The document summarizes a wastewater treatment design for an Olds Products mustard production facility. The current wastewater has a pH that is too low for the municipal treatment plant. The proposed design uses gravity separation to remove solids, pH adjustment with sodium hydroxide to neutralize the pH, and water recycling to decrease water usage and waste discharge. Economic analysis found the design would save the company around $50,000 annually through lower chemical and water costs while allowing the wastewater to meet regulatory requirements for disposal.
The document presents a wastewater treatment design for Olds Products mustard production facility in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. The current wastewater has a pH too low for municipal treatment and exceeds discharge limits. The proposed design uses gravity separation to remove solids, pH adjustment with sodium hydroxide, and water recycling to reduce costs and wastewater. Economic analysis finds the design will save $50,000 annually through lower water and chemical usage. The simple, sustainable design addresses wastewater issues while maintaining production needs.
This poster presents a flow hydrogenation method for efficiently synthesizing 3D piperidine derivatives from aromatic precursors using a H-Cube flow reactor system. Various mono- and disubstituted pyridines and related nitrogen heterocycles were reduced under optimized conditions with good selectivity. Palladium on carbon was found to be the most effective catalyst. The reductions provided access to piperidine and related scaffolds with stereoselectivity in some cases. The developed continuous-flow process provides advantages over batch hydrogenation and allows for scale-up and incorporation into automated synthesis workflows.
The document provides information on a design project to address mustard waste produced at Olds Products in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. The waste currently cannot be discharged due to its low pH and is disposed of through expensive land application. The project goals are to solve the waste disposal problem through on-site treatment, create a usable byproduct, and achieve economic and sustainable viability. Preliminary research investigated separation methods, pH adjustment options through chemical and biological means, and the potential for antimicrobial byproduct recovery from solids. The proposed design includes gravity separation of solids and aqueous waste, pH adjustment of the aqueous portion, electrolysis for gas production, and further biological treatment before disposal or reuse.
The slickwater stimulation of unconventional gas and oil shale plays creates flowback water with a composition that is unique to particular shale formations. Characteristically, these fluids contain high concentrations of salts (e.g., chloride, bromide) which are routinely determined using ion chromatography. This analysis typically requires sample preparation, including manual dilution, which can significantly increase the cost of analysis. Results presented will show highly reproducible determination of anions and cations from Marcellus Shale flowback water using inline conductivity to identify high salt samples and then automatically diluting them prior to injection, saving time and column life.
The document describes research on extracting EPA/DHA from fish oil using a mini-fluidic reactor and comparing it to a batch reactor. Key findings include:
- The mini-fluidic reactor reached equilibrium concentration at 10°C in less than 36 seconds, while the batch reactor took over 15 minutes. Both systems extracted over 75% of omega-3 fatty acids from the fish oil feedstock.
- Flow patterns in the mini-fluidic reactor deviated from the expected slug flow due to the properties of the actual fish oil and silver nitrate solutions used.
- Hydrodynamic studies showed stratified flow occurred rather than slug flow, indicating practical fish oil processing with silver nitrate may require handling stratified flows
The document describes a field test of the LeadQuick test kit for detecting lead levels in soil. The test kit provides rapid, on-site lead detection in soil with minimal sample preparation. It was tested on certified reference soil samples and shown to accurately detect lead concentrations down to 132 mg/kg using a 0.2 mL soil sample, with average 83% recovery. The test kit is sensitive, inexpensive, and fast compared to traditional lab methods for soil lead testing.
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
zeolite anammox process st cloud 081516Daniel Eyde
Zeolite-anammox (ZE-AN) is the ammonia removal process of the future. It has the lowest unit costs for construction, operation, and maintenance. It works at any scale; and it reduces energy usage. It is self-regulating and simple to run.
It slashes construction costs; requires only one tank or pond.
It combines advantages of zeolite and anammox to immobilize ammonium and convert it directly to nitrogen gas.
The document presents a wastewater treatment design for Olds Products mustard production facility in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. The current wastewater has a pH too low for municipal treatment and exceeds discharge limits. The proposed design uses gravity separation to remove solids, pH adjustment with sodium hydroxide, and water recycling to reduce costs and wastewater. Economic analysis finds the design will save $50,000 annually through lower water and chemical usage. The simple, sustainable design addresses wastewater issues while maintaining production needs.
This poster presents a flow hydrogenation method for efficiently synthesizing 3D piperidine derivatives from aromatic precursors using a H-Cube flow reactor system. Various mono- and disubstituted pyridines and related nitrogen heterocycles were reduced under optimized conditions with good selectivity. Palladium on carbon was found to be the most effective catalyst. The reductions provided access to piperidine and related scaffolds with stereoselectivity in some cases. The developed continuous-flow process provides advantages over batch hydrogenation and allows for scale-up and incorporation into automated synthesis workflows.
The document provides information on a design project to address mustard waste produced at Olds Products in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. The waste currently cannot be discharged due to its low pH and is disposed of through expensive land application. The project goals are to solve the waste disposal problem through on-site treatment, create a usable byproduct, and achieve economic and sustainable viability. Preliminary research investigated separation methods, pH adjustment options through chemical and biological means, and the potential for antimicrobial byproduct recovery from solids. The proposed design includes gravity separation of solids and aqueous waste, pH adjustment of the aqueous portion, electrolysis for gas production, and further biological treatment before disposal or reuse.
The slickwater stimulation of unconventional gas and oil shale plays creates flowback water with a composition that is unique to particular shale formations. Characteristically, these fluids contain high concentrations of salts (e.g., chloride, bromide) which are routinely determined using ion chromatography. This analysis typically requires sample preparation, including manual dilution, which can significantly increase the cost of analysis. Results presented will show highly reproducible determination of anions and cations from Marcellus Shale flowback water using inline conductivity to identify high salt samples and then automatically diluting them prior to injection, saving time and column life.
The document describes research on extracting EPA/DHA from fish oil using a mini-fluidic reactor and comparing it to a batch reactor. Key findings include:
- The mini-fluidic reactor reached equilibrium concentration at 10°C in less than 36 seconds, while the batch reactor took over 15 minutes. Both systems extracted over 75% of omega-3 fatty acids from the fish oil feedstock.
- Flow patterns in the mini-fluidic reactor deviated from the expected slug flow due to the properties of the actual fish oil and silver nitrate solutions used.
- Hydrodynamic studies showed stratified flow occurred rather than slug flow, indicating practical fish oil processing with silver nitrate may require handling stratified flows
The document describes a field test of the LeadQuick test kit for detecting lead levels in soil. The test kit provides rapid, on-site lead detection in soil with minimal sample preparation. It was tested on certified reference soil samples and shown to accurately detect lead concentrations down to 132 mg/kg using a 0.2 mL soil sample, with average 83% recovery. The test kit is sensitive, inexpensive, and fast compared to traditional lab methods for soil lead testing.
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
zeolite anammox process st cloud 081516Daniel Eyde
Zeolite-anammox (ZE-AN) is the ammonia removal process of the future. It has the lowest unit costs for construction, operation, and maintenance. It works at any scale; and it reduces energy usage. It is self-regulating and simple to run.
It slashes construction costs; requires only one tank or pond.
It combines advantages of zeolite and anammox to immobilize ammonium and convert it directly to nitrogen gas.
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
This document discusses using in-line IR spectroscopy to analyze reactions in continuous flow systems. It describes challenges in analyzing continuous reactions and how ReactIR can provide real-time monitoring without sampling. Case studies are presented where ReactIR was used to optimize a Doebner modification reaction in a few hours, monitor a hazardous reaction involving hydrazine for safety, and troubleshoot a multi-step synthesis. ReactIR allows rapid screening and optimization of reaction conditions as well as safer handling of dangerous chemicals through continuous monitoring.
Levulinic Acid Reactor and Process DevelopmentMaria Toth
Dr. Donncha Haverty, University of Limerick, Ireland, Dibanet Networking event, 31 October 2013, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece. Further info and videos: http://www.dibanet.org/networking_day_greece.php
This document provides an overview of the key components and processes in an ammonia plant. It describes the desulphurization process to remove sulfur from natural gas and naphtha feeds. It then explains the multi-step reforming process used to produce hydrogen and other gases from these feeds, including pre-reforming, primary reforming, and secondary reforming. The shift reaction process is also summarized, which converts carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Overall temperatures, pressures, catalysts and reactions for each major unit are outlined to concisely explain the production of ammonia.
The main focus within environmental analysis is the subject of water. Our instruments are used to carry out routine analysis of organic impurities in the water industry. Learn about our solutions for water analysis.
This document discusses ways that caustic cleaning chemicals can accidentally be introduced into beer during the cleaning-in-place (CIP) process. It provides details on how automated brewery systems work and how errors can occur, leading to chemical contamination. The document recommends monitoring rinse water pH and sodium levels in beer to detect contamination. It provides an example calculation for determining the volume of caustic introduced based on sodium concentration differences between a contaminated and control beer sample.
Ecofriendly Sugar Polymer based Toilet CleanersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly sugar polymer-based toilet cleaners. Sugar, citric acid, and oxalic acid were used to synthesize polymers, which were then analyzed for characteristics. Sample S2 was selected for formulation based on acid value, viscosity, and other properties. Toilet cleaner samples containing 58-60% sugar polymer and other ingredients like SLES and borax were prepared and found to clean as well as or better than a commercial cleaner. Sample T3 is recommended for large-scale production due to its quick, complete cleaning and ability to provide shine to toilets. The research demonstrates the potential to replace corrosive hydrochloric acid in cleaners with sugar-based polymers
Essentials for a sound boiler water treatment programlorenzo Monasca
El agua de Calderas es la base del proceso de Generacion de Vapor. Esta presentacion de Cleaver Brooks y Nalco empresas de clase mundial nos dan los consejos precisos para la conservacion de la estructura de la caldera por corrosion acida y depositos de solidos minerales.Elige el tratamineto recomendable.
The document discusses reducing solvent waste through on-site recycling. It describes distillation processes that can be used to separate solvents from contaminants with up to 99.5% purity. On-site recycling of solvents can significantly reduce costs associated with purchasing new solvents and disposing of wastes while helping to lower an organization's waste generator status.
This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis (RO) basics presented by Nitin Chauhan of Culligan. It outlines the fundamentals of RO including membrane selection and system design criteria. Benefits of RO are discussed such as energy savings from research by the Department of Energy and other advantages. Factors for sizing an RO system like temperature, pressure and total dissolved solids are covered. The document also provides background on Culligan International, Hall's Water Group, and Culligan of Greater Cleveland.
This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis (RO) basics presented by Nitin Chauhan of Culligan. It outlines the fundamentals of RO including membrane selection and system design criteria. It discusses how RO can provide energy savings, water savings, and chemical savings. A case study from the Department of Energy shows potential cost savings from using RO for boiler feedwater. The document also provides background on Culligan International, Hall's Water Group, and Culligan of Greater Cleveland.
Frac flow back water is water that returns to the surface after hydraulic fracturing and contains contaminants like oil, chemicals, and minerals. The Hydro-Pod system uses a three step process to remove these contaminants: 1) Ozone oxidizes the contaminants, 2) Electro coagulation agglomerates the contaminants into particles, and 3) pH adjustment and polymer addition allow remaining contaminants to be removed. This process cleans the water sufficiently to be reused in future fracking operations with no environmental liability.
The document discusses next generation wastewater treatment approaches at multiple scales from individual buildings to entire watersheds. At the building scale, technologies like greywater treatment and rainwater harvesting are discussed. At the cluster scale, technologies like extracting clean water from wastewater and energy extraction from organics are proposed. Finally, the catchment scale examines resource recovery opportunities at centralized wastewater treatment facilities through incremental process improvements.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems. It discusses parameters like dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. It explains their interactions and ideal concentrations for fish health. It also covers measurement techniques for these parameters as well as other important water quality metrics like alkalinity, hardness, carbon dioxide, and solids. Measurement methods include test kits, colorimetric analysis, and Winkler titration for dissolved oxygen. Maintaining optimal conditions for these water quality parameters is essential for fish health and productivity in recirculating aquaculture.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It discusses their interactions and optimal ranges for fish health. Measurement techniques including titration, colorimetry, and ion-specific electrodes are presented. The importance of proper chemical analysis for monitoring water quality is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It discusses their interactions and optimal ranges for fish health. Measurement techniques including titration, colorimetry, and ion-specific electrodes are presented. The importance of proper chemical analysis for monitoring water quality is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It discusses their interactions and optimal ranges for fish health. Measurement techniques including titration, colorimetry, and ion-specific electrodes are presented. The importance of proper chemical analysis for monitoring water quality is emphasized.
Analysis of Anions and Cations in Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the use of ion chromatography (IC) to determine anions and cations in produced water from three different hydraulic fracturing sites. Considerable variation in ion concentration was found, which was attributed to differences in the geology of the locations from which samples were obtained.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems. It discusses parameters like dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. For each parameter, it explains their importance and how they interact with each other. It also summarizes different types of recirculating systems and provides water quality standards. Measurement techniques for various parameters and chemical analysis methods are also outlined.
Proposed Pathways for the Reduction of a Reactive Azo Dye and kinetic reactio...Eleazar Maximo Escamilla
Azo dye degradation from textile effluents has been the objective of research for several years due to the increasingly pollution problem that they generate. For the removal of these compounds, it has been applied different kind of process, since the physicochemical to biological, and has been degraded in diverse reactors. However, is a continuous search for an efficient, low cost and environmental impact to eliminate this problem. This presentation shows one part of the contribution to development a new process for treat waste water from textile industries that present an ecological problem.
Analysis of Cations in Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water from the Marcellus Shale Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the determination of cations in hydraulic fracturing flowback water using ion chromatography. In this work, sodium was most abundant, followed by calcium, strontium, magnesium, potassium, barium, ammonium, and then lithium, respectively. The quantity of scale-forming ions, such as calcium, strontium, and barium, is particularly informative because it can be used to determine the amount of anti-scaling agent in fracturing fluid mix that will maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
This document discusses using in-line IR spectroscopy to analyze reactions in continuous flow systems. It describes challenges in analyzing continuous reactions and how ReactIR can provide real-time monitoring without sampling. Case studies are presented where ReactIR was used to optimize a Doebner modification reaction in a few hours, monitor a hazardous reaction involving hydrazine for safety, and troubleshoot a multi-step synthesis. ReactIR allows rapid screening and optimization of reaction conditions as well as safer handling of dangerous chemicals through continuous monitoring.
Levulinic Acid Reactor and Process DevelopmentMaria Toth
Dr. Donncha Haverty, University of Limerick, Ireland, Dibanet Networking event, 31 October 2013, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece. Further info and videos: http://www.dibanet.org/networking_day_greece.php
This document provides an overview of the key components and processes in an ammonia plant. It describes the desulphurization process to remove sulfur from natural gas and naphtha feeds. It then explains the multi-step reforming process used to produce hydrogen and other gases from these feeds, including pre-reforming, primary reforming, and secondary reforming. The shift reaction process is also summarized, which converts carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Overall temperatures, pressures, catalysts and reactions for each major unit are outlined to concisely explain the production of ammonia.
The main focus within environmental analysis is the subject of water. Our instruments are used to carry out routine analysis of organic impurities in the water industry. Learn about our solutions for water analysis.
This document discusses ways that caustic cleaning chemicals can accidentally be introduced into beer during the cleaning-in-place (CIP) process. It provides details on how automated brewery systems work and how errors can occur, leading to chemical contamination. The document recommends monitoring rinse water pH and sodium levels in beer to detect contamination. It provides an example calculation for determining the volume of caustic introduced based on sodium concentration differences between a contaminated and control beer sample.
Ecofriendly Sugar Polymer based Toilet CleanersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly sugar polymer-based toilet cleaners. Sugar, citric acid, and oxalic acid were used to synthesize polymers, which were then analyzed for characteristics. Sample S2 was selected for formulation based on acid value, viscosity, and other properties. Toilet cleaner samples containing 58-60% sugar polymer and other ingredients like SLES and borax were prepared and found to clean as well as or better than a commercial cleaner. Sample T3 is recommended for large-scale production due to its quick, complete cleaning and ability to provide shine to toilets. The research demonstrates the potential to replace corrosive hydrochloric acid in cleaners with sugar-based polymers
Essentials for a sound boiler water treatment programlorenzo Monasca
El agua de Calderas es la base del proceso de Generacion de Vapor. Esta presentacion de Cleaver Brooks y Nalco empresas de clase mundial nos dan los consejos precisos para la conservacion de la estructura de la caldera por corrosion acida y depositos de solidos minerales.Elige el tratamineto recomendable.
The document discusses reducing solvent waste through on-site recycling. It describes distillation processes that can be used to separate solvents from contaminants with up to 99.5% purity. On-site recycling of solvents can significantly reduce costs associated with purchasing new solvents and disposing of wastes while helping to lower an organization's waste generator status.
This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis (RO) basics presented by Nitin Chauhan of Culligan. It outlines the fundamentals of RO including membrane selection and system design criteria. Benefits of RO are discussed such as energy savings from research by the Department of Energy and other advantages. Factors for sizing an RO system like temperature, pressure and total dissolved solids are covered. The document also provides background on Culligan International, Hall's Water Group, and Culligan of Greater Cleveland.
This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis (RO) basics presented by Nitin Chauhan of Culligan. It outlines the fundamentals of RO including membrane selection and system design criteria. It discusses how RO can provide energy savings, water savings, and chemical savings. A case study from the Department of Energy shows potential cost savings from using RO for boiler feedwater. The document also provides background on Culligan International, Hall's Water Group, and Culligan of Greater Cleveland.
Frac flow back water is water that returns to the surface after hydraulic fracturing and contains contaminants like oil, chemicals, and minerals. The Hydro-Pod system uses a three step process to remove these contaminants: 1) Ozone oxidizes the contaminants, 2) Electro coagulation agglomerates the contaminants into particles, and 3) pH adjustment and polymer addition allow remaining contaminants to be removed. This process cleans the water sufficiently to be reused in future fracking operations with no environmental liability.
The document discusses next generation wastewater treatment approaches at multiple scales from individual buildings to entire watersheds. At the building scale, technologies like greywater treatment and rainwater harvesting are discussed. At the cluster scale, technologies like extracting clean water from wastewater and energy extraction from organics are proposed. Finally, the catchment scale examines resource recovery opportunities at centralized wastewater treatment facilities through incremental process improvements.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems. It discusses parameters like dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. It explains their interactions and ideal concentrations for fish health. It also covers measurement techniques for these parameters as well as other important water quality metrics like alkalinity, hardness, carbon dioxide, and solids. Measurement methods include test kits, colorimetric analysis, and Winkler titration for dissolved oxygen. Maintaining optimal conditions for these water quality parameters is essential for fish health and productivity in recirculating aquaculture.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It discusses their interactions and optimal ranges for fish health. Measurement techniques including titration, colorimetry, and ion-specific electrodes are presented. The importance of proper chemical analysis for monitoring water quality is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It discusses their interactions and optimal ranges for fish health. Measurement techniques including titration, colorimetry, and ion-specific electrodes are presented. The importance of proper chemical analysis for monitoring water quality is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It discusses their interactions and optimal ranges for fish health. Measurement techniques including titration, colorimetry, and ion-specific electrodes are presented. The importance of proper chemical analysis for monitoring water quality is emphasized.
Analysis of Anions and Cations in Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the use of ion chromatography (IC) to determine anions and cations in produced water from three different hydraulic fracturing sites. Considerable variation in ion concentration was found, which was attributed to differences in the geology of the locations from which samples were obtained.
This document provides an overview of key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems. It discusses parameters like dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. For each parameter, it explains their importance and how they interact with each other. It also summarizes different types of recirculating systems and provides water quality standards. Measurement techniques for various parameters and chemical analysis methods are also outlined.
Proposed Pathways for the Reduction of a Reactive Azo Dye and kinetic reactio...Eleazar Maximo Escamilla
Azo dye degradation from textile effluents has been the objective of research for several years due to the increasingly pollution problem that they generate. For the removal of these compounds, it has been applied different kind of process, since the physicochemical to biological, and has been degraded in diverse reactors. However, is a continuous search for an efficient, low cost and environmental impact to eliminate this problem. This presentation shows one part of the contribution to development a new process for treat waste water from textile industries that present an ecological problem.
Analysis of Cations in Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water from the Marcellus Shale Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the determination of cations in hydraulic fracturing flowback water using ion chromatography. In this work, sodium was most abundant, followed by calcium, strontium, magnesium, potassium, barium, ammonium, and then lithium, respectively. The quantity of scale-forming ions, such as calcium, strontium, and barium, is particularly informative because it can be used to determine the amount of anti-scaling agent in fracturing fluid mix that will maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & FlowbackAshwin Dhanasekar
This document summarizes research on treating flowback and produced water from hydraulic fracturing operations. It finds that electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation can effectively remove various contaminants from the water, including metals, calcium, barium, and turbidity. Electrocoagulation achieved similar or better removal rates than chemical coagulation and was most effective when used after softening the water through pH adjustment. Treating younger flowback water (within 1 hour) was also more effective than treating older flowback water. Future work should examine how treatability changes over time and evaluate additional treatment methods and chemical parameters.
Poster-Next Generation Self-Healing Concrete-Infusing Bacteria into Engineere...Ben Kaplan
The document describes an experiment involving the cultivation of Sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria and its use in enhancing the self-healing properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). ECC specimens containing bacteria and nutrient mediums were created and subjected to three environmental exposures: laboratory, exposed, and underground conditions. Flexural testing was performed to evaluate self-healing after damage. Results showed healing occurred in all groups with the greatest increases seen in exposed ECC specimens.
The document discusses key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It outlines their interactions and importance, as well as methods for measurement and analysis. Critical parameters include dissolved oxygen, temperature, ammonia, and pH due to their direct impact on fish health, while other parameters like nitrate and alkalinity are also important to monitor.
The document summarizes a waterflood process for enhanced oil recovery using seawater injection. It discusses two options for pre-treating the seawater - sulfate removal membrane and nitrate injection. The nitrate injection process is selected, which involves filtration, deaeration, and injection of chemicals including nitrates, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors. A process flow diagram is presented showing the main unit operations for nitrate injection including filtration, deaeration, and multiple chemical injection points.
This document describes a student project to study microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for treating wastewater and generating electricity. The objectives are to construct an MFC setup, select microbes, optimize conditions, and analyze COD reduction and voltage generation from treating distillery wastewater. The team constructed a dual-chamber MFC with graphite electrodes. Testing on synthetic wastewater showed voltage increased over time and with higher COD loads. Distillery wastewater trials achieved up to 72% COD reduction and 250mV voltage after 12 days. While power generation was low, the study demonstrated MFC feasibility for wastewater treatment and identified areas for further optimization and scale-up.
MAGNETIC GUAR AND ITS METAL-BINDING PROPERTIESwle-ss
The document provides an overview of different technologies for purifying water from hydro-fracking: evaporation, ion-exchange chromatography, reverse osmosis, and nano-technology. It discusses pros and cons of each method and provides details on Frackclean's plugged flow reactor technology. Overall investment and operating costs are estimated to be lower for ion-exchange chromatography compared to reverse osmosis. The conclusion compares the two main methods and notes advantages of ion-exchange chromatography over reverse osmosis.
Commercial brackish water reverse osmosis BWRO SystemsMaher Aghasi
Pure Aqua supplies reverse osmosis water treatment systems capable of removing various impurities like salts, bacteria, and chemicals. Their standard systems include features like powder coated frames, spiral wound membranes, pumps, filters, and control panels. They offer various commercial brackish water RO systems ranging from 13,000-32,000 gallons per day with options for customization and additional pretreatment or post-treatment equipment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Final presentation (1)
1. Mustard Waste Treatment Design
Final Report
Matt Rosen, Ian Melville, Cahner Jennice, Matt Rimer, Kira Bartlett
http://www.howiamlosingweight.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Mustard-forms.jpg
4. Mustard Production
Batch system (seasonal emphasis) - 9000 gallon limit
Two shifts a day (20-24 hours)
Ingredients: mustard seed, vinegar, brine, spices and water
-Automatically metered
-Minor ingredients added by operator
5. Waste Production
Machines are cleaned with each flavor change
-Multiple cleanings per day
-Cleaning water heated to 120 °F
Periodic caustic wash
All waste pumped into 6,000 gallon reservoir
6. The Problem
http://www.wrc.org.za
Unable to discharge wastewater through sewer system
Complaints from Pleasant Prairie municipal water treatment plant
-pH is too low (3.3) with a required pH range between 5.5-9 pH
(Kenosha)
-Discharge volume is too high
7. Current Solution - Land Application
Waste Solids sprayed or injected on farmland
$200,000 annual cost
supernovatrucking.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=10
ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0707.html
8. Project Goals
Solve immediate problem of waste disposal
Create/obtain a usable and harvestable byproduct
Create Economic and Sustainable viability
-Design simplicity
-Water capture and reuse
9. Constraints
Geographic: Pleasant Prairie, WI v. Clemson, SC
Company Budget
Municipal Codes (Wastewater treatment guidelines)
Current operating procedures
Limited information - No previous waste analysis
FDA and Organic regulations
10. Considerations
Safety
-Working with chemicals and reagents
-Industrial food plant - FDA and organic regulations
Ecological
-Impact of treated water products on environment
-Distinct seasonal change in Wisconsin
Ethical
-Company contact is the relative of a team member
11. Design Questions
User Perspective:
How does it work?
What do I need to do to run it?
What is the maintenance/upkeep needed?
Client Perspective:
How much will it cost?
What is the system's size?
Can it be easily incorporated into other facilities?
Designer Perspective:
What is the problem with the waste?
How much waste needs to be processed? At what rate?
Is there a maximum start up cost or ROI timeframe?
14. Coagulation and Flocculation
Assembles smaller suspended particles into larger particles
Easier and faster to separate or filter
Neutralize surface charges
image.slidesharecdn.com/typesofcoagulants-131004100124-phpapp01/95/types-of-
coagulants-3-638.jpg?cb=1380881416
15. Electrolysis
Uses an electric current to dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen gases
Electric potential shifts positive ions (H+) towards cathode and negative ions (OH-)
towards anode
Theoretical pH increase
Negative Energy balance
2 H2O(l) --> O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e-
2 H2O(l) + 2 e- --> H2(g) + 2 OH-(aq)
2 H2O(l) --> O2(g) + 2 H2(g)
energy.gov/eere
Kargi and Ariken, 2013. “Electrohydrolysis of Vinegar Fermentation Wastewater for Hydrogen Gas
Production Using Different Types of Electrodes”
16. Electrolysis: Lab Testing
500 mL setup
9 V current
pH change from 3.24 to 3.14
Tested using Gas Chromatography
-20.6% H2
-1.03 moles H2 per 2,000 gallons
K. Bartlett
K. Bartlett
17. Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity
Reaction in single fuel cell typically produces about 0.7 volts
Electrochemical process - low emissions
2 H2 --> 4 H+ + 4 e-
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- --> 2 H2O
2 H2 +O2 --> 2 H2O
fuelcells.orgLin, 2000. “Conceptual design and modeling of a fuel cell scooter for urban Asia”
18. Scale-Up & Design Considerations
2,000 gallons per day
Electrolysis: 267.5 kJ/day
Hydrogen Fuel Cell: 245.1 kJ/day (max) → 30.3 kwh/year
132.4 kJ/day (practical) → 11.5
kwh/year
Improve Electrolysis Efficiency
Different type of Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Corrosive Properties
Kabza, 2015. “Fuel Cell Formulary”
Kargi and Ariken, 2013. “Electrohydrolysis of Vinegar Fermentation Wastewater for Hydrogen Gas Production Using Different Types of Electrodes”
20. Titrated 50 mL of Filtered waste with 0.1 Molar NaOH and 0.5 Molar NaHCO3
42 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to reach ph of 6
= 0.0042 Moles of NaOH
= 0.168 Grams of NaOH
12 mL of 0.5 M NaHCO3 to reach ph of 6
= 0.006 Moles of NaHCO3
= 0.504 Grams of NaHCO3
Titration Testing
21. -Titrated 50 (mL) of Filtered and Unfiltered waste with 0.1 Molar Sodium Hydroxide
42 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to reach ph of 6
= 0.0042 Moles
= 0.168 Grams
53 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to reach ph of 6
= 0.0053 Moles
= 0.212 Grams
Titration Testing
22. Potential Antimicrobial Properties
Antimicrobial properties cited due to sinapic acid conjugates
Primary Testing: Clemson Microbiology Department
Secondary Testing: Home-scale testing
Inconclusive Results
Popova and Morra. 2014. Simultaneous Quantification of Sinigrin, Sinalbin, and Anionic Glucosinolate
Hydrolysis Products in Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba Seed Extracts Using Ion Chromatography.
23. Primary Antimicrobial Testing
Gravity Filtered Solids
(original pH)
Gravity Filtered Aqueous
(original pH)
Re-suspended solids from
TSS testing (.11 μm filter)
Re-suspended filtered solids
with DI water (.45 μm filter)
I. Melville
I. Melville
I. Melville
24. Secondary Antimicrobial Testing
TSS Solids
Bacteria from Mouth
Filter Solids
Bacteria from Mouth
TSS Solids (Shoe) Filter Solids (Floor) TSS Solids (Face)
K. Bartlett K. Bartlett
K. Bartlett K. Bartlett K. Bartlett
25. Biological Treatment
Yeast - Torula (Candida Utilis)
Yeast glucose utilization C6H1206 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 16-18
ATP
Initial COD estimates: 18 g/L
Theoretical COD Reduction of 53% in 24 hours
COD 18 g/L 9.5 g/L
Postma, Kuiper, Tomasouw, Scheffers, and Dijken. 1989. Competition for Glucose
between the Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis.
Wongkarnka, 2005. The application of aerobic yeast for treatment of high strength
food processing wastewater containing furfural. iSee Systems Stella Model
26. Total Suspended Solids
Raw Waste Solution
– 19,500 mg/L
Gravity Separated Solution
– 335 mg/L
Unfiltered, Mixed
Gravity Separated,
Aqueous
K. Bartlett
29. Advanced Filtration and Drying
Cost of machinery and installation between $70,000 and $80,000
(quoted by M.W. Watermark and Kontek Ecology)
Semi Automatic systems would need trained operators
Future costs of equipment maintenance and replacement parts
Disposal cost of solid waste
33. Gravity Separation
Stokes Law: *
V = Settling Velocity
μ = viscosity of liquid
ρp= Density of Particle
ρf= Density of Fluid
g= gravity
R= particle radius
ts = settling time
h= height of separation tank
v = settling velocity
ts = 15 hours
19,500 mg/L -> 335mg/L
98% Reduction in TSS
724 kg solids separated per dayDr. Muhammad Tahseen Aslam -
Settling of solids in raw wastewater
41. Water Recycling
Low pH beneficial for cleaning process
Two Week Cycles
Decreases water use, discharge and related expenses
-Water use: -1,700,000 gallons per year
-Water expenses: -$4,500 per year
Recycled water meets FDA and organic standards if it
does not contact actual food product
Solid Solution
Aqueous Solution
Original
pH
Neutral
pH
Interview with M. Freedman, October 15, 2015
43. Secondary Treatment: pH Adjustment
Batch system
1050 HDPE Tank
300 gallon Mild Steel
tank
Automatic pH
controller
Liquid Level Meter to
begin next batch
44. pH Adjustment
Utilizes 25% Sodium Hydroxide Solution by weight
• Reduces freezing point, safety hazards, and corrosiveness to system.
Batch System
• Accounts for fluctuations of influent waste
• Effluent quality is critical
• NaOH system handling is important for safety
45. Secondary Treatment: pH Adjustment
Cost of 25% Sodium Hydroxide = $2.22/Gallon
Amount NaOH needed to adjust 1000 Gallons = 12.72 Kilograms
= 2.64 GallonsWITH RECYCLING TECHNIQUES :
Waste Treated per Day = 2000 Gallons
NaOH Needed Daily = 5.3 Gallons
NaOH Needed Yearly = 2260 Gallons
Extra 5000 Gallons every two weeks
NaOH Cost per year = $5000
NO RECYCLING TECHNIQUES :
Waste Treated per Day = 7000 Gallons
NaOH Needed Daily = 18.5 Gallons
NaOH Needed Yearly = 6714 Gallons
NaOH Cost per year = $15,000
47. Disposal Costs
Varying meter sizes
-6” is largest and most
expensive meter
-Flat monthly fee
Largest meter for Lake
Michigan is ¾”
48. Economic Advantages
Water Recycling Advantages
-Reduction of water usage saves $4,500 per year
-Reduction in treated water saves $10,000 in NaOH costs per year
Simplicity of design
-Low maintenance and repair cost
-Low labor requirement
Re-use old equipment wherever possible to subsidize costs
50. Sustainability
Improves economics of wastewater treatment/removal
Reduces freshwater use
Limits chemical usage for water treatment
Maintains FDA and Organic standings
keepcockecountybeautiful.com
51. Design Questions
User Perspective:
How does it work?
What do I need to do to run it?
What is the maintenance/upkeep needed?
Client Perspective:
How much will it cost?
What is the system's size?
Can it be easily incorporated into other facilities?
Designer Perspective:
What is the problem with the waste?
How much waste needs to be processed? At what rate?
Is there a maximum start up cost or ROI timeframe?
53. Summation
Problem: pH and Waste Volume
Solution:
-Gravity Separation
-pH Adjustment
-Water Recycling
-Disposal
Economics: Saves around $50,000 annually after first year
Sustainability: Water recycling reduces water consumption
55. References
Cheng, S., Logan, B. 2007. Sustainable and Efficient Biohydrogen Production via Electrohydrogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America. vol. 104. no. 47. 18871-18873.
Harrison, R., Todd, P., Rudge, S., Petrides, D. 2003. Bioseparations Science and Engineering. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Kabza, Alexander. 2015. “Fuel Cell Formulary.” Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg.
Kargi, F. and Arikan, S. 2013. “Electrohydrolysis of Vinegar Fermentation Wastewater for Hydrogen Gas Production Using Different Types of
Electrodes.” J. Environ. Eng., 139(6), 881– 886.
Kemker, C. 2013. pH of Water. Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements. Available at: http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-
measurements/parameters/water-quality/ph/#p8. Accessed 7 September 2015.
Lin, Bruce. 2000. “Conceptual design and modeling of a fuel cell scooter for urban Asia.” Journal of Power Sources 86: 202-213.
Popova, I. and Morra, M. (2014). “Simultaneous Quantification of Sinigrin, Sinalbin, and Anionic Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products in Brassica juncea
and Sinapis alba Seed Extracts Using Ion Chromatography.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, 10687-10693.
Postma, E., Kuiper, A., Tomasouw, W., Scheffers, W., Dijken, J. 1989. Competition for Glucose between the Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Candida utilis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55(12): 3214-3220.
Wongkarnka, Monchai. 2005. The application of aerobic yeast for treatment of high strength food processing wastewater containing furfural. Iowa
State University: Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1821.
Zoulias, E., Varkaraki, E., Lymberopoulos, N., Christodoulou C., Karagiorgis, G. (2012) A Review on Water Electrolysis. Centre for Renewable
Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency. Available at: http://www.cres.gr/kape/publications/papers/dimosieyseis/ydrogen/A%20REVIEW%20ON%20W
ATER%20ELECTROLYSIS.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2015.
56. Acknowledgments
Michael Freedman, Olds Products - Company Contact
Dr. Caye Drapcho, Clemson University - Project Advisor
Ning Zhang, Clemson University - Lab work assistance
John Abercrombie, Clemson University - Microbiology Lab work assistance
Dr. David Freedman and Rong Yu, Clemson University - Gas Chromatography
Assistance
Dr. Terry Walker, Clemson University - Project Consulting
Tom Jones, Clemson University - Project Consulting