.
Magistrates
•The citizens of Rome voted for a number
of magistrates.
•It was the magistrates job to keep law and
order and also to manage Rome’s financial
affairs.
•When magistrates retired they became
senators and attended the Senate.
•Government positions such as quaestor,
edile, or prefect were funded from the
office-holder’sprivate finances.
Consuls
•The citizens of Rome voted for two consuls.
•They could veto each other’s decision.
•Veto comes from the Latin term meaning ‘ I Forbid ’.
•They were elected to serve for one year.
•They were not allowed to be consuls again for ten
years to prevent citizens to gain to much power.
•It was the Consuls job to govern Rome.
•In an emergency, a temporary dictator could be
appointed.
Tribunes
The citizens of Rome
voted for tribunes job
to make sure that the
people were treated
fairly.
The Senate
Senators went to the
Senate to discuss
important government
issues. It was the job
of the Senate to give
advice to the two
Consuls.
GOVERNMENT IN ROME
27

OVERVIEW OF GOVERNMENT OF ROME AND USA
29

THE ROMAN FORUM TODAY
• Forum was the political, judicial, economic, and religious center of the
Republic—emerged in the 7th c. BCE and abandoned by the 4th c. CE
30

• Roman law code is the most important political contribution that Rome
left the Western world
• First written laws —The Laws of the Twelve Tables (c. 450 BCE)
– Civil law code to protect individual rights – victory for plebeians
– Concept of “innocent until proven guilty” originated here
• Law code evolved over a period of 1,000 years
– Republic: Roman law was enlarged by the Senate and interpreted by the
judiciary to meet changing times
– Empire: Emperor became solely responsible for the law
– Empire – became an international law code applied to the conquered
territories
– 6th c. CE: laws became further codified and preserved—passed down to
antiquity—medieval church based many of its laws on the Roman canon.
FOUNDATIONS – ROMAN LAW
31

FOUNDATIONS – LATIN LANGUAGE
• With the foundation of the Roman Empire, a large portion of the
Western world would come to speak various forms of Latin or have it
intermingled with their own tongues.
• The Romance Languages of Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and
Romania developed from a hybrid version of spoken Latin and native
tongues.
• Latin became the official language of the medieval Christian Church –
also influenced scholarship.
• Latin would
quickly spread
over a larger part
of Italy, in direct
correlation to
Roman conquests.
32

• Basic unit of Roman society was the family.
• The family often included extended kin living together.
• Patriarchal authority – eldest male controlled family and property.
• Women had considerable power behind the scenes in their own
families and many ran businesses and managed estates.
• Freeborn women were citizens but couldn’t vote.
• Ancestor worship was extremely important to the family (similar to
ancient China).
FOUNDATIONS – FAMILY IN ANCIENT ROME
33

• Slavery—defining element of Roman society.
• By the 1st C. CE—slaves made up over 30% of the empire’s population.
• Most slaves were prisoners of war (not race based or defined by an
ethnic group ) while others were bought by merchants through the vast
trade networks of the time
• Status passed down to children.
• Poor orphaned children often enslaved.
• Slaves worked in all aspects of the Roman economy.
• Rural areas—slaves farmed the latifundia—huge plantations.
• City—some slaves who had skills were employed in various
occupations, others worked under brutal conditions on public works
projects.
•Slaves lacked all rights.
• Quality of life depended on their masters.
• Manumission (setting free) was pretty common.
FOUNDATIONS – ROMAN SLAVERY
34

FOUNDATIONS - ROMAN MILITARY
• In addition to government, the Romans invested a lot of authority
in the military.
• Citizen-soldier ideal – all male citizens required to serve in army
– Officer positions – required 10 years of duty.
• Divided into large military units called legions (5,000 armed foot
soldiers) –had a cavalry that supported each legion.
• Legions divided into centuries (80 men).
• Highly organized military, highly trained – key to Rome’s
expansion and greatness.
• Influential on the government. 35

ROMAN REPUBLICAN VALUES
• Values of Republic: rule of law, rights of citizens, discipline,
moral behavior, honesty, ancestor worship, citizen-soldier.
• Values formed basis of Rome’s expansion—by 270 BCE
mighty Roman army controlled entire Italian peninsula.
36

• Oldest and most important of the
Roman roads.
• Queen Road.
• 321 BCE completed.
• Connected Rome to Brandisi—part
of the route to Greece.
• All roads lead to Rome.
ROMAN ROADS: THE APPIAN WAY

• Much like Darius
I’s Royal Road,
the Romans’
masterful
engineers created a
highway system
that connected the
entire empire.
• Fast, efficient
transportation—
helped bring Rome
into its golden age
of peace and
prosperity (Pax
Romana).
IMPERIAL ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM

HANNIBAL VS. SCIPIO
SECOND PUNIC WAR 264-201 BCE
• Rome and the powerful city-state
of Carthage fought a series of 3
wars over control of the
Mediterranean trade routes
– Legendary General Hannibal
attempted a surprise attack
on Rome in the Second
Punic War by crossing the
Alps with a herd of war
elephants.
• Rome defeated Hannibal at the
Battle of Zama but Carthage
remained a regional competitor
until the Romans completely
destroyed the city in the 3rd war
(149-146 BCE)
– Sold off its inhabitants as
slaves.
General Hannibal
40

▪ Punic Wars gave Rome control over the western Mediterranean.
▪ Made Rome a naval power.
41

• After Rome defeated Carthage in 146 BCE, it seemed no Mediterranean
force could stop the Romans.
• Victory over Carthage gave Rome a taste of imperialism—wealth from
plunder, slaves for cheap labor, new farm lands, control of trade routes,
provinces for taxation, glory for generals (who could resist all of this?)
• Rome then launched a series of wars on the Eastern Mediterranean.
• One by one, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor (Turkey)
surrendered and became Roman provinces.
• Other regions, like Egypt, allied with Rome.
• After brutality of conquest, usually generous treatment of the conquered.
42
ROMAN REPUBLICAN CONQUESTS

43
By 133 BCE , Romans called the Mediterranean Mare Nostrum, or “Our Sea”.

Roman imperialism brought with it a set of growing problems that
weakened the Republic:
• Growing gap between rich and poor.
• Rise of slave agriculture and the decline of free peasant farmers
(became landless urban poor).
• Breakdown in military order.
• Greed and self-interest replaced virtues such as simplicity, hard
work, and devotion to Rome.
• Corruption.
THE DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC
44

• Rome faced a series of slave revolts
between 135-71 BCE.
• Slaves--1/3 of the population.
• Rebellion led by the gladiator Spartacus
was the most serious one.
• General Crassus put down revolt in 71
BCE—lined the Appian Way with 6,000
crucified slaves.
SLAVE REVOLTS
45

• Old system: citizen-soldiers showed allegiance to the Republic
— loyal and patriotic.
• New order: victorious generals promised soldiers land and other
rewards for good service---allegiance given to powerful
commanders who used the army as they saw fit—dangerous
situation for the Republic.
MILITARY UPHEAVAL – EXPANSION
IMPACTS MILITARY
46

• General in the Roman army.
• Marius transformed Rome’s
army into a professional military
with the best training and
equipment.
• Civil war breaks out in Rome
and Marius seizes Rome in 87
BCE as a dictator.
• He recruited a private army from
landless residents to support
him.
GENERAL MARIUS: PROFESSIONALARMY
47

• Julius Caesar (Marius’ nephew—
elected consul in 60 BCE).
• Crassus (wealthy citizen—made
governor of Syria where he was
killed).
• Pompey—(popular general—
waged a civil war against
Caesar—lost & was assassinated
in 47 BCE).
THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE TRIUM
VIRATE

• 58-50 B.C.E.
• Caesar’s military
genius is displayed.
• Wrote the book The
Gallic Wars—
propaganda—presents
himself as the greatest
living Roman.
• “Veni, vidi, vici” – “I
came, I saw, I
conquered”.
JULIUS CAESAR CONQUERS GAUL
49

Caesar represents the rise of
military power seen during the
political crisis of the 1st C. BCE.
50

• In 47 BCE he seized power in Rome and was made dictator. A short time
later, in 44 BCE he was given the title dictator for life.
• His soldiers were loyal to him, not to Rome.
• Gave public land to the poor, started a job program, granted citizenship to
more people in the provinces.
• He increased the Senate to 900 members and then packed it with supporters of
his reforms.
• Caesar’s most lasting reform was the introduction of the Julian Calendar based
on Egyptian knowledge – 365 day/year calendar—July named after him.
• Popularity breeds contempt.
JULIUS CAESAR
51

Caesar is assassinated on March 15 44 BCE by members of the
Senate led by Cassius and his friend Brutus—”Et tu Brute?”—
stabbed over 20 times.
BEWARE THE IDES OF MARCH!

▪ Octavian Augustus (age 18—grandnephew of Caesar).
▪ Marc Antony (experienced general—Caesar’s favorite).
▪ Marcus Lepidus (powerful politician).
THE SECOND TRIUM VIRATE:
OCTAVIAN, MARK ANTONY, MARCUS LEPIDUS

• While in Egypt, Mark Antony married Cleopatra (the mother of
Caesar’s child Caesarian).
• Antony wanted Cleopatra for Egypt’s wealth, and Cleopatra wanted
Antony for his Roman armies.
• This marriage outraged Octavian---Antony was already married to his
sister Octavia.
• Rumors spread that Antony & Cleopatra planned to form an empire
• Antony & Cleopatra  defeated by Octavian Augustus in 31 BCE at the
naval battle of Actium.
• Victory helped secure Octavian’s power.
ANTONY & CLEOPATRA
54

THE ROMAN EMPIRE
27 BCE – 476 CE

57
EMPEROR AUGUSTUS
27 BCE – 14 CE
57

• The senate gave the
triumphant Octavian the title
of Augustus, or Exalted One.
• Augustus exercised absolute
power but didn’t take title
“King” (“First Man” instead).
• Under Augustus, who ruled
from 27 BCE to 14 CE, the
500-year-old Roman
Republic came to an end—
but Augustus was careful to
still keep some of the old
trappings of the Republic in
tact, esp. the Senate.
58
OCTAVIAN BECOMES AUGUSTUS
• Reality – Augustus had sole authority.
• New age had dawned--Augustus' reign laid foundations of a regime that lasted
until the Empire’s decline. 58

Augustus was a master at using art for
propaganda purposes—this statue
represents Augustus in the process of
giving a formal speech---Bacchus is at his
feet—he is no longer a general who needs
to win victories through battle—he
convinces people through speeches—
peace in exchange for absolute power.
OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS :
ROME’S FIRST EMPEROR

AUGUSTUS OF PRIMAPORTA
• Idealization, generalized face.
• No personal idiosyncrasies.
• Contrapposto.
• Suggests a God and a man.
• Bare feet gives him heroic stature.
• Sharp eyebrow edges.
• Oratorical edges.
• On military breastplate, the return
of a Roman standard from Parthia.
• Back not carved, placed in a
niche.
• Cupid riding on a dolphin is a
reference to Venus, Augustus’ great
ancestor.
• Sword in hand is modern.
• He was 76 when it was carved.
60

ARA PACIS —
ALTAR OF PEACE—
Monument commissioned by
Augustus to glorify his reign
of peace and prosperity—
symbolic relief sculptures
represent the benefits of the
Pax Romana.
Pax Romana, Age of
Peace, lasted 207 years!
Rome is at its height of
power.
PAX ROMANA
62

THE GREATEST EXTENT OF THE
ROMAN EMPIRE - 14 CE

• Stabilized the frontier regions.
• Laws were passed giving citizens more rights.
• Romans were the first people to take a census.
• Civil service founded—paid employees to manage the affairs of
the government.
• A professional army of 150,000 formed.
AUGUSTUS: PROVIDES BASIS FOR
STABILITY
65

• Roads were built connecting ever corner of the empire.
• New government buildings—glorify Rome—public baths, libraries, temples,
basilicas.
• Agriculture became most important industry—90% --basis for supporting the
huge empire (latifundia = plantations).
• Aqueducts---example of Roman engineering and building skills.
• 14 aqueducts
stretching over
250 miles--
brought 50 gallons
of water daily into
Rome for each
inhabitant.
AUGUSTUS: PROVIDES BASIS FOR
STABLE EMPIRE
67

• Five Good Emperors—kept the empire stable, followed Augustus’
model and reforms, promoted Pax Romana.
• Emperors like Trajan and Hadrian continued to expand the empire
and keep it prosperous (despite increasing revolts in the far
provinces—Germany, Austria, Great Britain).
• Flourishing in literature, arts, philosophy, science, architecture.
• Marcus Aurelius (last Good Emperor)—philosopher emperor— a
Stoic--wrote the Meditations  discusses good gov’t , service,
duty.
THE FIVE GOOD EMPERORS
96 – 180 CE
68

EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF MARCUS AURELIUS
ca. 180 CE
69

• Diocletian (284-305 CE) divided the Empire into Eastern and
Western halves and shared power with a co-Augustus in an
attempt at stabilization.
THE LONG DECLINE :
INSTABILITY AT BORDERS
70

• Constantine the Great (306-337 CE) brought the Empire back under a single imperial rule
and tried to further unite it through his legalization of Christianity in 313 CE – made it
Rome’s official religion .
– Converted Rome into a Christian city by building large churches near the borders .
• Growing popularity of Christianity did not support the workings of the empire – it often
had the opposite effect .
• Created a Christian capital in the East in 324 CE by founding Constantinople and calling
it the 'new Rome’ .
• Rome continued its decline even as Christianity flourished –offering hope.
• Vandals (“vandalism”) successfully sacked Rome in 455 CE.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT
71

• Triumph arch — another
unique form of Roman
propaganda celebrating a
ruler’s victory over an
enemy of Rome.
• Placed at one of the main
gates into the city.
• Comparing the arch’s
recycled 2nd c. CE sculptural
reliefs with the 4th c. reliefs
offers a telling example of
Rome’s declining culture.
TRIUMPHALARCH OF CONSTANTINE
315 CE
72

• Internal opposition – series of weak, corrupt emperors.
• Elites in the government plotted to gain power further weakening the government.
• Difficulties in administering vast empire creates rivalries and divisions of authority.
• Eastern and Western Empire split under Constantine- capital moved to Constantinople.
• Germanic invasions by Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Visigoths – blend their cultures with
remnants of the Greco-Roman past .
• 476 CE--- final Western Roman Emperor deposed.
• Trade disrupted, population fell .
• Eastern Roman Empire becomes Byzantine Empire - lasts another 1000 years (Orthodox
Christian Church).
• No re-unification of the empire – Western Europe declined into a series of feudal kingdoms .
• Italian ports, such as Naples and Venice, remained the most connected to the East.
• Christian Church in the West remained the last vestige of learning, culture, wealth, and power
for the next three centuries (until Charlemagne ruled the Franks) .
DECLINE OF ROMAN EMPIRE
74

ORIGINS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
•As with sculpture, the Romans borrowed
heavily from two cultures that they
conquered – THE ETRUSCANS AND
THE GREEKS.
• The Romans were indebted to
their Etruscan neighbors and forefathers who
supplied them with a wealth of knowledge
essential for future architectural solutions,
such as hydraulics and in the construction
of arches.
• Later they absorbed Greek and Phoenician
influence, apparent in many aspects closely
related to architecture.
MODEL OF AN ETRUSCAN TEMPLE
A ROMAN TEMPLE, FORTUNA VIRILIS78

• Elements of Roman architecture show very significant Greek influence.
• However, Roman functional needs sometimes differed, resulting in
interesting innovations.
• The Romans were less attached to “ideal” forms and extended Greek
ideas to make them more functional
ROMAN PHILOSOPHY
"We believe that lightning is caused by clouds colliding, whereas they
believe that clouds collide in order to create lightning. Since they
attribute everything to gods, they are led to believe not that events have
a meaning because they have happened, but that they happen in order to
express a meaning."
79

GREEK TECHNOLOGY
POST & LINTEL
DRAWBACK
POST & LINTEL
CONSTRUCTION
80

SOMETHING NEW UNDER THE SUN …
Roman ARCHitecture
Arches – strength
through compression 81

• Romans needed
interior space for
worship, whereas
the Greeks
worshipped outside.
• Their solution was
to extend the walls
outward, creating
engaged columns,
while maintaining
the same basic
shape.
82

ROMAN INNOVATIONS
To the original Greek orders, the
Romans added two.
• COMPOSITE
It combined elements of both the
Ionic and corinthian orders.
Corinthian order is modified by
superimposing four diagonally set
ionic voults on a bell of corinthian
acanthus leaves.
1. COLUMNS
• TUSCAN
Simplified doric having unfluted column and a
plain base, capital and shaft having no
decoration other than moldings.
83

• The discovery of slow-drying concrete, made
with pozzolana sand created a revolution in
architectural design.
• This allowed not only bases, but also walls to
be constructed of mainly concrete or concrete
and rubble.
• Facings could be made of more expensive stone
or inexpensive brick.
• The result was strong structures that could be
formed in any desirable shape
2. CONCRETE
Use of brick on outer
facing and filling of
concrete rubble.
Dome of the
Pantheon
84

3. ARCH & VAULT
• The Romans first adopted the arch from the
Greeks, and implemented it in their own building.
• An arch is a very strong shape as no single spot
holds all the weight and is still used in architecture
today.
• The Romans used arches to support the things they
built.
• They built victory arches, buildings and aqueducts.
85

ARCHES
Constantine’s Arch Rome,
Italy
Arc de Triomph, Paris, France
Picture of La
Defense, Paris
Paris, France
86

• A vault having semicircular cross-section.
• Windows can be placed at any point.
• These vaults require buttressing to
counter-act the downward thrust of
weight.
BARREL OR “TUNNEL” VAULT
87

• Also called a cross vault.
• A compound vault formed by by the
perpendicular intersection of two
vaults forming arched diagonal arrises
called groins.
• Needs less buttressing. BASILICA NOVA
GROIN VAULT
88

• A series of groin vaults can have open
lateral arches that form Clerestories.
• Windows that allow light into the
interior of churches.
• These concrete windows
were fireproof .
MULTI GROIN VAULT
89

• A dome is a vaulted
structure having a
circular plan and usually
the form of a portion of a
sphere, so constructed as
to exert an equal thrust in
all directions
• Romans used domes to
span and cover very
large open spaces.
• They used it in many
public buildings like
basilicas, the pantheon
etc.
4. DOME
90

• With the dome, the
Romans could surpass
earlier cultures by their
ability to span space.
• Light enters through
the oculus on top.
CYLINDRICAL DOME
91

Public water supply – THE AQUEDUCTS
• There wasn’t enough water in the
city of Rome.
• The Romans brought water in
from the surrounding countryside.
• The water was brought in by tubes
called aqueducts.
• Cities themselves were plumbed,
providing private water for the rich
and for baths and communal
supplies for poorer
neighbourhoods.
PONT DU GARD, FRANCE
PIPES AND PLUMBING
ROMAN INNOVATIONS
92

AQUEDUCTS: THE ROMAN PIPE SYSTEM
93

WHERE DID THE WATER GO?
• The water was transported in concrete
tunnels.
• The water flowed in a tube on the top of
the aqueduct called a water channel.
• The arches supported the water channel.
•The water flowed
through a rectangular
channel.
•The channel was
lined with concrete.
•The Romans invented
concrete. 94

ROMAN INNOVATION
Transport system – THE ROADS
• The need to move
legions and trade
goods in all weather
led to the
development of the
best roads in the
world (to the 19th
century).
95

ROMAN FAST FOOD POMPEII,
ITALY
Cast of Roman citizen left behind after eruption
of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D.
“Beware of Dog” sign Pompeii, Italy
97

ROMAN BUILDINGS
Massive Building – THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNA PRIMIGENIA
• The Temple of
Fortuna
Primigenia
was a massive
structure,
made possible
by concrete
construction.
98

Massive Building – BATHS OF CARACALLA
• Roman baths were
the recreation
centers of Roman
cities, incorporating
pools, exercise
facilities and even
libraries.
• They could serve
hundreds or
thousands at a time.
ROMAN BUILDINGS
99

Public entertainment – THE ROMAN COLOSSEUM
• Brings together the violence and the
achievements of Roman society.
• Home of gladiatorial
contests…man vs. man, man vs.
animal, animal vs. animal.
• Seating designed for comfort with
an expandable covering over the top.
• Plumbing which could wash away
the blood or create an ‘inland sea’ on
which to have mock sea battles.
ROMAN BUILDINGS
100

The Roman Coliseum
Home of the Gladiators
101

THE COLOSSEUM- A BLEND OF GREEK
AND ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• The arches are
supported by
central columns.
• The columns on
the first floor are
Doric.
• The columns on
the second floor
are Ionic.
• The columns on
the third floor are
Corinthian. 102

PLAN
SECTION
A special fact about the
Coliseum is that it was
originally built with a huge
removable canopy to protect
the spectators from the
elements. 103

Public entertainment – AMPHITHEATRE AT NIMES
SEATS ABOUT
20,000
Theatres and arenas were built to hold
multiple thousands of people and were
engineered so as to allow quick and
effective entry and exit.
ROMAN BUILDINGS
105

WORSHIP –
THE PANTHEON
The temple to the Roman
gods built in 126 AD was
called The Pantheon.
ROMAN BUILDINGS
106

Portico
Occulus
142 ft.
142 ft.
COLUMNS: 39 FT. TALL, 5 FT. THICK
PLAN SECTION 108

Engineering
Marvel
Concrete!
INTERIOR VIEWS
110

The magnificent interior space of the Pantheon was achieved by:
•Employing a dome over a drum.
•Coffering the dome to reduce weight.
•Placing an occulus to allow light to enter
111

Later used as
Church
Missing pedimental
sculpture
(would have been like
Parthenon)
Tuscan order of columns
(with corinthian capitals)
112

PUBLIC BUILDINGS – THE BASILICA
•Basilica were first built to house
audience facilities for government
officials.
•When Christianity became the state
religion, this kind of building was
adapted to Christian worship.
•A large nave is flanked by side aisle
behind a row of supporting piers.
•An Apse draws attention in the
direction of the altar.
ROMAN BUILDINGS
113

VISUAL ART
• Painting: a warmth of colour
and light, as shown in the works
of Caravaggio and Titian.
• Michelangelo, Leonardo da
Vinci, Donatello Botticelli, Fra
Angelico,Caravaggio,Bernini,
Titian and Raphael are some of
the popular artists.
• The Last Supper& Mona Lisa
by Leonardo da Vinci are most
parodied portrait and religious
painting of all time.
114

LITERATURE
• The Divine Comedy by poet
Dante Alighieri, is
considered amongst the
foremost literary statements
produced in Europe during
the Middle Ages.
• Giovanni Boccaccio,
Giacomo Leopardi,
Alessandro Manzoni,
Torquato Tasso, Ludovico
Ariosto and Petrarch are the
famous literary personalities
all over the world.
115

• Due to late unification the customs and traditions recognized as
italian can be identified by the regions of their origin.
• Despite the political and social distinction of regions, Italy's
contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe and
the world is immense.
• Italy is home to the greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage
Sites and has rich collections of world art, culture and literature
from many different periods due to emigrations during Italian
diaspora.
• 100,000 monuments of any sort.
CULTURE
116

• Official language: Italian.
• Numerous dialects spoken all
over the country and some
Italians cannot speak Italian at
all.
• FRIULIAN: one of the dialects.
• A number of minority languages
have co-official status. French is
co-official in the Valle d’Aosta.
• German has the same status as
that of French.
LANGUAGES
117

• Roman Catholic with mature Protestant and
Jewish communities and a growing Muslim
immigrant community.
• 74% Italians believe in God, or a form of a
spiritual life force.
• 16% believe there is some sort of spirit or life
force.
• 6% do not believe that there is any sort of
spirit, God, or life force.
RELIGION
118

• Italian theatre reveal Roman tradition which was heavily influenced by
the Greek.
• Dramatists translate from the Greek.
• Seneca's Phaedra was based on Euripides
• The comedies of Plautus were direct translations of Menander
• Travelling troupes amuse people in the form of juggling, acrobatics and
humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a
rough storyline, called canovaccio.
THEATRE
119

• Classical music has played an important role in Italian
culture.
• Instruments like piano and violin, were invented in
Italy, and many of the prevailing classical music forms
such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata were
innovations of 16th and 17th century.
• The birthplace of Oper, founded in the early 17th
century, in cities such as Mantua and Venice.
MUSIC
120

• Jazz has a strong foothold in Italy. Most notable centers
of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily.
• Italian pop music is represented annually with the
Sanremo Music Festival which served as inspiration for
the Eurovision song contest, and the Festival of Two
Worlds in Spoleto.
MUSIC
121

• Nevada county Italian festival: celebrated on 17& 18 sep in the memorial
park.
• Festa Italiana: celebrated on1st weekend of August in Sacra Mento.
• The Sicilian festival: celebrated on 18th May in Sicily island of Italy.
• Christmas day easter and new year are also celebrated all over the
country.
FESTIVALS
122

• 1903 and 1908 :The Italian film industry born three companies:
the Società Italiana Cines, the Ambrosio Film and the Itala Film.
• The first Italian film was a few seconds long, showing Pope Leo
XIII giving a blessing to the camera.
• After the war, Italian film widely recognised.
CINEMA
123

• Through the centuries, Italy has given birth to some notable
scientific minds.
• Some are Leonardo da vinci , Galileo Galilei, Enrico Fermi.
• Nobel laureate Camillo Golgi discovered Golgi complex
received the Nobel Prize for his work.
SCIENCE
124

• Italy has a long sporting tradition.
• The most popular sport is football.
• Basketball and volleyball are the next most popular games, with Italy having a
rich tradition in both.
• Italy won the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and is currently the second most successful
football team in the world, after Brazil, having won four FIFA World Cups.
• It has also got strong traditions in cycling, tennis, athletics, fencing, winter sports
and rugby.
SPORTS
125

• Itlay has capitalist economy.
• Italy is member of the Group of
Eight (G8) industrialized nations.
• The country is also well-known
for its influential and innovative
business economic sector.
• Economy changed from
agriculture to industrial state.
ECONOMY
• Seventh largest economy in the world.
• Unemployment is around 8.4% in 2011 and is forecast to remain around that level for years.
• The major economy is constituted by-
- Corporation
- Transports
- Tourism 126

Italy has a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other
economies of comparable size,
There is a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, and in the Northern
"industrial triangle" (Milan-Turin-Genoa) or the Tuscan industrial triangle
(Florence-Prato-Pistoia), where there is an area of intense industrial and machinery
production, notably in their several industrial districts, which are the backbone of
the Italian industry.
This has produced a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of niche
market and luxury products, that if on one side is less capable to compete on the
quantity, on the other side is more capable of facing the competition from China
and other emerging Asian economies based on lower labour costs, with higher
quality products.
Country was the world's 7th largest exporter in 2009.
Italy's major exports and companies by sector are motor vehicles ,chemicals and
petrochemicals, electrical engineering, home appliances, aerospace and defense
technologies, firearms , fashion; food processing, sport and luxury vehicles ,yachts.
CORPORATION
127

• Italy's closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union,
with whom it conducts about 59% of its total trade. Its largest EU trade
partners, in order of market share, are Germany (12.9%), France (11.4%), and
Spain (7.4%).
TRADE PARTNERS
TRADE RELATIONS WITH INDIA
• Trade relations since 1929.
• 1966- Indo Italy chamber of commerce & industry established.
• Italy is the fourth largest trading partner with India.
• India exports such items as textiles , chemicals , dyes, minerals such as iron ore,
food products.
• Italy exports machinery , oils , textile including weaving , spinning machines.
• An agreement signed regarding this.
128

• 2011: turnover of about 119.4 billion euros.
• Employment: 935,700 persons in 153,700 enterprises.
• National road network : 34,667,000 passenger cars and 4,015,000 goods
vehicles circulated.
• National railway network : 16,287 km of which 69% is electrified, 4,937
locomotives and railcars circulated.
• National inland waterways network : 1,477 km of navigable rivers and
channels . 30 main airports and 43 seaports.
• In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a
merchant fleet of 581 ships.
TRANSPORTATION
129

• Italy is the fourth highest tourist
earner, and fifth most visited country
in the world.
• More than 43.2 million tourists a year
visit the country.
• Rich art, cuisine, history, fashion and
culture, its beautiful coastline and
beaches, its mountains, ancient
monuments especially those from
the Greek civilization and Roman
civilization.
TOURISM
130

• Tourism is one of the fastest growing and
most profitable industrial sectors, with an
estimated revenue of $42.7 billion.
• The first actual tourists to come to Italy
were aristocrats during the Grand Tour, in
late 17th century, and flourishing in the
18th century.
• Rome attracted thousands tourists from all
over the world which included most of the
Mediterranean, Northern Africa,England
and the parts of the Middle East.
• Traders and merchants came to Italy from
several different parts of the world.
131

• Top attractions : Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples and Sicily.
• By the 1850s, less-cultural visits began to be made, and several
tourists also came to Italy for its nature and weather.
• Ligurian coast around Venice, coastal Tuscany and the Amalfi
coast are popular.
• Capri, Ischia, Procida and Elba, and the Northern Lakes, such as
Lake Como, Lake Maggiore and Lake Garda .
132

• Tourism remained very popular until
the late-1920s and early-1930s.
• Economic depression & political
instability reduced the tourism rate.
• Italian economic miracle and raised
living standards: increased tourism.
• Cheap hotels
• Ski resorts & chalets were built.
133

NORTHWEST ITALY: Turin, the manufacturing capital &
Milan, the business and fashion capital of the country.
NORTHEASTITALY:
Venice,Verona,Vicenza, Padua, Trento, Bolzano, Bologna,
Ferrara, Piacenza.
CENTRAL ITALY: The world's best known landmarks such as
The Colosseum. Florence, Tuscany's most visited city, nearby
cities like Siena, Pisa, and Lucca also have rich cultural
heritages.
SOUTHERN ITALY-
Apulia,Basilicata,Calabria,Campania & Molise.
• Naples
• Sicily- largest island in the country &famous for its
archaeology, seascape and unique Sicilian cuisine.
• Sardinia- Large island, 250 kilometers west of the Italian
coastline, includes beaches and archaeological ruins.
134

• Public education is free and compulsory from 6 to 15 years of age
and has a five-year primary stage and an eight-year secondary
stage.
• An above-average output of scientific papers as compared to 90
countries in world.
• 15 Italian universities ranked in the 2010 QS World University
Rankings.
• Two are ranked in the Top 200 of the world.
136

University of Bologna: Oldest College Sapienza University of Rome
The University of Padua Milan University
137

ENEL UTILITIES
One of the largest European utility providers, with a home base
in Italy and subsidiaries in Spain, Russia, Latin America and
Eastern Europe produces, distributes and sells electricity and
gas all over Europe, North America and Latin America.
TOP ITALIAN COMPANIES
138

An Italian multinational oil and gas company, present in 70
countries, and currently Italy's largest industrial company
with a market capitalization of 87.7 billion euros.
Partner with ONGC and GAIL India.
ENI OIL
139

• Founded in 1831 in Trieste, is one of the most significant
participants in the global insurance and financial products
market.
• Now present in 40 Countries.
• Market shares in Germany, France, Austria, Spain,
Switzerland and Israel.
GENERALI GROUP INSURANCE
140

• The top banking groups in the euro zone.
• Leader in Italy in all business areas (retail, corporate and
wealth management).
• 5,700 branches.
• Subsidiaries in Central-Eastern Europe, Middle East and
North Africa with a network of more than 1,700 branches.
INTESA SANPAOLO BANKING
141

• Healthcare account for more than 9.0% of GDP.
• World's 2nd best healthcare system, and the world's 3rd best
healthcare performance.
• 12th highest worldwide life expectancy.
• Smoking in public places including bars, restaurants, night
clubs and offices has been restricted to specially ventilated
rooms since 2005.
HEALTH & CARE
142

• CAMPANIA: situated in
Marcianise & started in
April 2003 by a company
called Corio.
SHOPPING CENTRES
143

• I GIGLI: Company’s largest shopping centre and one of
the most important in Italy , situated in Tuscany.
• A bike sharing scheme is in operation.
• Electric car charge points in the car park.
144

• PORTA DI ROMA: innovative & Europe’s biggest shopping
centre opened in July 2007 situated in Rome.
• ROMA EST: One of the biggest shopping center in Italy, placed
outside the city of Rome but it is quite easy to reach.
• VULCANO BUONO: A shopping mall and leisure center located
in Nola. Inaugurated on December 7, 2007 & designed by
renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano.
145

ITALIAN FOODS
• The history of Italian cooking actually stems all the back to the
traditions of the Romans and Greeks.
• There are about 20 regions in Italy and different types of food can be
found in each one.
• The best Italian food and particularly tasty recipes goes back a long way
and everyone seems to love food cooked the Italian way.
• It is a food rich in history and each Italian city has added its own
signature authentic Italian recipes to the pot.
• Traditional and authentic Italian food has become famous all over the
world, particularly its pasta based dishes and the use of cheese.
• The food is mostly combined with sauces, cured meats and antipastos.
147

• Braciole • Bruschetta • Bresaola • Crostini con condimenti misti
• Capicollo • Culatello • Curried Braised Rabbit stew
• Insalata caprese • Insalata russa
• Mozzarelline fritte (fried small mozzarellas)
LIST OF DISHES AND RECIPES
SOUPAND SAUCE RECIPES
• Acquacotta • Bagna càuda • Garmugia • Ginestrata
• Minestrone • Pasta e fagioli • Sugo al Pomodoro
• Fonduta • Grine Sauce
RICE DISHES
• Arancine di riso • Basic Risotto • Insalata di riso
• Pomodori col riso • Risotto alla milanese • Risi e bisi
• Risotto con la lüganega • Riso with schrimps • Riso con piselli
• Riso alla toscana • Riso al nero di seppia 148

Pastiera Napoletana
Peach jam tart
with Amaretti
Strawberry jam
tart
Zelten
Cake with Orange
Juice
ITALIAN DESERTS
149

ITALIAN DESERTS
Cake with Orange Juice: This is an Italian breakfast cake made of
orange juice. It takes only 10 minutes of preparation to cook this
easy, simple and fast recipe and it is delightful.
Peach jam tart with Amaretti: A tart with hearts, what a delicious
dessert to share Italians with their Valentine!
Pastiera Napoletana: This is a dessert typical of Naples that in Italy
is used to be prepared during the Easter period.
Strawberry jam tart: A delicious dessert with strawberry jam!
Simple and fast.
Zelten: The Italian recipe for Zelten that is the traditional dessert
prepared in Trentino Alto Adige during the Christmas feas. 150

Biscuits with
Hazelnuts
November Biscuits
Cenci
Chocolate Carnival Balls
Almond Biscuits
TRADITIONAL ITALIAN BISCUITS
151

Biscuits with Hazelnuts: This is a another delicious Italian recipe of
biscuits made of hazelnuts and cacao.
November Biscuits: This is an Italian recipe for a typical kind of biscuits,
called "Pane dei Morti", traditional from Lombardia . It is prepared for the
2nd of November in every year.
Cenci: This is a typical dessert of Tuscany served in the Carnival period.
Chocolate Carnival Balls: This coloured sweet is a great idea for every
party.
Almond Biscuits: This is another delicious Italian recipe of biscuits made
of almonds. Also these biscuits, like cacao biscuits presented in a previous
recipe.
TRADITIONAL ITALIAN BISCUITS
152

• The family: centre of the social structure and provides a
stabilizing influence for its members.
• In the north, nuclear family lives together
• In the south, the extended family resides together in one house.
FAMILY VALUES
153

FASHION & DESIGN
• Italian fashion has amongst the world's most important fashion designs, such as
those of France, USA, Great Britain and Japan.
• Fashion has always been an important part of the culture of Italy, and its society,
and Italians are well known for their attention to dressing-up well, and "la bella
figura", or good impression, remains traditional in the Italian way of living.
• Italian designs began to become one of Europe's main trendsetters ever since the
11th-16th centuries, when artistic development in Italy was at its peak.
• Cities such as Venice, Milan, Florence and Vicenza started to produce luxury
goods, hats, cosmetics, jewelry and rich fabrics.
• Currently Milan, Italy's center of design, is considered the true fashion capital of
the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor, and Rome is ranked
4th.
• Both these cities annually compete with other major international centres, such as
Paris, New York, London and Tokyo.
155

• Fashion in Italy started to become the most fashionable in
Europe since the 11th century, and powerful cities of the time,
such as Venice, Milan, Florence, Vicenza and Rome began to
produce robes, jewelry, textiles, shoes, fabrics, ornaments and
elaborate dresses.
• Italian fashion reached its peak during the Renaissance.
• As Italy is widely recognized as the cradle and birthplace of
the Renaissance, art, music, education, finance and philosophy
flourished, and along with it, Italian fashion designs became
immensely popular.
HISTORY OF ITALIAN FASHION
156

• According to the 2009 Global Language Monitor, Milan was nominated
the true fashion capital of the world.
• Major Italian fashion labels are Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino,
Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Fendi, Moschino, Max Mara and
Ferragamo.
• Vogue Italia- the fashion magazine.
• Prominent in the field of design basically interior design, architectural
design, industrial design and urban design.
• Italy has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as Gio
Ponti and Ettore Sottsass.
• The latest trends in footwears emerge from italy only and then spread to
whole of the world. 157

• Appearances matter in Italy.
• Dress indicate social status, family's background and
education level.
• First impressions are lasting impressions.
• The concept of ‘Bella Figura’ .
• Clothes are important to Italians.
• They are extremely fashion conscious and judge people
on their appearance.
ITALIAN STYLES
158

For men, sleek style is pivotal. A black or pin-striped suit, paired with a
flashy tie and dark shirt is the classic look. Add a rimmed hat, shiny black
shoes and a large gun, either held or tucked into your waist band. Throw a
cigar in your breast pocket for an added touch.
CLASSIC ITALIAN
For women, pair a short, fitted black dress with thigh-high stockings and
boots or high heels. Another option is a mini pencil skirt paired with a pin-
striped blazer over a low-cut shirt. Add a loosely tied tie if desired. Cap the
outfit off with a rimmed hat and a gun holstered around your thigh.
159

Italian wedding dresses, designed to match the Italian culture, can add the finishing
touches to a culturally oriented wedding. As the Italian community has many
traditions revolving around marriage, proper Italian wedding dresses can add a lot
to the wedding. Buying an Italian wedding dress for the most beautiful day in life is
an important engagement for the bride. Italy offers some of the finest and most
spectacular selections of wedding dresses in Europe.
BRIDAL GOWNS AND WEDDING DRESSES
160

• The Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence has the biggest brick dome in
the world and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture.
• Ranks 84th in the world for ecological sustainability.
• One of the world's largest producers of renewable energy, ranking as the world’s
fifth largest solar energy producer.
INTERESTING FACTS
161

• Milan's Bocconi University, ranked among the top 20 best business schools in
the world.
• Forbes has ranked Bocconi no. 1 worldwide in the specific category Value for
Money.
• It ranks no. 5 in Europe and no. 15 in the world.
• La Sapienza University in Rome is Europe's largest, with 140,000 students.
INTERESTING FACTS
162

• Mont Blanc - the highest point in Italy and the European Union.
• 14 volcanoes in Italy, three of which are active: Etna , Stromboli and
Vesuvius.
• Most famous Indian politician i.e Mrs. Sonia Gandhi is a native of Italy.
INTERESTING FACTS
163

REFERENCES
www.google.com
www.slideshare.net
www.italytourism.com
www.bestofrome.com
www.italyroadways.co.
www.iift.ac.in
www.mncsitaly.com
www.italygovernment.gov.it
164

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