2. PREVENTION
Prevention is better than cure
The bowels should be opened once a day
Individual’s normal habit
Education of parents
Regular meals, a healthy diet
Unhurried environment
Availability of a private place to defecate
Suitable defecation position
some drugs are constipating(iron
supplements,opiates,anticholinergics and NSAIDS
while some cause diarrhea i.e antibiotics
3. Normal bowel function
Food takes from 1 to 3 days to pass
through the gut. It is propelled through by
peristalsis and on the way digestion takes
place; nutrients are absorbed
into the bloodstream chiefly in the small
intestines.
4.
5. STORAGE
-gastrocolic reflex-- produces mass movements
-anus is closed untill its closure pressure is greater
then the mass movements
-the initial sensation of presence of stool in the
rectum--at 11-68ml
-maximal sensation at 250-510ml
In those with normal compliance and sensation,
rectal pressure begins to increase at about 300
mL.
6. resting pressure of IAS contributes 70-85% to
the total resting pressure at anus.
the distension of rectum ,caused by waves of
rectal filling,elicits rectoanal inhibitory
reflex(RAIR) resulting in relaxation if IAS.
anorectal angle- supported by puborectalis m/s
produces a flap valve(normal 60-105 degree)
fecal material in rectum may increase this angle.
7. Factors effecting the maintenance
of anorectal incontinenece
Resting pressure of internal anal sphincter
Resting closure pressure of external anal sphincter
Anorectal angle (60-105 degree)
Vascular anal cushions
Intact nerve supply
Contact of moisture rectal wall
Consistency of stool
Diet
Activity
Absence of infection
Cognitively intact
Efficiently mobile
8. DEFECATION
The act of emptying the rectum is called defecation or ‘opening the
bowels’.
The normal frequency of defecation varies substantially between
individuals from three times a day to three times a week for 94%
of the population.
Position of sitting( experts opinion recommends knees should be
apart & higher than the hip joints,this may require feet to be on a
support such as stool. trunk should be fwd flexed at the hips
supported on the forearm & with the neutral spinal curves
maintained.
when possible heels should be raised.
when individual is in the position,pelvic floor musculature relaxes
such that the floor descends 1-2cm to the plane of ischial
tuberosities.
IAP+ peristalsis
the raised intra-abdominal pressure is utilized to assist defaecation
is achieved by a complex co-ordination of trunk m/s called brace &
buldge.
15. Prevelance
PREVELANCE OF CONSTIPATION:
in a large study of australian women by chiarelli
et al (2000),found a prevelance rate of 14.1% in
women aged 1-23 years,26.6% in women aged
45-50 years and 27% in women aged 70-75 years.
PREVELANCE OF ANAL & FAECAL
INCONTINENCE:
the prevelance of anal or faecal incontinence
is equally difficult to quantify because of the
reluctance of sufferers to admit.
16. Factors contributing to difficulties
in defecation
Abnormal defecation techniques
Abuse
Eating disorders
Food & drink
Ignoring the call to stool/workplace constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome
Mega colon and mega rectum
Menstruation
Neurological conditions
Pain associated with anal fissure
Pregnancy and postpartum
Prolapse
Psychiatric disorders
The elderly
17. Consequences of constipation
Psychological problems
Physical symptoms- m/s
tension,palpitation,churnining stomach and
fatigue
Emotional symptoms- irritability,worry, less
enthusiastic
Cognitive symptoms- poor concentration,
indecisiveness,memory changes
Behavioral symptoms- agitation, lethargy, poor
sleep
18. Factors contributing anal
incontinence
Age
Anal sphincter dysfunction
Child birth
Surgery
Accidents
Trauma
Habitual chronic straining at the stool
Liquid stool
Functional fecal incontinenece
19. Physical therapy assessment
History
Bowel habit diary
Food diary
Physical examination-should commence with
observation of the patient's gait & posture.
- lower back assessment
- abdominal examination
- neurological assessment
- anorectal examination
25. TREATMENT FOR BOWEL AND ANORECTAL
DYSFUNCTION
Diet
Bowel Retraining( four stages holding on
programme)
Medications
Physical therapy treatment
26. Medications
Constipation Faecal incontinence
o Bulky agents
o Stimulants
o Osmotic laxatives
o Faecal softeners
o Antimotility drugs
o Absorbents
o Antispasmodics
o Topical agents
o Oestrogen replacement
therapy
27. Physiotherapy Treatment
(read book for detailed description)
Defaecation technique
Anal sphincter exercise
Biofeedback for constipation
Faecal incontinence
Massage for constipation
Neuromuscular stimulation
Rectal sensitivity training
Anal cones
Skin care and body odours
28. technique popularized by australian
physiotherapist -- brace ,open out and grunt
pump brace technique