final ppt

Critical Review
of Concepts
and Norms for
Travel Distance
for Life Safety
in Building Fires
Guided by: Prof. (Dr.) V.K. Paul Sanskriti Tiwary
II Sem MBEM
SPA New Delhi
Final Review
16th May 2013

Is there a problem?
• In the year 2012 Delhi witnessed over 22,700 fire incidents
i.e., over 62 fire incidences a day!
• 9 were medium and 2 were serious in nature
• No. of injured
– 2,132 in 2011-12
– 1,979 in 2010-11
– 2,225 in 2008-09
• No. of deaths
– 285 in 2011-12
– 357 in 2010-11

What do we do?
Awareness
Building Design /
Egress Design
Fire Resistance &
Suppression
Detection &
Alarm
Fire Safety

Travel Distance
The distance to be travelled from any point in a building to a
protected escape route, external escape route or final exit is
the travel distance. (Ref.- NBC 2005)
(Ref.- NFPA Life Safety Code 101 Handbook)

Travel Distance norms in NBC
(Ref.- Author)

Research Questions
When travel distance norms of National Building Code (India) were
studied and compared for any changes in the values over the
various revisions from time to time. The variation noticed is minor
from 1970 through 2005. The table 1 highlights the variations.
• The question arises, should the travel distance norms not be
revised as the technology and precision improves over the
years?
• Are current norms adequate and updated for the contemporary
fire and life safety?
• What factors determine travel distance?
• Travel distance cannot be considered in isolation for safe egress.
Do the current Travel distance norms represent comprehensive
understanding of all other factors involved?

Conclusions & Recommendations
Establishing a conceptual relational framework between the determinants and TD
Identifying factors (determinants)
affecting TD and being affected by TD
Comparing Travel Distance norms
from various codes and standards
Literature study
Case Study
Books
Previous years
seminar / thesis
Journals and Research papers
Codes &
standards
Studying cases and judging their
adherence to the determinants for TD
norms
Arriving at weightage (or credits) for the
dependency of Td on the determinants identified
Assigning weightage of importance to
the determinants
Seeking answers - Methodology

After Literature Study …
National Building
Code (of India) 2005
NFPA Life Safety
Code 101
International
Building Code 2009
BS 5588
Comparison

Comparison of travel distances
norms in various standards
(Ref.- Author)

Converting to Graphs
61
91.4
76.2
106.7
53
98
53
69
99
84
30
45
22.5
33.75
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
NBC: Type 1 & 2 (non-sprinkled)
NBC: Type 1 & 2 (sprinkled)
NPFA: New (Non-Sprinkled)
NPFA: New (Sprinkled)
NPFA: Existing (Non-Sprinkled)
NPFA: Existing (Selective Sprinkler System)
NPFA: Existing (Sprinkled)
NPFA: Existing (detection and alarm system enabled building)
IBC: Without exterior egress balcony (non-sprinkled)
IBC: With exterior egress balcony (non-sprinkled)
IBC: Without exterior egress balcony (sprinkled)
IBC: With exterior egress balcony (sprinkled)
BS: (AOV; FD30S at ent; FD20S in corridor)
Travel Distance (in m)Residential Occupancy
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
BS 5588
(Ref.- Author)

Rearranging into Tornado Graph
106.7
91.4
76.2
61
99
98
84
69
53
45
33.75
30
22.5
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
NPFA: Existing (detection and alarm system enabled building)
NPFA: Existing (Selective Sprinkler System)
NPFA: New & Existing (Non-Sprinkled)
Travel Distance (in m)
Residential Occupancy
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
BS 5588
(Ref.- Author)

61
91.4
76.2
106.7
46
61
46
61
30
45
22.5
33.75
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Educational Occupancy
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
(Ref.- Author)

106.7
91.4
76.2
61
61
61
46
46
45
33.75
30
22.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
(Ref.- Author)

61
91.4
76.2
106.7
46
76
30
45
30
45
9
45
18
45
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
NPFA: New & Existing (Sprinkled)
BS: Malls (escape in one direction)
BS: Malls (escape in more directions)
BS: Shops (escape in one direction)
BS: Shops (escape in more directions)
Mercantile Occupancy
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
BS 5588
(Ref.- Author)

91.4
76.2
61
76
46
45
45
30
30
45
45
18
9
0 20 40 60 80 100
NPFA: New & Existing (Sprinkled)
BS: Shops (escape in more directions)
BS: Malls (escape in more directions)
BS: Shops (escape in one direction)
BS: Malls (escape in one direction)
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
BS 5588
(Ref.- Author)

76.2
106.7
30
45
22.5
33.75
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
IBC: Without exterior egress balcony (Sprinkled)
IBC: With exterior egress balcony (Sprinkled)
Institutional Occupancy
IBC 2009
NBC 2005
(Ref.- Author)

106.7
76.2
45
33.75
30
22.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
IBC: With exterior egress balcony (Sprinkled)
IBC: Without exterior egress balcony (Sprinkled)
IBC 2009 NBC 2005
(Ref.- Author)

61
91.4
91.4
121.9
61
91
61
91
30
45
30
45
45
60
25
45
12
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
BS: Low Hazard Escape in one direction
BS: Low Hazard Escape in more directions
BS: Normal Hazard Escape in one direction
BS: Normal Hazard Escape in more directions
BS: High Hazard Escape in one direction
BS: High Hazard Escape in more directions
Business Occupancy
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
BS 5588
(Ref.- Author)

121.9
91.4
91.4
61
60
91
91
61
61
45
45
30
30
45
45
25
25
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
BS: Low Hazard Escape in more directions
BS: Low Hazard Escape in one direction
BS: Normal Hazard Escape in more directions
BS: High Hazard Escape in more directions
BS: Normal Hazard Escape in one direction
BS: High Hazard Escape in one direction
Business Occupancy
IBC 2009
NFPA 101
NBC 2005
BS 5588
(Ref.- Author)

Accounting for Variation
91.4
53
61
30
22.5
16 15
15.3
15
15.2
15
11.25
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
IBC: With exterior egress balcony
NPFA
IBC: Without exterior egress balcony
NBC: Type 1 & 2
NBC: Type 3 & 4
Residential Occupancy
Without Sprinkler
Selective Sprinkler System
detection and alarm system
enabled
With Sprinkler
with AOV; FD30S at ent;
FD20S in corridor
(Ref.- Author)

91.4
61
46
30
22.5
15.3
15.2
15
15
11.25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
NPFA
NBC: Type 1 & 2
NBC: Type 3 & 4
Without Sprinkler
With Sprinkler
(Ref.- Author)

91.4
61
46
30
15.3
15.2
30
15
18
9
27
36
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
NPFA: New & Existing
NBC: All types
BS: Shops
BS: Malls
Without Sprinkler
With Sprinkler
Escape in one direction only
Escape in more than one
direction
(Ref.- Author)

30
22.5
15
11.25
76.2 30.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
IBC
NBC: Type 1 & 2
NBC: Type 3 & 4
Without Sprinkler
With Sprinkler
Without exterior egress balcony
With exterior egress balcony
(Ref.- Author)

91.4
61
61
30
30
30.5
30
30.4
15
15
45
25
12
15
20
13
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
NPFA: New & Old
BS: Low Hazard
NBC: Type 3 & 4
NBC: Type 1 & 2
BS: Normal Hazard
BS: High Hazard
Business Occupancy
Without Sprinkler
With Sprinkler
Escape in one direction
Escape in more than one
direction
(Ref.- Author)

Listing Determinants
(Ref.- Author)

Listing Determinants continued
(Ref.- Author)

Evaluating the Codes for due
importance to the determinants
0 : Not imp
3 : Less imp
5 : Imp
7 : More Imp
(Ref.- Author)

Establishing Quantitative Relationship
5 X 5 Usage
Egress
design
Architectural
and technical
specifications
Fire detection /
protection
system
Fire/smoke
endurance of
the building
N! Percentage
Usage 1 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.5 0.081359 8.135935
Egress design 2 1 0.50 0.50 1.5 0.166888 16.68878
Architectural and
technical
specifications
3 2 1 0.8 1.6 0.266394 26.6394
Fire
detection/protectio
n system
4 2 1.25 1 3 0.347259 34.72588
Fire/smoke
endurance of the
building
2 0.67 0.63 0.33 1 0.1381 13.81
Total 12 6.17 3.71 2.88 7.6 1 100
(Ref.- Author)

Usage
4 X 4
Density of
Occupancy
Readiness of
people to
evacuate
Physical fitness of
occupants
Activity N! Percentage
Density of
Occupancy
1 2 0.5 0.5 0.224431818 22.44318182
Readiness of
people to
evacuate
0.5 1 2 2 0.301136364 30.11363636
Physical
fitness of
occupants
2 0.5 1 2 0.275568182 27.55681818
Activity 2 0.5 0.5 1 0.198863636 19.88636364
Total 5.5 4 4 5.5 1 100
(Ref.- Author)

Egress design
5 X 5
No. of routes
of escape
Presence of
atrium
Exterior
egress
balcony
Refuge or
protected
hallway
Stability and
future use of
internal
layout
N! Percentage
No. of routes
of escape
1 4 0.50 6 2 0.328758682 32.87586822
Presence of
atrium
0.25 1 0.70 0.60 1.5 0.124607035 12.46070347
Exterior egress
balcony
2 1.43 1 2.5 4 0.328272081 32.82720813
Refuge or
protected
hallway
0.17 1.67 0.4 1 2 0.131587455 13.15874546
Stability and
future use of
internal layout
0.5 0.67 0.25 0.5 1 0.086774747 8.677474716
Total 3.9167 8.762 2.85 10.6 10.5 1 100
(Ref.- Author)

Architectural and technical specifications
5 X 5 Workmanship
Materials
used for
finishes
Surroundings
of the building
Height of
building
Internal
layout of the
building
N! Percentage
Workmanship 1 3 5 2 3 0.389727701 38.97277012
Materials used
for finishes
0.33 1 5 4 2 0.273651715 27.36517152
Surroundings
of the building
0.2 0.2 1 2 3 0.14138512 14.13851205
Height of
building
0.5 0.25 0.5 1 1.2 0.10467363 10.46736303
Internal layout
of the building
0.33 0.5 0.33 0.83 1 0.090561833 9.056183278
Total 2.37 4.95 11.83 9.83 10.2 1 100
(Ref.- Author)

Fire detection/protection system
3 X 3
Fully
automatically
sprinkled system
Smoke
evacuation
system
Detection and
alarm system
N! Percentage
Fully
automatically
sprinkled
system
1 1.2 1.6 0.405209405 40.52094049
Smoke
evacuation
system
0.833333333 1 1.5 0.35122464 35.12246396
Detection and
alarm system
0.625 0.666666667 1 0.243565956 24.35659556
Total 2.458333333 2.866666667 4.1 1 100
(Ref.- Author)

Fire/smoke endurance of the building
5 X 5
Fire rating of
doors and
walls
Door in
corridor
Smoke
barrier/smoke tight
construction
Nature of material
stored in the
building
Heat
ventilation
system
N! Percentage
Fire rating of
doors and
walls
1 2 3.00 2.5 4 0.40064 40.064
Door in
corridor
0.5 1 2.00 0.50 0.83 0.15702 15.702
Smoke
barrier/smoke
tight
construction
0.33 0.5 1 0.8 1 0.1187 11.87
Nature of
material stored
in the building
0.4 2 1.25 1 0.83 0.1773 17.73
Heat
ventilation
system
0.25 1.2 1 1.2 1 0.146284504 14.62845045
Total 2.483 6.7 8.25 6 7.67 1 100
(Ref.- Author)

Quantitative Evaluation of the norms
(Ref.- Author)

Speed of Egress
The Fire SERT research group at University of Ulster, North Ireland, has
developed a substantial body of data on the egress capabilities of people with
disabilities who go out and about in the community.
Activity Mean speed (in m/s) Range of speed (in m/s)
Horizontal Surface (n=6) 1.25 0.82-1.77
Stairs ascent (n=8) 0.7 0.55-0.82
Stairs decent (n=8) 0.7 0.45-1.10

Evacuation Time
• The total evacuation time contains two major component-
pre-movement time and movement time. Pre-movement
time involves time taken up by recognition and initial
response and movement time is the time needed to travel
to a place of safety.
• The available safe egress time (ASET) of the occupants in
the event of fire is whole time from fire ignition to the time
untenable conditions occur in the evacuation route.
• The Required Safe egress time RSET is the time required for
occupants to reach an area of safety. Necessarily, the
calculated ASET needs to exceed RSET to ensure the safety
of occupants.

The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering discusses the
evacuation in the event of fire in terms of pre-movement time and
movement time.
Egress Time Model

Mean Delay Time of Evacuation Drills
and Fire Case Studies
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mean Delay Time (in min)

Case Study: TCIL
• Transport Corporation of India ltd, Gurgaon
• G+3 structure
• Gross Floor Area 2153 m sq.

Non-compliance with NBC 2005 Fire Safety Norms
Smoke Venting
• Clause 3.4.12.2 of NBC 2005 states that “Natural draft smoke
venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the
ceiling level; such vents shall be normally open, or, if closed,
shall be designed for automatic opening in case of fire, by
release of smoke sensitive devices.” No such or equivalent
system is found in the building concerned.

Fire Doors
• Clause 4.2.9 of NBC 2005 states that “Fire doors with 2 h fire
resistance shall be provided at appropriate places along the
escape route and particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and
stair well where a funnel or flue effect may be created,
inducing an upward spread of fire to prevent spread of fire
and smoke.” Type of door leading to the exit staircase has not
been specified.

Internal Staircase
• Clause 4.9.2 of NBC 2005 states that “Internal stairs shall be
constructed as a self-contained unit with an external wall of the
building constituting at least one of its sides and shall be completely
enclosed.” also clause 4.9.3 states “A staircase shall not be arranged
round a lift shaft.” These two factors render staircase1 unfit to be
considered a fire escape due to:
– It is not enclosed; and
– Is around a lift.
• Thus, only staircse2 shall be considered a safe fire escape for all
purposes.

Arrangement of Exits
• Clause 4.5.1 of NBC 2005 states that “Exits shall be so located that
the travel, distance on the floor shall not exceed the distance given
in Table 22.” Since the building under consideration is an office
building, the maximum travel distance from any point in the
building to the exit staircase should not exceed 30m.
• Though fig. illustrates that the building satisfies the travel distance
norms of table 22 of NBC 2005, it needs to be noted that in section
6.2.3 above staircase1 has been discarded from consideration to
become a fire escape staircase thus increasing the maximum travel
distance to 42 m as shown in fig.

Width of Staircase
• Clause 4.9.6 of NBC 2005 says that, minimum width for internal
staircase in office buildings shall be 1.5 m; but the provided
staircase has a width of 1.2 m only.

Staircase Tread and Riser
• Clause 4.9.7 of NBC 2005 states that “The minimum width of
tread without nosing shall be 300 mm for assembly, hotels,
educational, institutional, business and other buildings.” The
building doesn’t conform to this norm. The tread of the
internal fire staircase is 275 mm only.
• Clause 4.9.8 of NBC 2005 states that “The maximum height of
riser shall be 150 mm for all buildings other than residential
and the number shall be limited to 15 per flight.” The building
doesn’t conform to this norm. The riser of the fire internal
staircase is 175 mm only.

Travel Distance
• Table 22 of NBC 2005 says that, the maximum travel distance
for business occupancy should be 30m. After discarding
staircase 1 as a fire exit, the maximum travel distance for the
typical office floor becomes 42m.

Conclusion
• If a building complies by all the fire safety norms
recommended by NBC 2005 then it is eligible to follow the
travel distance norms as per Table 22 of NBC 2005.
• In case it doesn’t, it shall be obliged to have a lower travel
distance than the maximum limit.
• This reduction in the maximum travel distance limit shall be
calculated on the lines of the quantitative analysis of the
determinants of travel safety.

final ppt

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (16)

Similar to final ppt

Similar to final ppt (20)

final ppt