Patho-physiology of Fever : Dr Faisal AbdullahFaisal Abdullah
Find the lecture on Approach to a patient with Fever (in Bangla) by Dr. Faisal Abdullah. This Powerpoint presentation describes the mechanism of Fever, How body temperature is maintained, Normal body temperature, Concept of Set Point, Role of pyrogens etc. The difference between Fever, Hyperpyrexia & Hyperthermia is clearly explained here.
https://youtu.be/uqqIH6OfX4o
For any queries, please contact:
faisalabdullah@platform-med.org
facebook.com/faisalization.17
youtube.com/faisalization
faisalization.wordpress.com
The document discusses body temperature regulation and fever. It defines fever as an elevation of body temperature caused by the hypothalamic temperature regulation center raising its set point in response to pyrogens. The thermoregulatory center maintains core temperature within a normal range through mechanisms that conserve or dissipate heat. Fever has benefits like enhancing immunity but can also cause dehydration and increased metabolism.
1) Normal body temperature is around 36.8°C orally, with variations throughout the day and based on factors like age, sex, and meal consumption. Common sites to take a temperature include the mouth, axilla, rectum and ear.
2) A fever is defined as a temperature above the normal daily variation that occurs with an increased hypothalamic set point. Types of fevers include continuous, intermittent, remittent, relapsing, and irregular.
3) Hyperthermia differs from fever in that the hypothalamic set point is unchanged, resulting in an uncontrolled rise in body temperature beyond what the body can dissipate. Causes include heat stroke, certain drug reactions, and
Fever is an elevation of body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens. It is a common symptom of infection or inflammation. Fever has various stages as temperature rises and falls, and can be classified by pattern of temperature changes. Fever benefits the immune response by enhancing immune cell activity and inhibiting microbial growth at higher temperatures. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while controlling temperature.
The document discusses fever, its causes, types, and management. It defines fever as an elevation of body temperature above normal (36.5-37.5°C) due to an increased regulatory set-point triggered by the body's immune response to infection. Fever types include continuous, intermittent, and remittent. Hyperpyrexia is an extreme fever over 41.5°C considered a medical emergency. Fever symptoms include lethargy, anorexia, and sleepiness. Management involves reducing temperature through methods like fans, tepid baths, hydration, and antipyretic medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
This document provides information about normal body temperatures, methods of measuring temperature, causes and patterns of fever, and the evaluation and management of fever. Some key points:
- Normal oral temperature is 36.8°C ± 0.4°C, with lower temperatures in the morning and higher in the afternoon. Maximum normal oral temperatures are 37.2°C in the morning and 37.7°C in the afternoon.
- Fever is defined as a temperature above the normal daily variation and occurs due to an increased hypothalamic set point in response to infection, inflammation, or other stimuli.
- Potential causes of fever include infections, inflammatory conditions, neoplasms, and certain drugs. Evaluation
The two adrenal glands produce three main types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Cushing's syndrome occurs when there is excessive production of adrenal cortex hormones due to tumors, medications, or other causes. It leads to increased blood glucose, high blood pressure, weight gain, and other issues. Addison's disease is the opposite condition caused by inadequate adrenal hormone production due to issues like autoimmune destruction. It results in low blood pressure, low blood glucose, increased skin pigmentation, and other problems. Both conditions require lifelong hormone replacement therapy and management of complications like infections and adrenal crises.
Patho-physiology of Fever : Dr Faisal AbdullahFaisal Abdullah
Find the lecture on Approach to a patient with Fever (in Bangla) by Dr. Faisal Abdullah. This Powerpoint presentation describes the mechanism of Fever, How body temperature is maintained, Normal body temperature, Concept of Set Point, Role of pyrogens etc. The difference between Fever, Hyperpyrexia & Hyperthermia is clearly explained here.
https://youtu.be/uqqIH6OfX4o
For any queries, please contact:
faisalabdullah@platform-med.org
facebook.com/faisalization.17
youtube.com/faisalization
faisalization.wordpress.com
The document discusses body temperature regulation and fever. It defines fever as an elevation of body temperature caused by the hypothalamic temperature regulation center raising its set point in response to pyrogens. The thermoregulatory center maintains core temperature within a normal range through mechanisms that conserve or dissipate heat. Fever has benefits like enhancing immunity but can also cause dehydration and increased metabolism.
1) Normal body temperature is around 36.8°C orally, with variations throughout the day and based on factors like age, sex, and meal consumption. Common sites to take a temperature include the mouth, axilla, rectum and ear.
2) A fever is defined as a temperature above the normal daily variation that occurs with an increased hypothalamic set point. Types of fevers include continuous, intermittent, remittent, relapsing, and irregular.
3) Hyperthermia differs from fever in that the hypothalamic set point is unchanged, resulting in an uncontrolled rise in body temperature beyond what the body can dissipate. Causes include heat stroke, certain drug reactions, and
Fever is an elevation of body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens. It is a common symptom of infection or inflammation. Fever has various stages as temperature rises and falls, and can be classified by pattern of temperature changes. Fever benefits the immune response by enhancing immune cell activity and inhibiting microbial growth at higher temperatures. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while controlling temperature.
The document discusses fever, its causes, types, and management. It defines fever as an elevation of body temperature above normal (36.5-37.5°C) due to an increased regulatory set-point triggered by the body's immune response to infection. Fever types include continuous, intermittent, and remittent. Hyperpyrexia is an extreme fever over 41.5°C considered a medical emergency. Fever symptoms include lethargy, anorexia, and sleepiness. Management involves reducing temperature through methods like fans, tepid baths, hydration, and antipyretic medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
This document provides information about normal body temperatures, methods of measuring temperature, causes and patterns of fever, and the evaluation and management of fever. Some key points:
- Normal oral temperature is 36.8°C ± 0.4°C, with lower temperatures in the morning and higher in the afternoon. Maximum normal oral temperatures are 37.2°C in the morning and 37.7°C in the afternoon.
- Fever is defined as a temperature above the normal daily variation and occurs due to an increased hypothalamic set point in response to infection, inflammation, or other stimuli.
- Potential causes of fever include infections, inflammatory conditions, neoplasms, and certain drugs. Evaluation
The two adrenal glands produce three main types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Cushing's syndrome occurs when there is excessive production of adrenal cortex hormones due to tumors, medications, or other causes. It leads to increased blood glucose, high blood pressure, weight gain, and other issues. Addison's disease is the opposite condition caused by inadequate adrenal hormone production due to issues like autoimmune destruction. It results in low blood pressure, low blood glucose, increased skin pigmentation, and other problems. Both conditions require lifelong hormone replacement therapy and management of complications like infections and adrenal crises.
The document discusses pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal glands that secretes excess catecholamines. It causes high blood pressure, headaches, increased heart rate and metabolic changes. Diagnosis involves testing urine and plasma catecholamine levels. Treatment includes alpha-blockers to lower blood pressure before surgery to remove the tumor. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs and blood pressure to prevent hypertensive crises before and after surgery.
This document discusses different types of goiters including diffuse, nodular, hyperthyroid, and neoplastic goiters. It describes the causes of goiters such as iodine deficiency, dyshormonogenesis, and goitrogens. Evaluation of goiters involves assessing thyroid function tests, ultrasound characteristics, and fine needle aspiration cytology. Surgical treatment options for goiters include hemithyroidectomy, total/completion thyroidectomy, and management of substernal goiters.
Cushing syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol secretion caused by too much ACTH from the pituitary gland or excess cortisol from adrenal tumors. It presents with weight gain, thin extremities, moon face, skin changes, and metabolic complications. Diagnosis involves urine and blood tests to measure cortisol levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy, or medications to reduce cortisol levels. Nursing care focuses on preventing infections, injuries, skin breakdown and improving nutrition, fluid balance and body image.
This document discusses ischemic heart disease and angina. It defines ischemic heart disease as a condition where there is inadequate blood supply and oxygen to the heart muscle. Angina is described as chest pain or discomfort caused by an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. The document outlines the causes, types, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of angina through lifestyle modifications and medications like aspirin to control symptoms and reduce health risks.
This document provides information on fever (pyrexia), including:
1. Thermoregulation and how the body maintains a normal temperature of 37°C through the hypothalamus despite environmental variations.
2. Features of a normal body temperature and what constitutes a fever. Fever enhances the immune system and inhibits some microbes.
3. Patterns of fever onset, main phases, and end. Fever's diagnostic features and the importance of taking a thorough medical history are also outlined.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition that is a common cause of hypothyroidism.
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the body mounts an immune reaction against its own thyroid gland tissue, leading to inflammation of the gland (thyroiditis).
Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland. It secretes triiodothyronine (T3) and its prohormone, thyroxine (T4).
These hormones act on the basic metabolic rate, protein synthesis etc.
Hypothyroidism is the failure of the thyroid gland to produce enough hormones. It can cause hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility and other issues if untreated. It is most common in females and prevalence increases with age. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in diabetics than the general population. Screening is recommended for diabetics and those with risk factors like autoimmune disease or family history. A TSH test is used to diagnose, and levothyroxine replacement is the standard treatment, with dosage based on weight. Subclinical hypothyroidism may also be treated in high risk groups.
The document discusses body temperature regulation and fever. It notes that core body temperature varies over the day and is controlled by the hypothalamus. A fever is defined as a core temperature over 38°C (100.4°F) rectally or 37.5°C (99.5°F) orally. Fever is caused by pyrogens altering the hypothalamic temperature set point, while hyperthermia involves excessive heat production or diminished heat loss despite an unchanged set point. Common causes of fever and hyperthermia are then outlined.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to accelerated metabolism. It can be caused by Graves' disease in most cases. Symptoms include nervousness, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and eye problems. Treatment involves anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, surgery or beta blockers to reduce thyroid hormone levels and symptoms.
Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause abnormal thyroid hormone levels. There are several types of thyroiditis including Hashimoto's (the most common autoimmune form), subacute, post-partum, silent, and forms induced by drugs, radiation, or infection. Symptoms vary depending on thyroid hormone levels and include fatigue, weight changes, nervousness, and neck tenderness. Treatment involves medications, steroids, thyroid hormone replacement, or surgery in rare cases. Complications can include hypothyroidism or airway obstruction.
The document discusses the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium and phosphate levels and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). It describes hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, conditions caused by excessive or deficient PTH respectively, and their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment including diet modifications and medications. Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands may be required to treat hyperparathyroidism.
Thyroid Gland and Disease of Thyroid GlandRanadhi Das
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands.
The thyroid gland is located immediately below the larynx and anterior to the upper part of the trachea. It weighs about 15-20g.
It consists of 2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.
The isthmus usually overlies the region from the 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage.
This document outlines the steps for performing a cardiovascular examination, including inspection, palpation of pulses, auscultation of heart sounds, and assessment for common cardiovascular problems. The exam involves checking general appearance, eyes, face, precordium, and ankles. Key pulses, jugular venous pressure, heart sounds, murmurs and extra sounds are auscultated systematically. Common presenting complaints like chest pain, breathlessness, palpitations, and syncope are discussed.
This document discusses hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. It begins by defining the terms and describing the thyroid gland's normal function. It then discusses the various causes of hyperthyroidism including Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, subacute thyroiditis, and toxic adenoma. The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland. It describes the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests including thyroid function tests, ultrasound, and thyroid scintigraphy. It provides algorithms for diagnosis and outlines treatment options for hyperthyroidism including anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine treatment, and thyroidectomy.
CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS OF MALARIAAbino David
Major clinical manifestations of malaria include:
1. Cerebral malaria, which can cause coma, convulsions, and residual neurological deficits.
2. Severe malarial anemia.
3. Low birth weight in newborns whose mothers had malaria during pregnancy.
Complications include cerebral malaria, renal impairment, hypoglycemia, acidosis, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Chronic complications include splenomegaly and nephropathy. Malaria can also increase risk of other infections.
Hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, multinodular goiter, and thyroiditis. Signs and symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, heat intolerance, tremors, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves thyroid function tests and scans. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Nursing care focuses on managing nutrition, activity tolerance, risk for injury, hyperthermia, and social interaction issues.
Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that arises from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla that secretes excess catecholamines. It typically occurs between ages 30-60 and can cause hypertension, headaches, sweating, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves urine and blood tests to detect catecholamines and imaging scans to locate tumors. Treatment consists of pre-operative medication to lower blood pressure along with surgical removal of the tumor. Post-operative care focuses on monitoring for complications like hypotension, infections, and adrenal crisis.
NEPHRITIC SYNDROME / APSGN IN CHILDREN Sajjad Sabir
This document provides information about Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN). It begins by describing the features of acute nephritic syndrome which is characterized by gross hematuria, edema, hypertension, and renal insufficiency. It then discusses the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of APSGN. APSGN is caused by a previous streptococcal infection and results in immune complex deposition in the glomeruli. It presents abruptly with hematuria, edema, hypertension, and sometimes renal insufficiency. Treatment focuses on supporting kidney function and controlling blood pressure while the patient recovers over 6-8 weeks. Prognosis is generally good with complete recovery in over 95
This document provides information on body temperature regulation and fever. It discusses how the hypothalamus controls normal body temperature and the pathogenesis of fever. Fever is defined as an elevation of the hypothalamic set point, triggering heat conservation mechanisms to raise the body temperature. Hyperthermia is an uncontrolled rise in temperature exceeding the body's ability to lose heat. The document also covers approaches to patients with fever or hyperthermia and treatment options for fever and hyperthermia.
This document provides an overview of altered body temperature, including fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines key terms, describes the physiology of thermoregulation, and outlines the causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic findings, and management approaches for various conditions of elevated or reduced core body temperature. Nursing interventions are also summarized, focusing on ongoing assessment, rewarming or cooling techniques, and supporting patient comfort and hydration needs.
The document discusses pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal glands that secretes excess catecholamines. It causes high blood pressure, headaches, increased heart rate and metabolic changes. Diagnosis involves testing urine and plasma catecholamine levels. Treatment includes alpha-blockers to lower blood pressure before surgery to remove the tumor. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs and blood pressure to prevent hypertensive crises before and after surgery.
This document discusses different types of goiters including diffuse, nodular, hyperthyroid, and neoplastic goiters. It describes the causes of goiters such as iodine deficiency, dyshormonogenesis, and goitrogens. Evaluation of goiters involves assessing thyroid function tests, ultrasound characteristics, and fine needle aspiration cytology. Surgical treatment options for goiters include hemithyroidectomy, total/completion thyroidectomy, and management of substernal goiters.
Cushing syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol secretion caused by too much ACTH from the pituitary gland or excess cortisol from adrenal tumors. It presents with weight gain, thin extremities, moon face, skin changes, and metabolic complications. Diagnosis involves urine and blood tests to measure cortisol levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy, or medications to reduce cortisol levels. Nursing care focuses on preventing infections, injuries, skin breakdown and improving nutrition, fluid balance and body image.
This document discusses ischemic heart disease and angina. It defines ischemic heart disease as a condition where there is inadequate blood supply and oxygen to the heart muscle. Angina is described as chest pain or discomfort caused by an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. The document outlines the causes, types, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of angina through lifestyle modifications and medications like aspirin to control symptoms and reduce health risks.
This document provides information on fever (pyrexia), including:
1. Thermoregulation and how the body maintains a normal temperature of 37°C through the hypothalamus despite environmental variations.
2. Features of a normal body temperature and what constitutes a fever. Fever enhances the immune system and inhibits some microbes.
3. Patterns of fever onset, main phases, and end. Fever's diagnostic features and the importance of taking a thorough medical history are also outlined.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition that is a common cause of hypothyroidism.
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the body mounts an immune reaction against its own thyroid gland tissue, leading to inflammation of the gland (thyroiditis).
Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland. It secretes triiodothyronine (T3) and its prohormone, thyroxine (T4).
These hormones act on the basic metabolic rate, protein synthesis etc.
Hypothyroidism is the failure of the thyroid gland to produce enough hormones. It can cause hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility and other issues if untreated. It is most common in females and prevalence increases with age. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in diabetics than the general population. Screening is recommended for diabetics and those with risk factors like autoimmune disease or family history. A TSH test is used to diagnose, and levothyroxine replacement is the standard treatment, with dosage based on weight. Subclinical hypothyroidism may also be treated in high risk groups.
The document discusses body temperature regulation and fever. It notes that core body temperature varies over the day and is controlled by the hypothalamus. A fever is defined as a core temperature over 38°C (100.4°F) rectally or 37.5°C (99.5°F) orally. Fever is caused by pyrogens altering the hypothalamic temperature set point, while hyperthermia involves excessive heat production or diminished heat loss despite an unchanged set point. Common causes of fever and hyperthermia are then outlined.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to accelerated metabolism. It can be caused by Graves' disease in most cases. Symptoms include nervousness, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and eye problems. Treatment involves anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, surgery or beta blockers to reduce thyroid hormone levels and symptoms.
Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause abnormal thyroid hormone levels. There are several types of thyroiditis including Hashimoto's (the most common autoimmune form), subacute, post-partum, silent, and forms induced by drugs, radiation, or infection. Symptoms vary depending on thyroid hormone levels and include fatigue, weight changes, nervousness, and neck tenderness. Treatment involves medications, steroids, thyroid hormone replacement, or surgery in rare cases. Complications can include hypothyroidism or airway obstruction.
The document discusses the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium and phosphate levels and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). It describes hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, conditions caused by excessive or deficient PTH respectively, and their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment including diet modifications and medications. Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands may be required to treat hyperparathyroidism.
Thyroid Gland and Disease of Thyroid GlandRanadhi Das
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands.
The thyroid gland is located immediately below the larynx and anterior to the upper part of the trachea. It weighs about 15-20g.
It consists of 2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.
The isthmus usually overlies the region from the 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage.
This document outlines the steps for performing a cardiovascular examination, including inspection, palpation of pulses, auscultation of heart sounds, and assessment for common cardiovascular problems. The exam involves checking general appearance, eyes, face, precordium, and ankles. Key pulses, jugular venous pressure, heart sounds, murmurs and extra sounds are auscultated systematically. Common presenting complaints like chest pain, breathlessness, palpitations, and syncope are discussed.
This document discusses hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. It begins by defining the terms and describing the thyroid gland's normal function. It then discusses the various causes of hyperthyroidism including Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, subacute thyroiditis, and toxic adenoma. The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland. It describes the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests including thyroid function tests, ultrasound, and thyroid scintigraphy. It provides algorithms for diagnosis and outlines treatment options for hyperthyroidism including anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine treatment, and thyroidectomy.
CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS OF MALARIAAbino David
Major clinical manifestations of malaria include:
1. Cerebral malaria, which can cause coma, convulsions, and residual neurological deficits.
2. Severe malarial anemia.
3. Low birth weight in newborns whose mothers had malaria during pregnancy.
Complications include cerebral malaria, renal impairment, hypoglycemia, acidosis, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Chronic complications include splenomegaly and nephropathy. Malaria can also increase risk of other infections.
Hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, multinodular goiter, and thyroiditis. Signs and symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, heat intolerance, tremors, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves thyroid function tests and scans. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Nursing care focuses on managing nutrition, activity tolerance, risk for injury, hyperthermia, and social interaction issues.
Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that arises from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla that secretes excess catecholamines. It typically occurs between ages 30-60 and can cause hypertension, headaches, sweating, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves urine and blood tests to detect catecholamines and imaging scans to locate tumors. Treatment consists of pre-operative medication to lower blood pressure along with surgical removal of the tumor. Post-operative care focuses on monitoring for complications like hypotension, infections, and adrenal crisis.
NEPHRITIC SYNDROME / APSGN IN CHILDREN Sajjad Sabir
This document provides information about Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN). It begins by describing the features of acute nephritic syndrome which is characterized by gross hematuria, edema, hypertension, and renal insufficiency. It then discusses the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of APSGN. APSGN is caused by a previous streptococcal infection and results in immune complex deposition in the glomeruli. It presents abruptly with hematuria, edema, hypertension, and sometimes renal insufficiency. Treatment focuses on supporting kidney function and controlling blood pressure while the patient recovers over 6-8 weeks. Prognosis is generally good with complete recovery in over 95
This document provides information on body temperature regulation and fever. It discusses how the hypothalamus controls normal body temperature and the pathogenesis of fever. Fever is defined as an elevation of the hypothalamic set point, triggering heat conservation mechanisms to raise the body temperature. Hyperthermia is an uncontrolled rise in temperature exceeding the body's ability to lose heat. The document also covers approaches to patients with fever or hyperthermia and treatment options for fever and hyperthermia.
This document provides an overview of altered body temperature, including fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines key terms, describes the physiology of thermoregulation, and outlines the causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic findings, and management approaches for various conditions of elevated or reduced core body temperature. Nursing interventions are also summarized, focusing on ongoing assessment, rewarming or cooling techniques, and supporting patient comfort and hydration needs.
This document discusses various topics related to thermoregulation including types of temperature, factors affecting thermoregulation, fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines these conditions and discusses their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Nursing considerations are provided for assessment and care of patients experiencing fever, hyperthermia, and hypothermia. Current trends in cooling techniques for hyperthermia are also reviewed.
1. Body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus and maintained around 37°C through heat production and dissipation.
2. A fever is defined as a temperature over 37.2°C in the morning or over 37.7°C in the evening, and is caused by pyrogens raising the hypothalamic temperature set point.
3. Pyrogens such as cytokines signal the brain to produce prostaglandins which reset the hypothalamic temperature set point, causing heat conservation and a fever. Antipyretics work by inhibiting prostaglandin production.
1. Body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus and maintained around 37°C through heat production and dissipation.
2. A fever is defined as a temperature over 37.2°C in the morning or over 37.7°C in the evening, and is caused by pyrogens raising the hypothalamic set point.
3. Pyrogens such as cytokines signal the brain to produce prostaglandins which trigger neurotransmitters to raise the hypothalamic set point and cause fever.
Fever and febrile syndromes by Dr Smit JanraoSmitJanrao
The document discusses fever, its pathophysiology, causes (pyrogens), and effects. It defines fever as a temperature above the normal daily variation of 0.5°C caused by pyrogens that reset the hypothalamus temperature set point. Pyrogens can be exogenous (microbial products) or endogenous (pyrogenic cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, TNF). The hypothalamus controls thermoregulation and vasodilation/sweating to reduce or increase heat when the set point changes. Fever has protective effects but can become hyperpyrexia over 41.5°C. Special populations like cancer/immunosuppressed patients are more prone to certain fe
Fever is a higher than normal body temperature that is part of the body's natural response to infection. The hypothalamus acts as the body's temperature regulator and raises the temperature set point in response to pyrogens like cytokines released during an immune response. This causes changes like reduced sweating and increased shivering that conserve heat and raise the temperature. A fever benefits the immune system by limiting bacterial/viral growth and activating immune cells. Common symptoms of a fever include fatigue, body aches, loss of appetite and headaches.
Fever is a higher than normal body temperature that is part of the body's natural response to infection. The hypothalamus acts as the body's temperature regulator and raises the temperature set point in response to pyrogens like cytokines released during an immune response. This causes changes like reduced blood flow to the skin and shivering that increase core body temperature. A fever limits the growth and spread of pathogens and helps the immune system fight infection more effectively. Common symptoms of a fever include fatigue, body aches, headache, and loss of appetite.
Fever is an adaptive response to infection or injury that is coordinated by the hypothalamus. Cytokines released during inflammation, like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, cause the release of prostaglandins that act on the hypothalamus to increase the body's temperature. In the ICU, identifying the cause of a fever is important, as it could indicate serious infections like ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-related bloodstream infections, or fungal infections. For acute undifferentiated fevers, factors like thrombocytopenia, hepatorenal dysfunction, or altered sensorium may provide clues to infectious diseases like malaria, leptospirosis, or typhoid
This document discusses fever, including its definition, causes, types, stages, treatment and management. It defines fever as a body temperature above the normal range of 36.6-37.2°C due to a raised hypothalamic temperature set-point in response to pyrogens. Causes can be infectious, inflammatory or toxic. Treatment focuses on hydration, antipyretics and cooling measures, with fever itself not usually requiring treatment below 40.6°C.
The document discusses body temperature and fever. It notes that body temperature is normally between 36.5-37.5°C and is controlled by the hypothalamus. Temperature can be taken in different areas and varies depending on factors like age, sex, activity level and time of day. A fever is defined as a temperature above normal due to an increased set-point triggered by infection to fight it off. Fevers can be continuous, intermittent, or remittent depending on temperature patterns. Hyperpyrexia is a dangerous fever over 41.5°C that requires emergency treatment. Fever causes include infections, drugs, and medical conditions.
APPROACH TO CASE OF PYREXIA(HUSAIN).pptxpiyushtageja2
This document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia), including its introduction, mechanism, pathogenesis, patterns, approach to patients, and treatment. It discusses the difference between hyperpyrexia and hyperthermia. Fever is caused by an increased hypothalamic set point and occurs in conjunction with infections or non-infectious causes like trauma or vaccines. Different fever patterns include continuous, remittent, intermittent, relapsing, and drug fever. The approach involves a physical exam, labs like CBC and CRP, and treating the underlying cause while withholding antipyretics in some cases.
This document discusses body temperature regulation and fevers. It defines key terms like core temperature, surface temperature, and fever. Fever is caused by the hypothalamus setting a higher temperature set point in response to infections or other stimuli. Types of fevers include intermittent, remittent, sustained, and relapsing. Treatment involves antipyretics and addressing the underlying cause. Hyperthermia is an unintentional elevated temperature while hypothermia is a subnormal temperature. Frostbite results from freezing of tissues, especially the extremities. Proper first aid involves slowly rewarming while avoiding further injury.
Fever is a common problem in the ICU, occurring in 30-70% of patients. It can be caused by infections, non-infectious factors, or a combination. A thorough evaluation including blood tests, imaging, and cultures is important to determine the cause. Common infectious causes include ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. Non-infectious causes include drug reactions, transfusions, and environmental factors. Prompt treatment of the underlying cause is key to avoiding adverse outcomes in critically ill ICU patients experiencing fever.
Fever is defined as a body temperature above the normal daily variation of 36.8°C - 37.7°C. There are several types of fever patterns based on temperature fluctuations over time, including continuous, intermittent, remittent, and relapsing fevers. Hyperpyrexia is a fever over 41.5°C. Fevers are caused by exogenous or endogenous pyrogens that trigger the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. Common treatments include NSAIDs like ibuprofen and acetaminophen. In contrast, hyperthermia occurs when the body cannot dissipate excess heat, with causes including heat stroke, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and malignant hyperthermia. Treatment focuses on
Approach to history taking in a patient with feverReina Ramesh
The document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia), including its definition, pathophysiology, types, and differential diagnosis. It discusses how fever is regulated by the hypothalamus and the role of pyrogens and cytokines in initiating the febrile response. Common causes of fever are described, such as infections, malignancies, and autoimmune conditions. Different patterns of fever are also outlined, including continuous, intermittent, and remittent fever. The evaluation of pyrexia of unknown origin is summarized. Factitious fever is defined as fever intentionally fabricated by the patient. The importance of a thorough history is emphasized when evaluating a febrile patient.
This document provides an overview of fever and pyrexia of unknown origin. It begins with introductions of the presenter and moderators. It then covers definitions of fever, physiology of temperature regulation, common causes of fever, and the pathogenesis or mechanism of fever production. It discusses the approach to evaluating a patient with fever, including taking a thorough history and performing a systematic examination. Management of fever is also briefly mentioned. The document aims to provide clinicians with background information on evaluating and understanding the cause of fever in patients.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds
normally daily variation and occurs in conjunction with an
increase in the hypothalamic set point for e.g. 37⁰C-
39⁰C.
Similar to Fever-Pathophysiology and Clinical approach. (20)
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In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
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Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
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2. DEFINITION
An a.m. temperature of >37.2°C (>98.9°F) or a p.m.
temperature of >37.7°C (>99.9°F) measured in the oral
cavity defines a fever.
The normal daily temperature variation is typically
0.5°C (0.9°F).
Rectal temperatures are generally 0.4°C (0.7°F) higher
than oral readings.
A fever of >41.5°C (>106.7°F) is called hyperpyrexia
3. SITES FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE:
Oral Core
Rectal temperature
Tympanic membrane
Axillary
Lower esophageal –closely relates to core
temperature.
Axillary and tympanic membrane temperature are
less accurate than oral and rectal temperature.
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Increase in the hypothalamic set point
Activation of neurons in the vasomotor center
Vasoconstriction in the hands and feet.
Shunting of blood away from the periphery to the
internal organs
5. Decrease heat loss from skin
Patient feels cold
Shivering may begin which leads to increased heat
production from muscles.
SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS
Behavioural changes
6. The processes of heat conservation and heat
production continue until the temperature of the
blood bathing the hypothalamic neurons matches the
new thermostat setting.
Once that point is reached, the hypothalamus
maintains the temperature at the febrile level by the
same mechanisms of heat balance that function in the
afebrile state.
7. When the hypothalamic set point is again reset
downward (in response to either a reduction in the
concentration of pyrogens or the use of antipyretics),
the processes of heat loss through vasodilation and
sweating are initiated.
Loss of heat by sweating and vasodilation continues
until the blood temperature at the hypothalamic level
matches the lower setting.
8. PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Pyrogens
The term pyrogen is used to describe any substance
that causes fever.
Exogenous pyrogens are derived from outside the
patient; most are microbial products, microbial toxins,
or whole microorganisms.
Eg.lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) produced by all gram-
negative bacteria,
enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus , streptococcal
toxins.
9. Pyrogenic Cytokines
Cytokines are small proteins (molecular mass, 10,000–
20,000 Da) that regulate immune, inflammatory, and
hematopoietic processes.
Previously called Endogenous pyrogens.
The pyrogenic cytokines include IL-1, IL-6, tumor
necrosis factor (TNF), ciliary neurotropic factor
(CNTF), and interferon (IFN) .
A wide spectrum of bacterial ,viral, fungal products
induce the synthesis and release of pyrogenic
cytokines.
10.
11. Approach to the Patient
The chronology of events preceding the fever
Physical examination:
Vitals: pulse,blood pressure,respiratory
rate,temperature
General physical examination:
palor,edema,cyanosis,clubbing,icterus,lympadenopath
y,rashes.
Systemic examination
12. Temperature-pulse dissociation (relative bradycardia)
occurs in typhoid fever, brucellosis, leptospirosis,
some drug-induced fevers, and factitious fever.
In newborns, the elderly, patients with chronic
hepatic or renal failure, and patients taking
glucocorticoids, fever may not be present despite
infection.
Hypothermia can be observed in patients with septic
shock
13. Laboratory Tests
The workup should include a
complete blood count,
a differential count : performed manually or with an
instrument sensitive to the identification of band
forms, toxic granulations, and Döhle bodies, which are
suggestive of bacterial infection.
Neutropenia may be present with some viral diseases
ESR
C-Reactive proteins
Urine examination
14. Treatment
Antipyretics:
Acetaminophen is preferred as an
antipyretic.
Oral aspirin and NSAIDs effectively
reduce fever but can adversely affect platelets
and the gastrointestinal tract.
In children, acetaminophen or oral
ibuprofen must be used because aspirin
increases the risk of Reye's syndrome.
15. Mechanism of action of antipyretics
Inhibition of cycloxygenase
The synthesis of PGE2 depends on the
constitutively expressed enzyme cyclooxygenase.
Hence synthesis of PGE2 from arachidonic acid
by cycloxgenase is inhibited by antipyretics.
The reduction of fever by lowering of the elevated
hypothalamic set point is a direct function of reducing
the level of PGE2 in the thermoregulatory center.
16. Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is characterized by an
uncontrolled increase in body temperature
that exceeds the body's ability to lose heat.
The setting of the hypothalamic
thermoregulatory center is unchanged.
In contrast to fever in infections, hyperthermia
does not involve pyrogenic molecules.
17. Exogenous heat exposure and endogenous
heat production are two mechanisms by which
hyperthermia can result in dangerously high
internal temperatures.
18.
19. Antipyretics are of no use in treating
hyperthermia. Physical cooling with sponging,
fans, cooling blankets, and even ice baths
should be initiated immediately in conjunction
with the administration of IV fluids and
appropriate pharmacologic agents .
If sufficient cooling is not achieved by external
means, internal cooling can be achieved by
gastric or peritoneal lavage with iced saline.
In extreme circumstances, hemodialysis or
even cardiopulmonary bypass with cooling of
blood may be performed.
20. Malignant hyperthermia should be treated
immediately with cessation of anesthesia and
IV administration of dantrolene sodium.
Dantrolene is indicated in the neuroleptic
malignant syndrome and in drug-induced
hyperthermia and may even be useful in the
hyperthermia of the serotonin syndrome and
thyrotoxicosis.
21. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome also may
be treated with bromocriptine, levodopa,
amantadine, or nifedipine or by induction of
muscle paralysis with curare and pancuronium.
Tricyclic antidepressant overdose may be
treated with physostigmine.