This document summarizes and compares various digital file formats for raster and vector graphics. Raster graphics like JPEG and TIFF store images as grids of pixels and can lose quality when resized, while vector formats like AI and EPS use mathematical formulas to describe shapes and can be scaled without quality loss. The document also discusses file compression, image capture methods, optimizing images for web use, and factors that influence file size like resolution, bit depth, and compression.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Raster Graphics
Raster Graphics are made up of Bitmaps.
Bitmaps are made up of pixels of a fixed
resolution. Resizing raster graphics can cause
distortion of images.
3. Vector Graphics
Vector Graphics are made up of vectors. Vectors
have a start and an end point with curves, points
and angles between them. Unlike raster
graphics, vectors can be scaled with no loss in
definition which makes them ideal for company
logos as they can be used on business cards and
scaled large enough to fit a billboard without
losing image quality.
5. JPEG
Stands For Joint Photographic Experts Group
Used For/Example Photographs and Web formats. An
example is that they are the picture format
used on Facebook.
Advantage JPEG files are often much smaller than
others and therefore take up much less
memory. JPEG is also a universal file which
can be open anywhere, on a phone, tablet
or computer.
Disadvantage The image is compressed when it is saved.
Every time the image is saved after editing
it is recompressed. This means that less
pixels will be saved each time and as a
result, the image will lose quality each
time.
6. TIFF
Stands For Tagged Image File Format
Used For/Example Used for desktop publishing by graphic
designers. Adobe InDesign documents are
often saved as TIFF’s.
Advantage TIFFS can save multipage documents to a
single TIFF file. Has the option of lossless
compression which means it doesn’t lose
any quality from compression and
recompression.
Disadvantage TIFF’s have rather large file sizes which can
take up a lot of memory very quickly. A
TIFF is also a specialist file which means it
requires a specific programme to open
unlike a JPEG file.
7. GIF
Stands For Graphics Interchange Format
Used For/Example GIF files are short digital animations which
are often used on the internet. A GIF is a
series of images on a loop which creates
the appearance of video.
Advantage GIF’s have reasonably small file sizes
compared to their MP4 counterpart and
open much faster. They are used so much
as they take a very small amount of time
to load. GIF’s can also give a professional
look to a website as they can have
transparent backgrounds.
Disadvantage GIF’s have much lower quality than an MP4 file as a GIF
is a series of images played in a loop so the file will run
at much lower frames per second. The images can look
blocky or pixelated due to the limited colour palette.
This makes them appear to be of lower quality. Once
an animation has been saved as a GIF, it cannot be
edited. This makes it very difficult to make minor
alterations to the animated after it has been saved.
8. BMP
Stands For Bitmap image file
Used For/Example A bitmap file is similar to that of a JPEG or
TIFF. A BMP can be used to save any pixel
based images.
Advantage Bitmap files save images which are of a
high quality as they have no loss from
compression when they are saved.
Disadvantage Since bitmap images are high quality, they
often have large file sizes which results in
them taking up a lot of memory very
quickly.
10. PSD
Stands For Photoshop Document
Used For/Example PSD files are used for image manipulation
and magazine front covers as it is able to
save separate layers, page formatting
information, swatches etc.
Advantage PSD supports transparency so images can
be saved without a background. Also since
PSD can save layers, this make it easy to go
back and edit the file later on if needs be.
Disadvantage The file can only be opened in Photoshop
and by some Adobe programmes. Due to
the amount of information and layers that
the document can store and recall, it takes
up a lot of memory as a large file.
11. AI
Stands For Adobe Illustrator Art
Used For/Example AI is used to create graphics which can
represent a company such as a logo.
Advantage The images can be scaled smaller and
bigger without losing quality so the images
stay the original quality they started as.
Disadvantage An AI file requires specialist software to
open which limits where it can be viewed.
12. FLA
Stands For Flash File
Used For/Example FLA is used to make animations and
games.
Advantage Can produce high quality files with small
sizes, which makes them good for websites
that contain flash games as they load
quickly. A flash file can contain both videos
and sound.
Disadvantage The file will not open or work without
software that can open an FLA file as it is a
specialist file.
13. WMF
Stands For Windows MetaFile
Used For/Example Similar to AI files, WMF files are used to
create logos and company graphics. WMF
is a windows format used mainly for
clipart.
Advantage The images saved as WMF’s can be scaled
larger and smaller with no loss in
definition and this file can contain both
bitmap and vector components.
Disadvantage A WMF is only available on windows
platforms so they can only be generated
on these. Also, the quality is generally low
as it is clipart.
15. Compression
Definition Lossy compression is a reduction in the
file size which is caused by reducing the
amount of information that is saved due
to the image being compressed.
Advantage The main advantage to compression is that
it reduces the file size and the amount of
memory that the file requires.
Disadvantage When compressed, images lose quality
and appear more pixelated because less
pixels are saved each time.
16. Image Capture
Method Scanner
How is it used for image capture of
graphics
A scanner is used to digitalise physical
images (eg, from a drawing to a PSD). The
basic principle of a scanner is to analyse an
image and process it.
Method Camera
How is it used for image capture of
graphics
Light enters the lens of a camera and is
recorded by a sensor. The sensor records
information for all the pixels which then
produces a digital image.
Method Graphics Tablet
How is it used for image capture of
graphics
Some tablets have technology which
allows you to control a mouse like a pen
for illustration and other purposes.
17. Optimising
Why would you optimise? Images that are uploaded to the internet
are optimised for easy viewing on the
web.
How can you optimise? You can optimise images for the web by
changing the image size in photoshop. You
can optimise by reducing the bit depth,
reducing the resolution and by
compressing images.
Advantage to optimising By compressing an image, you reduce the
file size which mean it uploads and
downloads faster.
Disadvantage to optimising Optimising an image reduces the amount
of pixel information, usually until images
are no more than 500 pixels wide.
19. File Size
What could affect a Working Scale
(Photoshop) document file size?
By changing the image size, changing the
image resolution, changing the bit depth,
or by compressing it.
How could you reduce the file size of a
Working Scale document without
affecting quality?
You could reduce the file size whilst
keeping a high quality by using a vector file
type.
What is an advantage of scaling up images
before exporting?
The advantage of scaling up an image
before exporting it is that it will increase
the quality of the image.
What is a disadvantage of scaling up
images before exporting?
A disadvantage of scaling up an image
before exporting it is that the image will
have a larger file size and will take longer
to export.
