This document describes the normal structure and function of the female genitalia, including both external and internal structures. It provides detailed information on inspecting and palpating each structure during a physical examination. The external structures discussed include the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, and Bartholin's glands. The internal structures covered are the vagina, cervix, fornices, and uterus. The document explains how to prepare a patient for examination and describes normal findings for inspection and palpation of each area, as well as some abnormal findings to watch for.
Here are the key steps for inserting a speculum:
1. Prepare the client by explaining each step and having them relax their muscles.
2. Gently insert the speculum at an oblique angle while applying downward pressure on the posterior vaginal wall with your non-dominant hand fingers.
3. Once the muscles relax, continue inserting the speculum in a parallel plane to the table until fully inserted.
4. Slowly open the blades while watching for client discomfort. Stop if they express pain.
5. Inspect the vagina and cervix. Take care to avoid pressing on the cervix.
6. Slowly remove the speculum when finished and dispose of it properly.
This document describes the structure and function of the female genitalia and internal genital organs. It provides details on the external genitalia including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus and vestibular glands. It then describes the internal genitalia such as the vagina, cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes. The document outlines the process for physical examination including inspection and palpation of the external and internal genitalia. It lists some common health problems of the genitourinary system and abnormalities that may be observed during examination.
The male reproductive system has the sole function of producing sperm and delivering it to females. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis within seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra, where they mix with fluids before being ejaculated via the penis. The process takes about 74 days and requires a temperature slightly below normal body heat.
The document summarizes the major external and internal female reproductive organs. Externally, it describes the mons pubis, clitoris, prepuce, urethral openings, vaginal orifice, labia minora and majora, Bartholin's glands, and fourchette. Internally, it outlines the vagina, cervix, uterus, endometrium, ovaries, oviducts, follicles, and corpus luteum. The purpose and function of each organ is briefly explained.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external genitalia, internal organs like the uterus and ovaries, and their roles in reproduction. The female system produces eggs, receives sperm, supports fetal development, and enables childbirth and lactation. The male system produces sperm and transfers it to the female during intercourse. Both systems work together for sexual reproduction and development of offspring.
This document contains definitions and key points related to obstetrics nursing. It defines terms like impending delivery, Ritgen's maneuver, fundal height, hemorrhage and infection checks postpartum. It also outlines stages of labor like cervical dilation, placental delivery, and lochia checks post-fourth stage. Other topics covered include sexual intercourse during pregnancy, HCG function, fluid retention causes, oxytocin production, and vitamin K dosage for full and preterm infants. Fundal pressure techniques and dangers are also defined.
Here are the key steps for inserting a speculum:
1. Prepare the client by explaining each step and having them relax their muscles.
2. Gently insert the speculum at an oblique angle while applying downward pressure on the posterior vaginal wall with your non-dominant hand fingers.
3. Once the muscles relax, continue inserting the speculum in a parallel plane to the table until fully inserted.
4. Slowly open the blades while watching for client discomfort. Stop if they express pain.
5. Inspect the vagina and cervix. Take care to avoid pressing on the cervix.
6. Slowly remove the speculum when finished and dispose of it properly.
This document describes the structure and function of the female genitalia and internal genital organs. It provides details on the external genitalia including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus and vestibular glands. It then describes the internal genitalia such as the vagina, cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes. The document outlines the process for physical examination including inspection and palpation of the external and internal genitalia. It lists some common health problems of the genitourinary system and abnormalities that may be observed during examination.
The male reproductive system has the sole function of producing sperm and delivering it to females. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis within seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra, where they mix with fluids before being ejaculated via the penis. The process takes about 74 days and requires a temperature slightly below normal body heat.
The document summarizes the major external and internal female reproductive organs. Externally, it describes the mons pubis, clitoris, prepuce, urethral openings, vaginal orifice, labia minora and majora, Bartholin's glands, and fourchette. Internally, it outlines the vagina, cervix, uterus, endometrium, ovaries, oviducts, follicles, and corpus luteum. The purpose and function of each organ is briefly explained.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external genitalia, internal organs like the uterus and ovaries, and their roles in reproduction. The female system produces eggs, receives sperm, supports fetal development, and enables childbirth and lactation. The male system produces sperm and transfers it to the female during intercourse. Both systems work together for sexual reproduction and development of offspring.
This document contains definitions and key points related to obstetrics nursing. It defines terms like impending delivery, Ritgen's maneuver, fundal height, hemorrhage and infection checks postpartum. It also outlines stages of labor like cervical dilation, placental delivery, and lochia checks post-fourth stage. Other topics covered include sexual intercourse during pregnancy, HCG function, fluid retention causes, oxytocin production, and vitamin K dosage for full and preterm infants. Fundal pressure techniques and dangers are also defined.
The document discusses the nurse-patient relationship and its various phases. It defines the nurse-patient relationship as a supportive interaction that helps patients physically, socially, and emotionally using nursing knowledge and skills. The relationship progresses through pre-interaction, introductory, working, and termination phases. In the pre-interaction phase, nurses prepare by learning about patients and addressing anxieties. The introductory phase involves initial contact and orientation. During the working phase, nurses and patients work towards established goals. Finally, the termination phase brings the relationship to an end through review and preparation for future needs.
This document provides instructions for nurses on how to perform hygiene care for patients. It lists the necessary equipment for hygiene care including soap, towels, basins, and gowns. It describes the step-by-step procedures for morning care, which prepares patients for breakfast; afternoon care, which ensures patient comfort; and evening care, which refreshes patients before sleep. Cultural considerations for hygiene are also discussed, noting practices may differ based on factors like religion, socioeconomic status, and personal preferences.
Nursing assessment involves identifying a patient's needs, preferences, and abilities through an interview and observation. The nurse considers symptoms, signs of the condition, verbal and nonverbal communication, medical and social history, and any other available information. Physical assessments include vital signs, skin condition, motor and sensory functions, nutrition, activity, and elimination. Social and emotional factors like religion, occupation, and family responsibilities are also assessed. Nursing assessment provides the basis for a complete nursing care plan.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external organs including the scrotum and penis. It then details the internal organs such as the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands including the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. Finally, it provides an overview of sperm structure and function, including fertilization.
This document provides objectives and content for a lecture on assessing the breast and axillae. The objectives cover defining related terms, discussing anatomy and physiology, identifying purposes of assessment, preparing clients, examining methods, and noting significant findings. Content includes anatomy, lymph drainage, clinical value, inspection techniques, palpation methods, and considerations for different ages. The goal is for students to understand breast and axillae assessment procedures and findings.
The female reproductive system has internal and external genitalia. The internal genitalia include the ovaries, which produce eggs and hormones, and the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina, which transport eggs and a fetus. The ovaries and uterus have three layers - outer, middle, and inner - and undergo changes controlled by hormones to release eggs and support pregnancy. The external genitalia include the vulva and sex organs that receive sperm and allow childbirth.
The document provides information on the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail. The female reproductive system includes the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The functions of reproduction such as gamete formation, fertilization, gestation and lactation are enabled by these reproductive organs.
The document provides details about the female genital system, including the internal organs like the uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It describes the structure of the uterus including its layers, parts, positions, blood supply, and how it enlarges during pregnancy. It also discusses the structure of the vagina, its interior regions, relations to surrounding organs, blood supply, and supports. The summary focuses on the key internal female reproductive organs and some of their key anatomical features.
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of nursing. It defines nursing as a service that includes caring for the sick, maintaining patient health and environment, providing health education, and promoting health. Nursing is described as an art, science, and vocation requiring head, heart and hands. Florence Nightingale is cited as the founder of modern nursing. Her definition of nursing focused on restoring health and preventing injury and disease. The document discusses various nursing theories that have developed the knowledge base of nursing. It provides definitions of nursing from experts and the International Council of Nurses. Key nursing principles around safety, effectiveness, comfort, and individualized care are outlined. The document concludes with an overview of nursing education opportunities and scopes of practice.
The male reproductive system includes internal structures like the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. The testes are held in the scrotum and produce sperm. Sperm travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct before mixing with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra in the penis during orgasm. Blood flows into the structures via internal iliac arteries and drains via internal iliac veins. Lymphatic drainage is to internal and external iliac lymph nodes.
Newborn assessment involves a head-to-toe examination to evaluate various body systems and identify any abnormalities. Key aspects include assessing vital signs like temperature, heart rate, respiration; evaluating skin color, tone, and jaundice; examining the head, eyes, ears, mouth, chest, abdomen, genitals, extremities, and back; and identifying transitional or abnormal findings that require medical follow up. The newborn's temperature may be unstable initially but usually stabilizes within 8-10 hours, and periodic apnea is common in preterm infants. Jaundice typically starts on the head and spreads downward.
Perineal care involves cleaning the genital and anal areas. It is done daily as part of bathing to prevent infections and skin breakdown. Key parts of the procedure include obtaining consent, protecting modesty, using proper water temperature, and cleaning from front to back to prevent spreading bacteria. Nurses should be aware of any abnormalities found in the area.
The male reproductive system consists of internal and external organs that work together to produce, store, and deliver sperm. The internal organs include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. Sperm mature and are stored in the epididymis and vas deferens. During ejaculation, muscles contract and glands secrete fluids to expel the semen through the urethra and out of the penis. The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm for fertilization and reproduction.
NURSING PROCESS AND CRITHICAL THINKING
Purposes of nursing process
To identify a client’s health status and actual or potential health care problems or needs.
To establish plans to meet the identified needs.
To deliver specific nursing interventions to meet those needs
This document provides information on procedures for assessing and documenting vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It describes how to measure each vital sign, normal ranges, factors that can influence readings, and equipment used. Temperature can be taken orally, rectally, axillary or via tympanic membrane. Pulse is assessed by palpation or auscultation. Respiratory rate is observed by chest or abdominal movement. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Vital signs are documented to monitor patients' physiological status and identify changes requiring medical attention.
The course deals with concepts, principles and techniques of health assessment, including history taking, physical examination, psychosocial assessment and interpreting laboratory findings to determine nursing diagnoses across the lifespan. The course outline covers the nursing process, data collection, documentation, assessment techniques, vital signs, physical exams and diagnostic procedures. Students will learn to analyze health assessments, utilize the nursing process, demonstrate critical thinking and accurately collect, classify and document subjective and objective data.
Admission involves allowing a patient to stay in the hospital for observation, investigation, and treatment. There are two main types of admission - emergency admission for acute conditions requiring immediate treatment, and routine admission for planned investigations or treatments. The admission procedure involves transporting the patient from the outpatient department to the inpatient ward, preparing the patient's unit and bed, collecting information from the patient, and completing necessary records. Nurses play an important role in facilitating admission by properly assessing the patient's condition and needs, answering any questions, and making the patient feel at ease in the hospital environment.
The document discusses guidelines for proper documentation and reporting in healthcare, including maintaining accurate, complete records for communication, education, and legal purposes. It also outlines the different types of reports like change of shift reports, incident reports, and legal reports that are important for monitoring quality of care. Proper documentation in medical records is essential for continuity of care, research, and evaluating health programs.
1. The document describes the female external and internal reproductive organs, including the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
2. It explains the menstrual cycle and how the endometrium is prepared for potential fertilization and embryo implantation through hormonal changes each month.
3. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, ending hormonal support and causing menstruation to begin.
Ppt on assessmaent of female reproductive systemshimi123456
This document provides guidance on performing pelvic exams. It describes examining the external genitalia, inserting a speculum to view the cervix and vaginal walls, and conducting a bimanual exam. Key steps are explained, including ensuring patient privacy and comfort. Potential abnormal findings are outlined, such as signs of infection, masses, or changes related to menopause or pregnancy. The importance of clear communication and follow up is emphasized.
Ppt on assessmaent of female reproductive systemshimi123456
This document provides guidance on performing pelvic exams. It describes examining the external genitalia, inserting a speculum to view the cervix and vaginal walls, and conducting a bimanual exam. Key steps include obtaining consent, maintaining privacy and comfort, and properly documenting any abnormal findings such as discharge, lesions, or masses. Examiners should be aware of signs that could indicate infections, cancers, or other issues and provide information to patients about results and follow up care.
The document discusses the nurse-patient relationship and its various phases. It defines the nurse-patient relationship as a supportive interaction that helps patients physically, socially, and emotionally using nursing knowledge and skills. The relationship progresses through pre-interaction, introductory, working, and termination phases. In the pre-interaction phase, nurses prepare by learning about patients and addressing anxieties. The introductory phase involves initial contact and orientation. During the working phase, nurses and patients work towards established goals. Finally, the termination phase brings the relationship to an end through review and preparation for future needs.
This document provides instructions for nurses on how to perform hygiene care for patients. It lists the necessary equipment for hygiene care including soap, towels, basins, and gowns. It describes the step-by-step procedures for morning care, which prepares patients for breakfast; afternoon care, which ensures patient comfort; and evening care, which refreshes patients before sleep. Cultural considerations for hygiene are also discussed, noting practices may differ based on factors like religion, socioeconomic status, and personal preferences.
Nursing assessment involves identifying a patient's needs, preferences, and abilities through an interview and observation. The nurse considers symptoms, signs of the condition, verbal and nonverbal communication, medical and social history, and any other available information. Physical assessments include vital signs, skin condition, motor and sensory functions, nutrition, activity, and elimination. Social and emotional factors like religion, occupation, and family responsibilities are also assessed. Nursing assessment provides the basis for a complete nursing care plan.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external organs including the scrotum and penis. It then details the internal organs such as the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands including the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. Finally, it provides an overview of sperm structure and function, including fertilization.
This document provides objectives and content for a lecture on assessing the breast and axillae. The objectives cover defining related terms, discussing anatomy and physiology, identifying purposes of assessment, preparing clients, examining methods, and noting significant findings. Content includes anatomy, lymph drainage, clinical value, inspection techniques, palpation methods, and considerations for different ages. The goal is for students to understand breast and axillae assessment procedures and findings.
The female reproductive system has internal and external genitalia. The internal genitalia include the ovaries, which produce eggs and hormones, and the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina, which transport eggs and a fetus. The ovaries and uterus have three layers - outer, middle, and inner - and undergo changes controlled by hormones to release eggs and support pregnancy. The external genitalia include the vulva and sex organs that receive sperm and allow childbirth.
The document provides information on the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail. The female reproductive system includes the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The functions of reproduction such as gamete formation, fertilization, gestation and lactation are enabled by these reproductive organs.
The document provides details about the female genital system, including the internal organs like the uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It describes the structure of the uterus including its layers, parts, positions, blood supply, and how it enlarges during pregnancy. It also discusses the structure of the vagina, its interior regions, relations to surrounding organs, blood supply, and supports. The summary focuses on the key internal female reproductive organs and some of their key anatomical features.
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of nursing. It defines nursing as a service that includes caring for the sick, maintaining patient health and environment, providing health education, and promoting health. Nursing is described as an art, science, and vocation requiring head, heart and hands. Florence Nightingale is cited as the founder of modern nursing. Her definition of nursing focused on restoring health and preventing injury and disease. The document discusses various nursing theories that have developed the knowledge base of nursing. It provides definitions of nursing from experts and the International Council of Nurses. Key nursing principles around safety, effectiveness, comfort, and individualized care are outlined. The document concludes with an overview of nursing education opportunities and scopes of practice.
The male reproductive system includes internal structures like the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. The testes are held in the scrotum and produce sperm. Sperm travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct before mixing with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra in the penis during orgasm. Blood flows into the structures via internal iliac arteries and drains via internal iliac veins. Lymphatic drainage is to internal and external iliac lymph nodes.
Newborn assessment involves a head-to-toe examination to evaluate various body systems and identify any abnormalities. Key aspects include assessing vital signs like temperature, heart rate, respiration; evaluating skin color, tone, and jaundice; examining the head, eyes, ears, mouth, chest, abdomen, genitals, extremities, and back; and identifying transitional or abnormal findings that require medical follow up. The newborn's temperature may be unstable initially but usually stabilizes within 8-10 hours, and periodic apnea is common in preterm infants. Jaundice typically starts on the head and spreads downward.
Perineal care involves cleaning the genital and anal areas. It is done daily as part of bathing to prevent infections and skin breakdown. Key parts of the procedure include obtaining consent, protecting modesty, using proper water temperature, and cleaning from front to back to prevent spreading bacteria. Nurses should be aware of any abnormalities found in the area.
The male reproductive system consists of internal and external organs that work together to produce, store, and deliver sperm. The internal organs include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. Sperm mature and are stored in the epididymis and vas deferens. During ejaculation, muscles contract and glands secrete fluids to expel the semen through the urethra and out of the penis. The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm for fertilization and reproduction.
NURSING PROCESS AND CRITHICAL THINKING
Purposes of nursing process
To identify a client’s health status and actual or potential health care problems or needs.
To establish plans to meet the identified needs.
To deliver specific nursing interventions to meet those needs
This document provides information on procedures for assessing and documenting vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It describes how to measure each vital sign, normal ranges, factors that can influence readings, and equipment used. Temperature can be taken orally, rectally, axillary or via tympanic membrane. Pulse is assessed by palpation or auscultation. Respiratory rate is observed by chest or abdominal movement. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Vital signs are documented to monitor patients' physiological status and identify changes requiring medical attention.
The course deals with concepts, principles and techniques of health assessment, including history taking, physical examination, psychosocial assessment and interpreting laboratory findings to determine nursing diagnoses across the lifespan. The course outline covers the nursing process, data collection, documentation, assessment techniques, vital signs, physical exams and diagnostic procedures. Students will learn to analyze health assessments, utilize the nursing process, demonstrate critical thinking and accurately collect, classify and document subjective and objective data.
Admission involves allowing a patient to stay in the hospital for observation, investigation, and treatment. There are two main types of admission - emergency admission for acute conditions requiring immediate treatment, and routine admission for planned investigations or treatments. The admission procedure involves transporting the patient from the outpatient department to the inpatient ward, preparing the patient's unit and bed, collecting information from the patient, and completing necessary records. Nurses play an important role in facilitating admission by properly assessing the patient's condition and needs, answering any questions, and making the patient feel at ease in the hospital environment.
The document discusses guidelines for proper documentation and reporting in healthcare, including maintaining accurate, complete records for communication, education, and legal purposes. It also outlines the different types of reports like change of shift reports, incident reports, and legal reports that are important for monitoring quality of care. Proper documentation in medical records is essential for continuity of care, research, and evaluating health programs.
1. The document describes the female external and internal reproductive organs, including the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
2. It explains the menstrual cycle and how the endometrium is prepared for potential fertilization and embryo implantation through hormonal changes each month.
3. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, ending hormonal support and causing menstruation to begin.
Ppt on assessmaent of female reproductive systemshimi123456
This document provides guidance on performing pelvic exams. It describes examining the external genitalia, inserting a speculum to view the cervix and vaginal walls, and conducting a bimanual exam. Key steps are explained, including ensuring patient privacy and comfort. Potential abnormal findings are outlined, such as signs of infection, masses, or changes related to menopause or pregnancy. The importance of clear communication and follow up is emphasized.
Ppt on assessmaent of female reproductive systemshimi123456
This document provides guidance on performing pelvic exams. It describes examining the external genitalia, inserting a speculum to view the cervix and vaginal walls, and conducting a bimanual exam. Key steps include obtaining consent, maintaining privacy and comfort, and properly documenting any abnormal findings such as discharge, lesions, or masses. Examiners should be aware of signs that could indicate infections, cancers, or other issues and provide information to patients about results and follow up care.
This document provides information on assessing the genitourinary system. It describes the anatomy and function of the urinary and reproductive systems. Assessment techniques for the genitourinary system include inspection, percussion, and palpation of the abdomen, kidneys, bladder, female external genitalia, internal genitalia, and inguinal lymph nodes. Normal findings and common abnormalities are outlined for each assessment technique.
The document provides an overview of how to conduct a comprehensive gynaecological examination, including general examination, chest/breast examination, abdominal examination, and pelvic examination. The pelvic examination involves inspection and palpation of the vulva, speculum examination of the vagina and cervix (including Pap smear), and bimanual digital examination of the uterus, adnexa, and pouch of Douglas. Thorough documentation of examination findings is emphasized.
This document provides guidance on performing a gynecological examination. It discusses obtaining consent and ensuring patient privacy and comfort. It describes examining the external genitalia, performing a speculum exam to inspect the cervix and vaginal walls, and obtaining specimen samples. It also covers the bimanual exam to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and surrounding structures to identify any masses or tenderness. Proper draping, positioning, infection control and communication with the patient are emphasized throughout the exam.
The document provides information on assessing the male and female genitalia. It describes the anatomy and structures of the internal and external genitalia for both sexes. It outlines the process for collecting subjective and objective assessment data, including inspecting and palpating the external genitalia, performing a pelvic exam to inspect the internal genitalia using a speculum, and palpating the internal structures like the uterus and adnexa. Abnormalities that may be detected include syphilitic chancres, vaginitis, and abnormal discharge.
The document provides guidance on performing pelvic examinations, including:
1) Instructions for observing and palpating the external genitalia and internal structures using a speculum. Key steps include inspecting for abnormalities, examining the Bartholin's glands, and inserting the speculum.
2) Guidelines for Pap testing according to American Cancer Society recommendations, including screening intervals based on age and risk factors.
3) A list of required equipment for comprehensive pelvic examinations, including speculums, gloves, lubricants, and collection materials for Pap tests and STI screening.
This document provides guidance on performing a pelvic examination, including:
- Inspecting the external genitalia and noting any abnormalities
- Inserting a speculum to inspect the cervix and vagina
- Performing a bimanual examination to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and assess pelvic floor muscles
- Additional techniques including a rectovaginal examination if indicated and assessing the urethra
The goal is to thoroughly examine the female genital tract and note any abnormalities, masses, tenderness, or discharge that may indicate medical issues.
The document provides information on assessing the genitourinary tract, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes inspection, percussion, and palpation techniques for examining the kidneys, bladder, penis, testes, and female external and internal genitalia. Abnormalities that can affect the systems are also outlined, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract stones, endometriosis, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction.
This document provides instructions for performing a vaginal examination. It describes preparing the patient, examining the external genitalia, and inserting fingers into the vagina to examine the cervix, uterus, and ovaries. The goal is to check for any abnormalities, masses, or signs of infection or disease. Key steps include obtaining consent, lubricating gloves, separating the labia to view the vaginal opening, and using one hand externally and one internally to feel the reproductive organs.
This document summarizes the female reproductive organs, including both external and internal structures. Externally, it describes the vulva and its components such as the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. It provides details on each structure's appearance, location, dimensions, and purpose within the reproductive system. The summary concludes by noting that the document categorizes and describes the key organs involved in human female reproduction.
This document provides guidance on performing a genitourinary assessment for both males and females. It outlines the steps to inspect and palpate the kidneys, ureters, bladder, penis, testes, and female external genitalia and perform a speculum and bimanual pelvic exam. The goal is to obtain a medical history and perform a physical exam to diagnose issues like urinary tract infections.
The male and female reproductive systems ensure sexual maturation and propagation of future generations. Both systems have gonads that produce gametes and sex hormones, becoming functional at puberty. While similarities exist, including homologous organs developing from similar tissues, differences include males continuously producing sperm after puberty versus females' relatively fixed number of ova released periodically. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes when sperm meets an ovum.
This document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems. It discusses the male reproductive system including external structures like the penis and scrotum, as well as internal structures like the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens. Accessory glands that contribute to semen are also described. The functions of key structures in the female reproductive system are outlined. Common diseases of the reproductive system like phimosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and hydrocele are then defined and their symptoms, causes, diagnostic exams and treatments summarized.
This document provides guidance on performing a gynecological examination, which includes an in-depth patient history and physical examinations of external genitalia, vagina, cervix, uterus, and pelvic organs. A thorough history inquires about menstrual history, obstetric history, medical/surgical history, and family history. The physical examination involves inspection and palpation of the breast, abdomen, and pelvis through external, speculum, bimanual, rectal, and rectovaginal exams. Additional tests may include blood tests, urine analysis, discharge analysis, imaging, and cancer screening procedures. A meticulous history and examination can often diagnose gynecological issues.
HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY - It is the radiological procedure in which the contrast is injected into the uterus to study the uterine tube and fallopian tube
The the gynaecological examination pelvic aid diagnosisDr.Deepti Gautam
This document provides guidelines for performing a gynecological examination. It details the steps of taking a patient history, including menstrual, obstetric, medical, and family histories. It then describes examining the breasts, abdomen, and pelvis through inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. The pelvic exam involves speculum, digital, bimanual, and rectal examinations. Common investigations like blood tests, urine analysis, and endoscopic procedures are also summarized. The goal is to obtain all relevant information to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
The document provides information on assessing the genitourinary system. It discusses the components and functions of the genitourinary system. It outlines the steps for history taking including relevant questions to ask patients. Physical assessment involves inspection and palpation of external genitalia for males and females. Specific findings are interpreted such as hematuria indicating issues like cancer or stones. The document offers guidance on properly conducting genitourinary exams while ensuring patient comfort and privacy.
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are birth defects affecting the development of the rectum and anus. They occur due to abnormal development during fetal growth. ARMs can range from mild defects like fistulas to more severe defects like cloaca. Diagnostic tests like X-rays and ultrasound are used to classify the defect and identify associated issues. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the defect, often using staged procedures like colostomy followed later by posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. Nursing care focuses on pre-and post-operative stabilization, wound care, and supporting bowel function and continence development.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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3. External Genitalia
or Vulva
Mons Pubis –is the flat pad located
over the symphysis pubis.
-functions to absorb
force and to protect the
symphysis pubis during coitus.
4. Labia Majora – The main function of the labia
majora along with the coarse hairs on it is to
keep away germs and bacteria from entering
the inner parts of the vagina and the urethra.
Labia minora – labia minora close
together, protecting their inner mucous
membrane and closing off the vaginal entrance.
Frenulum - is a small fold of tissue that
secures or restricts the motion of a mobile
organ in the body.
5. Clitoris –The clitoris is the center of sexual
sensation in women.
Urethral meatus –Urethra meatus is the
transport tube leading from the bladder to
which brings urine outside the body. It is
shorter in female than in the male. The
opening of the female urethra is beneath the
vaginal opening.
6. Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands -
are glands located on the anterior wall of
the vagina, around the lower end of
the urethra. They drain into the urethra and
near the urethral opening and may be near
or a part of the G-spot.
Hymen -it tends to keep germs and dirt out of
the vagina. In infants and children, the hymen
can serve a protective purpose by helping to
prevent things from being pushed into the
vagina
7. Vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands -They
secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication.
And secrete relatively minute amounts (one or
two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually
aroused.
8. Function of
Internal Genitalia
Vagina -this passage leads from the opening of
the vulva to the uterus (womb), but the vaginal
tract ends at the cervix
Cervix -The function of the cervix is to allow flow
of menstrual blood from the uterus into the
vagina, and direct the sperms into the uterus
during intercourse.
9. Anterior fornix and posterior fornix -Stimulation of
the fornices has been reported to enhance sexual
pleasure for some women.
Rectouterine pouch or cul-de-sac of Douglas –Can
serve as a drainage point for fluids in the cavity.
Uterus –A uterus is the place that a fetus
develops. Uterus also supplies antibodies to
protect the young one from infectious diseases,
Fallopian tubes - The fallopian tubes connect the
ovaries to the uterus.
10. Objective data:
Physical
ExaminationThe physical examination of the
female genitalia may create client anxiety.
The client may be very embarrassed about
exposing her genitalia and nervous that an
infection or disorder will be discovered. Be
sure to explain in detail what you will be
doing throughout the examination.
Encourage the client to ask questions.
Begin by sitting on a stool at the end of
11. Preparing the client
• The client should be told ahead of time not to douche for 48 hours before
a gynecologic examination.
• When the client arrives for the examination, ask her to urinate before
the examination so she does not experience bladder discomfort.
• When the client is back in the examination room ask her to remove
her underwear and bra and to put on a gown with the opening in the back.
• After the client has changed and the nurse has returned to the
room, the nurse should help the patient into the dorsal lithotomy position.
• The client’s hip should be positioned toward the bottom of the
examination table.
• Ask the client to put her hands over her head.
• She should relax her hands at her sides.
12. Physical Assessment:
External Genitalia
Normal Findings
Inspection:
Inspect the Mons
Pubis. Wash your
hands and put on
gloves. As you begin
the examination note
the distribution of
the pubic hair. Also
be alert of the signs
of infestation.
-pubic hair is distributed
in an inverted triangular
pattern and there are no
signs of infestation.
-Older clients may have
gray, thinning pubic hair.
-Some clients shave or
pluck the pubic hair.
Piercing of the mons
pubis are for aesthetics
and do not enhance
sexual pleasure.
-Absence of pubic hair in
the adult client is
abnormal.
-Lice or nits(eggs) at the
base of the pubic hairs
indicate manifestation
with pediculosis pubis.
This condition, commonly
reffered to as “crabs”, is
most often transmitted by
sexual contact.
Observe and palpate
inguinal lymph
nodes.
There should be no
enlargement or swelling
in the lymph nodes.
-Enlarged inguinal nodes
may indicate a vaginal
infection or may be the
result of irritation
fromshaving pubic hairs.
Abnormal Findings
13. Normal Findings
Inspect the Labia majora
and perineum. Observe the
labia majora and perineum
for
lesions, swelling, excoriatio
n.
-The Labia majora are equal
in size and free of lesions,
swelling, and excoriation. A
healed tear or episiotomy
scar may be visibleon the
perineum if the clienthas
given birth. The perineum
should be smooth.
-Lesions may be from an
infectious disease such as
serps or syphilis. Excoriation
and swelling may be from
scratching or self-treatment
of the lesions. All lesions
must be evaluated and the
client referred for
treatment.
Inspect the labia minora,
clitoris, urethral meatus,
and vaginal opening. Use
your gloved hand to
separate the labia majora
and inspect for lesions,
excoriation, swelling and/or
discharge.
-The labia minora appear
symmetric, dark pink, and moist.
The clitoris is a small mound or
erectile tissue, sensitive of touch.
The normal size of the clitoris varies.
The urethral meatus is small and
slitlike. The vaginal opening is
positioned belowthe urethral
meatus. Its siz depends on sexual
activity or vaginal delivery; may be
covered partially or completely by
hymen.
-Asymmetric labia may
indicate abscess. Lesions,
swelling, bulging in the
vaginal opening, and
discharge are abnormal
findings. Excoriation may
result from the client
scratching or self-treating a
perineal irritation.
Abnormal Findings
14. Normal Findings
Palpation:
Palpate Bartholin’s glands. If the
client has labial swelling or a
history of it, palpate Bartholin’s
glands for swelling, tenderness
and discharge. Place your index
finger in the vaginal opening and
your thumb on the labia majora.
With a gentle pinching
motion, palpate from the inferior
portion of theposterior labia
majora to the anterior portion.
Repeat on the opposite side.
-Bartholin’s glands are usually
soft, non tender, and drainage
free.
-Swelling, pain and discharge
may result from infection and
abscess. If you detect a
discharge, obtain a specimen
to send to the laboratory for
culture.
Palpate the urethra. if the client
repots urethral symptoms of
urethritis, or if you suspect
inflammation of Skene’s glands,
insert your gloved index finger
into the superior portion of the
vagina and milk the urthra from
the inside, punshing up and out.
-No drainage should be noted
from the urethral meatus. The
area is normally soft and non-
tender.
-Drainage from the urethra
indicates possible urethritis.
Any discharge should be
cultured. Urethritis may occur
with infection with Neisseria
gonorrhoeae or Chlamudia
trachomatis.
Abnormal Findings
15. Physical Assessment:
Internal Genitalia
Normal Findings
Inspection:
Inspect the size of the vaginal
opening and the angle of the
vagina. Insert your gloved index
finger into the vagina, noting the
size of the opening. Then attempt
to touch the cervix. This will help
you establish the size of the
speculum you need to use for the
examination and the angle at
which to insert it.
- The normal vaginal opening
varies in size according to the
client’s age, sexual history and
whether she has given birth
vaginally. The vagina is
typically tilted posteriorly at a
45-degree angle.
- Cervical enlargement or
projection into the vagina
more than 3cm may be from
prolapse or tumor, and further
evaluation is needed.
Inspect the vagina. Unlock the
speculum and slowly rotate
and remove it. Inspect the
vagina as you remove the
speculum. Note the vaginal
color, surface, consistency, and
any discharge.
-The vagina should appear
pink, moist, smooth and free
of lesions and irritation. It
should also be free of any
colored malodorous discharge.
-Reddened areas, lesions, and
colored, malodorous discharge
are abnormal and may
indicate vaginal infections.
STD’s or cancer.
Abnormal Findings
16. Normal Findings
Inspect the vaginal
musculature. Keep your
index finger inserted in the
client’s vaginal opening. Ask
the client to squeeze around
your finger.
Use your middle and index
fingers to separate the labia
minora. Ask the client to bear
down.
-the client should be able to
squeeze around the
examiner’s finger. Typically,
the nulliparous woman can
squeeze tighter thann the
multiparous woman.
No bulging and no urinary
discharge.
-absent or decreased ability to
squeeze the examiner’s finger
indicates decreased muscle tone.
Decreased tone may decrease
sexual satisfaction.
Bulging of the anterior wall
may indicate a cystocele. Bulging
of the posterior wall may indicate
rectocele. If the cervix or uterus
protrudes down, the client may
have uterine collapse. If urine
leaks out, the client may have
stress incontinence.
Inspect the cervix. Follow the
guidelines for using a
speculum in equipment. With
the speculum inserted in
position to visualize the
cervix, observe cervical color,
size, and position.
-the surface of the cervix is
normally smooth, pink and
even. Normally, it is midline
position and projects 1 to
3cm into the vagina.
In a pregnant woman, a bluish
cervix may indicate cyanosis.
In a non menopausal woman,
a pale cervix may indicate
anemia. Redness may be from
inflammation.
Abnormal Findings
17. Normal Findings
Palpation:
Palpate the vaginal wall. Tell
the client that you are going to do a
manual examination and explain its
purpose. Apply water soluble lubricant
to the gloved index and middle fingers
of your dominant hand. Then stand and
approach the client at the correct at the
correct angle. Placing your
nondominant hand on the client’s lower
abdomen, insert your index and middle
fingers into the vaginal opening. Apply
pressure to the posterior wall and wait
for the vaginal wall to relax before
palpating the vaginal walls.
-the vaginal wall should feel
smooth and the client should
not report any tenderness.
-tenderness or lesions may
indicate infection.
Palpate the cervix. Advance
your fingers until they touch
the cervix and run fingers
around the circumference.
Palpate for: contour,
mobility, consistency,
tenderness.
-The cervix should feel firm
and soft. It is rounded, and
can be moved somewhat
from side to side without
eliciting tenderness.
A hard immobile cervix may
indicate cancer. Pain with
movement of the cervix may
indicate infection.
Abnormal Findings
18. Normal Findings
Palpate the ovaries. Slide
your intravaginal fingers
toward the left ovary in the
left lateral fornix and place
your abdominal hand on the
left lower abdominal
quadrant. Press your
abdominal hand toward your
intravaginal fingers and
attempt to palpate the ovary.
-Ovaries are approximately
3x2x1cm and almond shape.
-Enlarged size, masses,
immobility and extreme
tenderness are abnormal and
should be evaluated.
Abnormal Findings
19. Health Problems of
Genitourinary System
Amenorrhea –is an abnormal absence of menstruation.
-There are two types of amenorrhea: primary
amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea
is when a young woman has not had her first period by the age
of 16. Secondary amenorrhea is when a woman who has had
normal menstrual cycles stops getting her monthly period for
three or more months.
Anuria -Failure of the kidneys to produce urine. Caused by failure
in the function of kidneys. It may also occur because of some
severe obstruction like kidney stones or tumors.
20. Bacteriuria -The presence of bacteria in the urine.
This is typically an indication of a urinary tract
infection
Calculus/Calculi- A stone in the kidney (or lower
down in the urinary tract). Also called a kidney
stone.
Cryosurgery -Connective tissue separates the pelvic
organs. The tissue, called fascia, is attached to
nearby muscles. When healthy, the fascia and
muscles support the bladder, vagina and rectum.
Defects in the fascia can cause cystoceles and
rectoceles.
21. Dysuria -Painful or difficult urination.
Hematuria -The presence of blood in urine.
Hyperplasia - is a condition of excessive
proliferation of the cells of the endometrium, or
inner lining of the uterus.
Menorrhagia -Abnormally heavy bleeding at
menstruation
22. Metrorrhagia -Abnormal bleeding from the
uterus.
Nephrolithiasis -the presence of kidney stones
(calculi) in the kidney.
Nocturia -excessive urination at night.
Oligomenorrhea -abnormally light or infrequent
menstruation
23. Oliguria -The production of abnormally small
amounts of urine.
Ovarian cyst -a cystic tumor (usually benign) of
the ovary.
Polyuria -Production of too much dilute urine.
Pyuria -The presence of pus in the
urine, typically from bacterial infection.
24. Retrograde menstruation -The backward flow of
menstrual blood up into the fallopian tubes,
thought to be a cause of endometriosis.
Retroversion/retroflexion -is a uterus that is
tilted backwards instead of forwards.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) -Acute septicemia in
women, typically caused by bacterial infection
from a retained tampon
25. Urolithiasis -The formation of stony concretions
in the bladder or urinary tract.
Uterine prolapse - Uterine prolapse occurs
when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments
stretch and weaken, providing inadequate
support for the uterus. The uterus then slips
down into or protrudes out of the vagina.
Vesicoureteral reflux -is an abnormal
movement of urine from the bladder into
ureter or kidneys.
26. • Abscess of the Bartholin’s gland- a painful
condition and common sign of Neisseria
gonorrhoeae infection.
27. • Syphilitic Chancre-often most appear on the perianal
area as silvery white papules that become superficial
red ulcers. Syphilitic chancr are painless. They are
sexually transmitted and usually develop at the site of
initial contact with the infecting organism.
28. • Genital Herpes Simples- The initial outbreak of
herpes may have many small, painful ulcers
with erythematous base. Recurrent herpes
lesions are usually not as extensive.
29. • Rectocele- is bulging in the posterior vaginal wall
caused by weakening of the pelvic musculature.
Part of the rectum covered by the vaginal
mucosa protrudes into the vagina.
30. • Cystocele- is a bulging in the anterior vaginal
wall caused by the thickening of the pelvic
musculature. As a result, the bladder caused by
vaginal mucosa, prolapses into the vagina.
31. • Uterine Prolapse- tis occurs when the uterus
protrudes into the vagina. It is graded according
to how far it protrudes into the vagina.
32. • Cervical Polyp- A polyp typically develops in the
endocervical canal and may protrude visibly at
the cervical os. It is soft, red and rather fragile.
Cervical polyps are benign.
33. • Trichomoniasis- this type of vaginal infection is
caused by a protozoan organism and is usually
sexually transmitted. This infection causes
itching and urinary frequency in the client.