FINACIAL ANALYSIS

2. IDENTIFDY THE FOLLOWING
REGULATORS?

4. Regulators/Statutory Authorities
 Various regulators in Indian financial
markets are:
◦ Securities & Exchange Board of India
(SEBI)
◦ Forward Markets Commission (FMC)
◦ Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)
◦ Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
◦ Ministry of Finance (MOF)
◦ Insurance Regulatory & Development
Authority (IRDA)

5. Financial Literacy for
Directors
5

6. 6
Warm up questions…..???
1. What is education? And What is Financial Education..?
2. What is Source of the finance..?
3. What are the different types of Capitals…?

7. FINANCIAL LITERACY
FINANCIAL EDUCATION
7

8. Financial Education
Deterioration of personal finances
Proliferation of new and complex financial products
Helps build a secure financial future
Prepared for financial emergencies
Protection from marketing gimmicks
Feeling a sense of accomplishment
Disciplined approach to money
Awareness of questionable practices
Setting a good example for your family
Helping other families improving economy
Building National economy

9. FINANCIAL EDUCATION
INDIVIDUALS CORPORATES

10. What is the need for financial literacy for
directors?

11. “IGNORANCE OF LAW NO
EXCUSE”
It is the power, duty and
responsibility of director
individually as well as
collectively.
11

12. S. 177(1)?
12

13. S.177(1) – [ Companies Act: Rule -6 ]
Every listed company
• the following companies shall also have an Audit
Committee:
– (i) all public companies with a paid up capital of ten
crore rupees or more;
– (ii) all public companies having turnover of one
hundred crore rupees or more;
– (iii) all public companies, having in aggregate,
outstanding loans or borrowings or debentures or
deposits exceeding fifty crore rupees or more.

14. Audit Committee & Independent
Director
• Sec 177(2)‐ The audit Committee shall
consist of a minimum of three directors with
independent directors forming the majority:
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15. Audit Committee under Regulation
18 of LODR,2015
• Every listed entity shall constitute a qualified and
independent audit committee in accordance with
the terms of reference, subject to the following:
– (a) The audit committee shall have minimum three
directors as members.
– (b) Two‐thirds of the members of audit committee
shall be independent directors.
– (c) All members of audit committee shall be financially
literate and at least one member shall have accounting
or related financial management expertise.
Chairman and Members: Ability to read and
understand the financial statement.
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16. What is financial statement and
how to present them?
16

17. Financial Statement
• Section 2(40) defines ‘Financial statement’ to include:
– Balance sheet
– Profit and loss Account
– Cash Flow Statement
– Statement of Changes in Equity , if applicable
– Explanatory Notes
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18. Section 129‐ Financial Statements
• Sec 129(2)‐ At every AGM of a company, the
BOD of the company shall lay before such
meeting financial statements for the
financial year.
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19. Sec 129‐ Financial Statement
• The financial statement shall :
– be in the form in Schedule III
– comply with the accounting standards notified
under section 133 and
– give true and fair view of the state of affairs of the
company.
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20. Financing Activities
• Those activities that result in changes in size and composition of owners
capital and borrowing of the organization.
• It includes receipts from issuing shares, debentures, bonds, borrowing and
payment of borrowed amount, loan etc.
– Sale of share
– Buy back of shares
– Redemption of preference shares
– Issue / redemption of debentures
– Long term loan / payment thereof
– Dividend / interest paid
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21. Is it compulsory for all the companies?

22. Cash flow statement not applicable to :
1)OPC
2) Small company and
3) Dormant company.

23. Cash Flow Statement
• No format prescribed in Schedule III to the Companies
Act, 2013.
• AS 3 provides that the cash flow statement should report
cash flows during the period classified by
– Operating,
– Investing and
– Financing activities.
• Direct and Indirect Method for presentation of operating
activities.
• Sum of these three types of cash flow reflect net increase
or decrease of cash and cash equivalents.
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24. Format for Cash Flow Statement
Particulars Current year Previous year
Cash Flow from operating activities
Cash flow from investing activities
Cash Flow from financing activities
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and Cash equivalents at beginning of
period
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
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25. Operating Activities
• These are principal revenue producing activities of
the enterprise.
• Examples:
– Cash receipts from sale of goods / rendering services;
– Cash receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other
revenue;
– Cash payments to suppliers of goods and service;
– Cash payments to and on behalf of employees.
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26. Cash Flow from Operating
Activities ( Direct
Method)
Cash Flow from operating activities Amount
Cash receipts from customers 30,150
Less: Cash paid to suppliers and employees (27600)
Cash generated from operations 2550
Less: Income tax paid (860)
Cash flow before extraordinary item 1690
Add: Proceeds from earthquake disaster settlement 180
Net Cash flow from operating activities 1,870
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27. Cash Flow from Operating
Activities ( Indirect
Method)
Cash Flow from operating activities Amount
Net profit before taxation and extraordinary item 3350
Adjustment for: Depreciation 490
Interest income (500)
Interest expense 400
Operating profit before working capital changes 3,740
Increase in sundry debtors (500)
Decrease in inventory 1,050
Decrease in sundry creditors (1740)
Cash generated from operations 2,550
Less: Income tax paid (860)
Cash flow before extraordinary item 1,690
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28. What is a financial year?
Is it standard for all the companies?
Is there any power to exempt and if
there is then to whom?

29. Financial Year
•Section 2(41)– means the period ending on the
31st March every year
–Exception could be made by a Tribunal if a company
being holding or subsidiary of a company incorporated
abroad and is required to maintain accounts for a
different financial year outside India
•In the first year of incorporation:
–If incorporated before 1st Jan, then period ending 31st
March of the same financial year
–otherwise, period ending 31st March of the next
financial year.
•Existing companies to align within two years.
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30. ’
Section 134‐ Board s Report
• Sec 134(3)‐ There shall be attached to
statements laid before a company in general
meeting, a report of its Board of Directors
which shall include the matters given in this
subsection and such other matters as may
be prescribed (refer Rule 8).
• (3)(c) Directors’ Responsibility Statement as
referred in subsection (5).
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31. What is director’s responsibility?
To whom are they accountable?
How and when do they need to
present?

32. Sec 134(5)‐ Directors’ Responsibility
Statement
• (a) in the preparation of the annual accounts,
the applicable accounting standards had been
followed along with proper explanation relating
to material departures;
• (b) the directors had selected such accounting
policies and applied them consistently and made
judgments and estimates that are reasonable
and prudent so as to give a true and fair view of
the state of affairs of the company at the end of
the financial year and of the profit and loss of
the company for that period;
• (d) the directors had prepared the annual
accounts on a going concern basis;
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33. • What is consolidated financial
statement?
33

34. Consolidated Financial Statements (CFS)
• Sub‐section (3) of section 129 ‐ preparation of
CFS by a company having one or more
subsidiaries .
• ‘Subsidiary’ for the purpose of this clause
includes ‘ associates’ and ‘joint venture’.
• CFS shall be in addition to stand alone
financial statement.
• The company shall also attach along with its
financial statement, a separate statement
containing the salient features of the financial
statements of its subsidiary or subsidiaries.
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35. Consolidated Financial Statements (CFS)
•Sec 129 (4) ‐The provision of this Act
applicable for preparation, audit and
adoption of the financial statements of the
holding company shall, mutatis mutandis,
apply to the CFS also.
•Rule 6 – The consolidation of financial
statements of the company shall be made
in accordance with the provisions of the
Schedule III of the Act and the applicable
accounting standards.
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36. Methods of Consolidation
AS21 AS23 AS27
Title Consolidated
Financial
Statements
Accounting for
Investments in
Associates in the
Consolidated Financial
Statements
Financial
Reporting of
Investments in
Joint Ventures
Applicability in case
of
Subsidiary Associates Joint Ventures
Method of
Consolidation
Line by Line Equity Method of
Accounting
Proportionate
Method
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37. STRUCTURE OF SCHEDULE ‐III
1. General Instructions
2. Part I
1. Form of Balance Sheet
2. General Instructions for preparation of Balance
Sheet
3. Part II
1. Form of Statement of Profit and loss
2. General Instructions for preparation of
Statement of Profit and Loss
4. Part III
1. General Instructions for the preparation of CFS
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38. General Instructions in Schedule III
• Each item on the face of the Balance Sheet and
Statement of Profit and Loss is to be cross
referenced to related information in the notes to the
accounts.
• Notes to accounts to contain information in addition
to that presented in the financial statement
including narrative descriptions
• Corresponding amounts for the immediately
preceding reporting period.
• Rounding off based on turnover.
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39. Form of Balance Sheet (Part 1)
Particulars Note
No.
Figures as at the end
of the current
reporting period
Figures as at the end of
the previous reporting
period
I. EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
(1) Shareholders’ Funds
(a) share capital
(b) Reserve and Surplus
(c) Money received against
share warrants
1
2
(2) Share application money pending allotment 3
(3) Non-current liabilities
(a) Long term borrowings
(b) Deferred tax liabilities (net)
4
5
(c) Other long term liabilities
(d) Long term provisions
6
7
(4) Current Liabilities
(a) Short term borrowings
(b) Trade payables
(c) Other current liabilities
(d) Short term provisions
8
9
10
TOTAL
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40. What are tangible & intangible assets?
• Exercise sheet
40

41. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Name of the Asset
Land
Good will
Building
Plant & Machinery
Brand
Furniture
Computer Software
Trade Mark
Civil drawings and
Constructions
designs
Patents
Nature of the Asset
S.No
EXERCISE SHEET

42. Fixed Assets‐Tangible Assets
• Classification shall be given as:
– Land
– Building
– Plant and equipment
– Furniture and fixtures
– Vehicles
– Office equipment
– Others
• Assets under lease to be separately specified under each head.
• A reconciliation of gross and net carrying amount of each class of assets
from beginning to the close of the accounting period.
• Written off or add on account of revaluation of assets shall show
reduced figure and shall give by way of note ( for 5 yrs) the details of
such revaluation.
42

43. Case Study on fixed Assets
Particulars As on During Total Dep upto For the Total Net value
1.4.2013 the yr. 31.3.2013 yr as on
31.3.2014
Plant &
Machinery
12.34 1.18 13.52 4.48 0.88 5.36 12.16
Capital WIP 0 3.37 3.47 0 0 0 3.47
Advances
for capital
goods
0 1.76 1.76 0 0 0 1.76
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44. As Per AS-26
An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset, without
physical substance, held for use in the production or supply of goods
or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes.

45. Intangible asset is:
☺ Identifiable non monetary asset
☺ Without physical substance
☺ Held for use in production or supply of goods or services
45
Intangible Assets and types of Intangible
Example:
☺ Licenses
☺ Intellectual property rights
☺ Brand names, publishing titles
☺ Computer software
☺ Patents, copy rights
☺ Motion picture licenses
☺ Customers lists
☺ Franchises
☺ Mortgage services rights
☺ Import quotas
☺ Customer supplier relationships
☺ Customer loyalty
☺ Market share and marketing right
☺ Goodwill

46. 46
Accounting Standard (AS) 26
AS 26 gives
accounting
treatment for
intangible
assets
AS 26 helps in
recognition,
measurement
and disclosure
of Intangible
Asset varying
business
situations.

47. d 47
AS.26
Legal
Intangible
Asset
Business
Intangible
Asset
-Trade Mark
-Patents
-Copyrights
-Designs
-Good will
-Building
- Customer
- License
- Computer Software

48. What are current and non-current
assets?
• EXERCISE SHEET

49. S.No. Name of the Asset Nature of the Asset
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Fixed Deposits in Bank with 2years
Cash in current Account
Fixed deposits with 45days period
Cash in Hand
Sundry Debtors with a period of
6months
Money market investments
Inter-corporate deposits
Government with money realizable
order for payment after 3 years
Lease hold rights with yearly
income
Software package license Income

50. Current and non‐current
• Criteria to be met to classify as current liability:
– Expected to be settled in the co’s normal operating cycle,
– Due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date,
– primarily for the purpose of being traded
• Criteria to be met to classify as current asset:
– Expected to be realized or intended for sale or consumption in
normal operating cycle of the company,
– Held primarily for the purpose of trading,
– Expected to be realized within 12 months from the closing date or
– It is cash or cash equivalent.
• Operating cycle – time between the acquisition of assets for
processing and their realization in cash or cash equivalents. If can not
be identified‐ duration of twelve months.
50

51. S.No. Name of the Asset Nature of the Asset
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fixed Deposits in Bank with 2years
Cash in current Account
Fixed deposits with 45days period
Cash in Hand
Sundry Debtors with a period of
6months
Money market investments
Inter-corporate deposits
Government with money realizable
order for payment after 3 years
Lease hold rights with yearly
income
Software package license Income
Non-Current Asset
Current Asset
Current Asset
Current Asset
Current Asset
Non-Current Asset
Non-Current Asset
Non Current Asset
Non-Current Asset
Current Asset

52. What are the different types of Share
Capital?
52

53. Share Capital
– A reconciliation from the beginning of the year till end of the
year.
– Ownership‐
• of holding and ultimate holding company
• 5% or more
– Shares issued for consideration other than cash, Bonus
shares, shares bought back
– Shares reserved for issues under options, disinvestments their
terms and conditions.
– Terms and earliest date of conversion of securities convertible
in equity or preference shares.
53

54. Case Study on Share Capital
Total 10,00,000 9,00,000
Particulars Share
Capital
As at 31.3.2013 As at 31.3.2012
Authorised
100,000 Equity shares of Rs.
10 Each
10,00,000 10,00,000
Issued, Subscribed & Paid up
90,000 Equity shares of Rs.
9,00,000 9,00,000
10/ each fully paid up in cash
10,000 Equity shares pending
allotment
100,000 0
54

55. What is Reserve and Surplus?
55

56. Reserves and Surplus
– Capital Reserve and Revenue Reserve to be
shown separately.
– Nature and purpose of reserves to be stated.
– Surplus‐ disclose allocations and appropriations
such as dividend and transfers.
– Debit balance in Surplus Account to be shown
under the head ‘Surplus’ even if negative balance.
56

57. Case Study of Reserve and Surplus
Reserve & Surplus YE 31.3.2014 YE 31.3.2013
Share Premium
Account
‐ Balance as per
accounts
1325.24 Crores 62.31
Crores
57

58. Additional Information by way of notes
• In respect of contingent liabilities
– Claims against the co not acknowledged as debts
– Guarantees
– Other moneys for which co is contingently liable
• In respect of commitments
– Estimated amount of contracts remaining to be executed on
capital account and not provided for
– Uncalled liability on shares and other investments partly
paid
– Other commitments
• In respect of proposed dividend to equity and
preference shareholders.
58

59. Form of Statement of Profit and loss‐ Part 1
Particulars Note No. Figures for the
current reporting
period
Figure for the
previous reporting
period
I. Revenue from operations 21
II. Other income 22
III Total Revenue
Iv. Expenses:
Cost of Material Consumed
Purchase of Stock –in- trade Changes in
Inventories of
Finished goods Work-in-progress Stock in
trade
Employee Benefits Expense Finance Costs
Depreciation and amortization Other expenses
23
59

60. Form of Statement of Profit and loss‐ Part 2
Particulars Note No. Figures for the
current reporting
period
Figure for the
previous
reporting period
V. Profit before exceptional and extraordinary items
and tax
Vi. Exceptional items 24
VII. Profit before extraordinary items and tax
VIII. Extraordinary items 25
IX. Profit before tax
X.Tax Expenses
(i) Current tax
(ii)Deferred tax
26
Xi. Profit (loss) for the period from continuing
operations
XII Profit (Loss) from the discontinuing business 27
XIII Tax expenses of discontinuing operations 28
XIV. Profit/(Loss from discontinuing operations (after tax)
XV. Profit (Loss) for the period
XVi. Earnings per equity share
(i)Basic
(ii)diluted
29
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61. Additional Information by way of notes
• Any item of income or expense which exceeds one
percent of the revenue from operations or Rs.
1,00,000/‐, which ever is higher.
• Prior period items to be disclosed separately.
• Broad heads to be decided taking into account the
concept of materiality and presentation of true
and fair view of financial statements.
61

62. How to make asset- allocation?
62

63. Asset
allocation
Time frame
Risk tolerance
Personal
circumstances
63

64. If a company want to disclose some
other information how to do it?

65. Exceptional Items
• AS‐5 ‐When items of income or expense within
profit or loss from ordinary activities are of size,
nature or incidence that their disclosure is relevant
to explain the performance of the enterprise for the
period, the nature and amount of such item is
disclosed separately.
65

66. Extraordinary Items
• AS‐5 Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items
and Changes in Accounting Policies
– Extraordinary items‐ income or expenses that arise from
events or transactions that are clearly distinct from the
ordinary activities of the enterprises and are not
expected to recur frequently or regularly.
– The nature and amount of each extraordinary item is
separately disclosed in the statement of Profit and Loss in
such manner that its impact on current profit or loss can
be perceived.
66

67. Investing Activities
• The activities of acquisition and disposal of long term assets and other
investments not included in cash equivalent are investing activities.
• It includes making and collecting loans, acquiring and disposal of debt and
equity instruments, property and fixed assets etc.
• Examples of cash flows arising from investing activities are as follows:
– Cash payments to acquire fixed assets
– Cash receipts from disposal of fixed assets
– Cash payments to acquire shares, warrants or debt instruments of
other enterprises and interest in joint ventures
– Cash receipt from disposal of above investments
– Interest and dividend received
m 67

68. Schedule III‐ General Instructions
•Where compliance with the requirements
of the Act including accounting standards,
as applicable to the companies, require
any change in treatment or disclosure
including addition, amendment,
substitution or deletion in the head or
sub‐head or any changes, inter se, in the
financial statements the same shall be
made and the requirements of this
schedule shall stand modified accordingly.
68

69. Section 133 of the CA, 2013 & The
Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014
• Rule 7 – Until accounting standards
are specified under section 133,
accounting standards as per Companies
(Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006
would be applicable.
• Till NFRA is constituted, Central
Govt. may add, amend and accounting
standard as recommended by ICAI after
examining recommendations of NACAS.
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70. How to make the treatment with
Accounts?

71. Accounting Treatment‐ case study
A company purchases a house property.
Where it shall be shown in the Balance Sheet
of the company , whether as:
–Fixed asset or
–Investment property or
–Inventory
•Accounting Standard/policy shall determine
that.
71

72. Accounting treatment of house
property
• An asset held with the intention of being used for
the purpose of producing or providing goods or
services shall be shown as “Fixed Asset’’.
• An asset held by an enterprise for earning income by
way of rentals or for capital appreciation shall be
shown as “Investment’’
• An asset held for sale in the normal course of
business shall be shown as “Inventory’’.
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73. What is the need for Accounting
Standard?
73

74. Need for Accounting Standards
• The accounting policies followed vary from
enterprise to enterprise.
• View presented in the financial statements can
be significantly affected by the accounting
policies followed.
• Objective is to harmonize the diverse accounting
policies and practices.
74

75. Fundamental Accounting Assumptions
• Accrual basis of accounting- the effect of
transactions are recognized when they occur ( not when
they are received or paid).
• Going Concern- it will continue to be in operation for
the foreseeable future.
• Consistency- the accounting policies are followed
consistently from one period to another and a change is
made only in exceptional circumstances.
75

76. AS‐5 Change in Accounting Policy
– Only if the adoption is required by statute.
– For compliance with an accounting
standard.
– If change results in a more appropriate
presentation.
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77. 77