The document discusses the embryology and development of the female genital tract, including:
1) The union of the egg and sperm in the fallopian tube, followed by cleavage and formation of the morula and blastocyst as it travels through the tube and implants in the uterus.
2) Differentiation of the trophoblast into the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers which contribute to placental formation.
3) Development of the genital ducts from the paramesonephric ducts in females, which fuse to form the uterus, cervix, and upper vagina.
4) Common congenital malformations that can occur due to defects in development,
The development of the female genital system is determined at fertilization by the presence of two X chromosomes. In female embryos, the primitive sex cords dissociate and are replaced by the ovarian medulla and cortex. The paramesonephric ducts develop into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina, while the sinovaginal bulbs form the lower vagina. Defects can occur if the paramesonephric ducts fail to fuse properly, resulting in conditions like a septate, bicornuate, or didelphys uterus. The genital tubercle forms the clitoris and genital swellings become the labia, with the urethral folds
The document summarizes the development of the female genital system from indifferent gonads to internal and external structures. It describes how in the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries through proliferation of surface epithelium into cortical cords containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterovaginal canal and give rise to the uterus and upper vagina. The lower vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs. External structures like the labia, clitoris and vestibule form from the genital tubercle and urogenital folds. Anomalies can occur if fusion of ducts is incomplete.
The female genital tract develops from the mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The Mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina, while the urogenital sinus forms the lower vagina. Congenital anomalies can occur if the Mullerian ducts fail to develop, fuse, or canalize properly, resulting in abnormalities such as bicornuate or septate uteri. The ovaries, cervix, and external genitalia also develop through defined embryological processes that can be disrupted, leading to conditions like cervical agenesis or ambiguous genitalia.
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
Development of the female genital systemPukar Sapkota
Gonadal development in females occurs slowly, with the ovaries not being identifiable until 10 weeks. Between 16-18 weeks, cortical cords in the developing ovaries break up and form primordial follicles, each containing an oogonium surrounded by follicular cells. Approximately 2 million primordial follicles are present at birth, though many degenerate during fetal development. The paramesonephric ducts play a leading role in female development, fusing to form the uterovaginal primordium which develops into the uterus and upper vagina. Estrogen produced by the placenta and fetal ovaries leads to the feminization of the external genitalia.
The document discusses the fetal membranes and placenta. It describes the origin and functions of the amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion and decidua. The amnion forms the amniotic sac that surrounds and cushions the embryo. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but shrinks by the 10th week. The allantois forms the umbilical vessels. The chorion forms the walls of the chorionic sac and develops chorionic villi to increase its surface area. The decidua is the endometrium that supports implantation and pregnancy. The placenta develops from the chorion and decidua and acts as the interface between mother and fetus, facilitating gas and
Developmental anomalies of the reproductive system can occur when the mullerian duct system is disrupted during development in the embryo. The mullerian ducts normally differentiate to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. A wide range of anomalies are possible, from complete absence of the uterus and vagina to minor uterine abnormalities. The classification system from the American Fertility Society categorizes mullerian duct anomalies into classes based on dysgenesis of the ducts or disorders involving vertical fusion of the ducts.
The development of the female genital system is determined at fertilization by the presence of two X chromosomes. In female embryos, the primitive sex cords dissociate and are replaced by the ovarian medulla and cortex. The paramesonephric ducts develop into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina, while the sinovaginal bulbs form the lower vagina. Defects can occur if the paramesonephric ducts fail to fuse properly, resulting in conditions like a septate, bicornuate, or didelphys uterus. The genital tubercle forms the clitoris and genital swellings become the labia, with the urethral folds
The document summarizes the development of the female genital system from indifferent gonads to internal and external structures. It describes how in the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries through proliferation of surface epithelium into cortical cords containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterovaginal canal and give rise to the uterus and upper vagina. The lower vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs. External structures like the labia, clitoris and vestibule form from the genital tubercle and urogenital folds. Anomalies can occur if fusion of ducts is incomplete.
The female genital tract develops from the mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The Mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina, while the urogenital sinus forms the lower vagina. Congenital anomalies can occur if the Mullerian ducts fail to develop, fuse, or canalize properly, resulting in abnormalities such as bicornuate or septate uteri. The ovaries, cervix, and external genitalia also develop through defined embryological processes that can be disrupted, leading to conditions like cervical agenesis or ambiguous genitalia.
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
Development of the female genital systemPukar Sapkota
Gonadal development in females occurs slowly, with the ovaries not being identifiable until 10 weeks. Between 16-18 weeks, cortical cords in the developing ovaries break up and form primordial follicles, each containing an oogonium surrounded by follicular cells. Approximately 2 million primordial follicles are present at birth, though many degenerate during fetal development. The paramesonephric ducts play a leading role in female development, fusing to form the uterovaginal primordium which develops into the uterus and upper vagina. Estrogen produced by the placenta and fetal ovaries leads to the feminization of the external genitalia.
The document discusses the fetal membranes and placenta. It describes the origin and functions of the amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion and decidua. The amnion forms the amniotic sac that surrounds and cushions the embryo. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but shrinks by the 10th week. The allantois forms the umbilical vessels. The chorion forms the walls of the chorionic sac and develops chorionic villi to increase its surface area. The decidua is the endometrium that supports implantation and pregnancy. The placenta develops from the chorion and decidua and acts as the interface between mother and fetus, facilitating gas and
Developmental anomalies of the reproductive system can occur when the mullerian duct system is disrupted during development in the embryo. The mullerian ducts normally differentiate to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. A wide range of anomalies are possible, from complete absence of the uterus and vagina to minor uterine abnormalities. The classification system from the American Fertility Society categorizes mullerian duct anomalies into classes based on dysgenesis of the ducts or disorders involving vertical fusion of the ducts.
The genital system develops from three main sources: the primordial germ cells, the indifferent gonads that develop into either ovaries or testes, and the genital ducts including the Müllerian and Wolffian ducts. In males, testosterone causes the Wolffian ducts to form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles while regressing the Müllerian ducts. In females, the lack of testosterone causes the Müllerian ducts to form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina while regressing the Wolffian ducts. The external genitalia initially develop in an indifferent state before differentiating into either male or female forms based on hormone levels.
Embryonic development of the urogenital systemAsheer Khan
The urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesenchyme. The urinary system develops from the nephrogenic cord, while the genital system develops from the gonadal ridge. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephroi, mesonephroi, and metanephroi. The metanephroi form the permanent kidneys. The kidneys and ureters develop from the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. Congenital anomalies that can occur include renal agenesis, malrotated kidneys, ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and duplications of the urinary tract. The urinary bladder develops mainly from the vesical
This document describes the development of the male genital system from the indifferent stage through differentiation and formation of the testes and external genitalia. It begins with the formation of the genital ridges and primordial germ cells. In males, under the influence of SRY gene, the ridges develop into testes containing seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells. The testes descend into the scrotum and the mesonephric ducts form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Initially the genital ducts and external genitalia are indifferent, later differentiating into male structures.
Please find the power point on Anatomy of Femlae reproductive organs . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
The document provides an overview of Mullerian anomalies, which occur due to maldevelopment of the Mullerian ducts during embryonic development. It discusses the embryology of the female reproductive system and classifies Mullerian anomalies according to the American Fertility Society system. Common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and uterine didelphys. Clinical features vary depending on the specific anomaly and whether it causes obstruction. Imaging can help identify the anomaly and determine appropriate surgical management when needed.
This document discusses adolescent gynecology issues including abnormal menstruation such as precocious puberty or delayed menarche, pathology associated with low estrogen states, and genital trauma including sexual abuse. Precocious puberty is defined as breast and pubic hair growth before age 8 or menstruation before age 10, which can be caused by premature gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary or feminizing ovarian tumors. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve GnRH analogs, surgery, or treating an intracranial lesion. Pathology from hypoestrogenism can cause labial adhesions.
All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
Vaginal prolapse is a condition in which structures such as the uterus, rectum, bladder, urethra, small bowel, or the vagina itself may begin to prolapse, or fall out of their normal positions.
This document summarizes various sites of embryo implantation and placental abnormalities in pregnancy. It describes normal implantation in the uterus and discusses abnormal locations including placenta praevia where the placenta is close to or covers the cervix. Rare sites of ectopic pregnancy outside the uterus are also outlined. The document then examines placental abnormalities categorized by shape, implantation site and degenerative lesions. Specific conditions like placenta accreta where the placenta invades the uterus are defined. In summary, the key sites of abnormal embryo implantation and classifications of placental anomalies are concisely presented.
The document discusses hydrops fetalis, which refers to fluid accumulation in fetal tissues. It describes the two main types - immune and non-immune hydrops fetalis. Immune hydrops is caused by maternal-fetal blood group incompatibilities producing antibodies, while non-immune has many potential causes including genetic conditions, infections, cardiac abnormalities, and tumors. The document provides details on mechanisms, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and management approaches for different causes of hydrops fetalis.
The fetal membranes include the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, connecting stalk, allantois, vitelline duct, and placenta. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that is formed from hypoblast cells next to the embryonic disk. It undergoes several modifications from a primitive yolk sac at 9 days to a final yolk sac by 8 weeks as the embryo develops.
Ovulation, fertilization, implantation (1 st weekMarami Mustapa
The document discusses the processes of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. It explains that ovulation is triggered by hormones like LH and FSH, leading to the release of an egg. If fertilization by sperm occurs, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst over a week. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus by attaching to the endometrial lining with the help of hormonal changes brought on by the corpus luteum.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryologyobgymgmcri
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
The female internal genital organs develop during week 12 of pregnancy and include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina. At birth, the newborn girl is born with all of her internal female reproductive organs formed but non-functional until puberty, consisting of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina.
This document discusses methods of assessing ovulation. It begins by describing the normal physiology of ovulation, including the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes ovulation. It then evaluates different methods of assessing ovulation, including basal body temperature charts, ultrasound folliculometry, and mid-luteal progesterone levels. The document focuses on LH urine testing as a quick, sensitive, and inexpensive way to pinpoint the day of ovulation. It describes how LH urine tests can be used to time intercourse or intrauterine insemination to achieve pregnancy or avoid pregnancy through natural family planning. The document also discusses how LH urine testing can help with endometrial preparation and timing of frozen embryo transfers.
The document describes the development of the placenta and umbilical cord from fertilization through gestation. It discusses the stages of embryogenesis including cleavage, morula, blastula, and gastrula. It then describes the formation and differentiation of the chorionic villi and decidua, and the roles they play in nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus. Finally, it summarizes the key functions of the mature placenta including breathing, nutrition, waste removal, and establishing an immunological barrier between mother and fetus.
This document summarizes the development of the female genital tract in three stages: sex determination, differentiation of internal genital organs, and differentiation of external genital organs. Sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of an X or Y chromosome. In females, the Mullerian duct develops into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. The ovaries descend into the pelvis. External genitalia are influenced by estrogen, forming the clitoris and labia from genital tubercles and cloacal folds.
Mullerian duct anomalies occur due to abnormal development of the paired mullerian ducts in females during embryological development. The three main phases of mullerian duct development are organogenesis, fusion, and septal resorption. When one or more of these phases are disrupted, it can lead to mullerian duct anomalies such as a bicornuate or septate uterus. Mullerian duct anomalies are diagnosed using imaging modalities like ultrasound, MRI, and hysterosalpingography which allow visualization of the uterine cavity and identification of the specific anomaly present. The most common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and arcuate uterus.
This document provides an overview of an embryology discussion lecture at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College. The lecture will cover introduction to embryology and discuss topics like congenital anomalies, their causes, and management. It provides objectives of understanding embryology and developmental periods. It also discusses gametogenesis and lists common terms in embryology. Potential causes of birth defects including genetic and environmental factors are mentioned. Recent advances in areas like IVF and stem cell research are also summarized. Recommended textbooks for the course are provided at the end.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on embryology given at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College. It discusses the general course objectives of understanding embryology, including comprehending anatomy and diagnosing abnormalities. Specific topics covered include cleft lip and palate, causes of birth defects such as genetic factors and environmental teratogens. The document also reviews key events in reproductive cell development like spermatogenesis and oogenesis, as well as early human development from fertilization through implantation.
The genital system develops from three main sources: the primordial germ cells, the indifferent gonads that develop into either ovaries or testes, and the genital ducts including the Müllerian and Wolffian ducts. In males, testosterone causes the Wolffian ducts to form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles while regressing the Müllerian ducts. In females, the lack of testosterone causes the Müllerian ducts to form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina while regressing the Wolffian ducts. The external genitalia initially develop in an indifferent state before differentiating into either male or female forms based on hormone levels.
Embryonic development of the urogenital systemAsheer Khan
The urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesenchyme. The urinary system develops from the nephrogenic cord, while the genital system develops from the gonadal ridge. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephroi, mesonephroi, and metanephroi. The metanephroi form the permanent kidneys. The kidneys and ureters develop from the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. Congenital anomalies that can occur include renal agenesis, malrotated kidneys, ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and duplications of the urinary tract. The urinary bladder develops mainly from the vesical
This document describes the development of the male genital system from the indifferent stage through differentiation and formation of the testes and external genitalia. It begins with the formation of the genital ridges and primordial germ cells. In males, under the influence of SRY gene, the ridges develop into testes containing seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells. The testes descend into the scrotum and the mesonephric ducts form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Initially the genital ducts and external genitalia are indifferent, later differentiating into male structures.
Please find the power point on Anatomy of Femlae reproductive organs . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
The document provides an overview of Mullerian anomalies, which occur due to maldevelopment of the Mullerian ducts during embryonic development. It discusses the embryology of the female reproductive system and classifies Mullerian anomalies according to the American Fertility Society system. Common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and uterine didelphys. Clinical features vary depending on the specific anomaly and whether it causes obstruction. Imaging can help identify the anomaly and determine appropriate surgical management when needed.
This document discusses adolescent gynecology issues including abnormal menstruation such as precocious puberty or delayed menarche, pathology associated with low estrogen states, and genital trauma including sexual abuse. Precocious puberty is defined as breast and pubic hair growth before age 8 or menstruation before age 10, which can be caused by premature gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary or feminizing ovarian tumors. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve GnRH analogs, surgery, or treating an intracranial lesion. Pathology from hypoestrogenism can cause labial adhesions.
All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
Vaginal prolapse is a condition in which structures such as the uterus, rectum, bladder, urethra, small bowel, or the vagina itself may begin to prolapse, or fall out of their normal positions.
This document summarizes various sites of embryo implantation and placental abnormalities in pregnancy. It describes normal implantation in the uterus and discusses abnormal locations including placenta praevia where the placenta is close to or covers the cervix. Rare sites of ectopic pregnancy outside the uterus are also outlined. The document then examines placental abnormalities categorized by shape, implantation site and degenerative lesions. Specific conditions like placenta accreta where the placenta invades the uterus are defined. In summary, the key sites of abnormal embryo implantation and classifications of placental anomalies are concisely presented.
The document discusses hydrops fetalis, which refers to fluid accumulation in fetal tissues. It describes the two main types - immune and non-immune hydrops fetalis. Immune hydrops is caused by maternal-fetal blood group incompatibilities producing antibodies, while non-immune has many potential causes including genetic conditions, infections, cardiac abnormalities, and tumors. The document provides details on mechanisms, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and management approaches for different causes of hydrops fetalis.
The fetal membranes include the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, connecting stalk, allantois, vitelline duct, and placenta. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that is formed from hypoblast cells next to the embryonic disk. It undergoes several modifications from a primitive yolk sac at 9 days to a final yolk sac by 8 weeks as the embryo develops.
Ovulation, fertilization, implantation (1 st weekMarami Mustapa
The document discusses the processes of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. It explains that ovulation is triggered by hormones like LH and FSH, leading to the release of an egg. If fertilization by sperm occurs, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst over a week. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus by attaching to the endometrial lining with the help of hormonal changes brought on by the corpus luteum.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryologyobgymgmcri
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
The female internal genital organs develop during week 12 of pregnancy and include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina. At birth, the newborn girl is born with all of her internal female reproductive organs formed but non-functional until puberty, consisting of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina.
This document discusses methods of assessing ovulation. It begins by describing the normal physiology of ovulation, including the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes ovulation. It then evaluates different methods of assessing ovulation, including basal body temperature charts, ultrasound folliculometry, and mid-luteal progesterone levels. The document focuses on LH urine testing as a quick, sensitive, and inexpensive way to pinpoint the day of ovulation. It describes how LH urine tests can be used to time intercourse or intrauterine insemination to achieve pregnancy or avoid pregnancy through natural family planning. The document also discusses how LH urine testing can help with endometrial preparation and timing of frozen embryo transfers.
The document describes the development of the placenta and umbilical cord from fertilization through gestation. It discusses the stages of embryogenesis including cleavage, morula, blastula, and gastrula. It then describes the formation and differentiation of the chorionic villi and decidua, and the roles they play in nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus. Finally, it summarizes the key functions of the mature placenta including breathing, nutrition, waste removal, and establishing an immunological barrier between mother and fetus.
This document summarizes the development of the female genital tract in three stages: sex determination, differentiation of internal genital organs, and differentiation of external genital organs. Sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of an X or Y chromosome. In females, the Mullerian duct develops into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. The ovaries descend into the pelvis. External genitalia are influenced by estrogen, forming the clitoris and labia from genital tubercles and cloacal folds.
Mullerian duct anomalies occur due to abnormal development of the paired mullerian ducts in females during embryological development. The three main phases of mullerian duct development are organogenesis, fusion, and septal resorption. When one or more of these phases are disrupted, it can lead to mullerian duct anomalies such as a bicornuate or septate uterus. Mullerian duct anomalies are diagnosed using imaging modalities like ultrasound, MRI, and hysterosalpingography which allow visualization of the uterine cavity and identification of the specific anomaly present. The most common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and arcuate uterus.
This document provides an overview of an embryology discussion lecture at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College. The lecture will cover introduction to embryology and discuss topics like congenital anomalies, their causes, and management. It provides objectives of understanding embryology and developmental periods. It also discusses gametogenesis and lists common terms in embryology. Potential causes of birth defects including genetic and environmental factors are mentioned. Recent advances in areas like IVF and stem cell research are also summarized. Recommended textbooks for the course are provided at the end.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on embryology given at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College. It discusses the general course objectives of understanding embryology, including comprehending anatomy and diagnosing abnormalities. Specific topics covered include cleft lip and palate, causes of birth defects such as genetic factors and environmental teratogens. The document also reviews key events in reproductive cell development like spermatogenesis and oogenesis, as well as early human development from fertilization through implantation.
The document discusses fetal membranes and twin pregnancies. It describes the development and functions of the major fetal membranes - the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois, and umbilical cord.
The amnion forms a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo. The chorion forms the outer wall of the chorionic sac and supports the growth of chorionic villi which facilitate nutrient exchange. The yolk sac provides early nutrition and plays a role in blood cell and germ cell formation. The allantois contributes to the development of the umbilical vessels. The umbilical cord develops from the connecting stalk and transports nutrients and waste between the fetus and placent
an overview of placenta and membranes. Whether you're a medical professional, researcher, student, or simply intrigued by the wonders of human biology, this presentation promises to provide valuable insights into the marvels of the placenta and membranes.
The document provides an overview of human embryology and fetal development from conception through 38 weeks. It defines key terms and explains the important processes that occur each week. In the first 8 weeks (embryonic period), organs begin to form through organogenesis. From weeks 9-38 (fetal period), the fetus continues to grow and develop until birth. Key events include implantation, formation of germ layers and organs, bone ossification, and physical changes that result in a recognizable human form.
The document summarizes the development of internal genitalia in males and females. It begins with the indifferent stage where the fetal gonads are bipotential. In males, the medulla develops into testes under the influence of SRY and hormones while the cortex regresses. In females, the cortex develops into ovaries while the medulla regresses. It then describes the development of male internal genitalia from the mesonephric duct and female internal genitalia from the paramesonephric duct. The migration and incorporation of primordial germ cells into the developing gonads is also summarized.
1) The document discusses the embryonic development of the female genital tract. It describes how the müllerian ducts fuse to form the uterus, cervix, and upper vagina while the urogenital sinus forms the lower vagina.
2) Common malformations of the female genital tract include müllerian anomalies like bicornuate or septate uteri, as well as vaginal agenesis where the uterus and vagina are absent.
3) Genital ambiguity in newborns can be due to female pseudohermaphroditism from androgen excess, male pseudohermaphroditism from incomplete androgen development, or true hermaphroditism with
1) This document discusses the embryonic development of the female genital tract. It describes how the müllerian ducts and urogenital sinus form the structures of the female reproductive system between 6-12 weeks of gestation.
2) It also discusses common malformations that can occur when development goes awry, such as vaginal agenesis, uterine anomalies, and ambiguous genitalia in newborns.
3) Genital ambiguity in newborns can be caused by excess androgen exposure leading to pseudohermaphroditism, dysgenetic gonads, or in rare cases true hermaphroditism. The document provides examples of each condition.
1. The document discusses gametogenesis and embryology. It describes the processes of oogenesis, spermatogenesis, mitosis, and meiosis that produce gametes from germ cells and outlines the three main stages of prenatal development from a single cell to a baby.
2. Key topics covered include the formation of primordial germ cells, migration of germ cells to the gonads, gametogenesis, fertilization, the germinal stage from weeks 1-2, the embryonic period from weeks 3-8, and the fetal period from week 9 until birth.
3. The maturation of oocytes and sperm, including oogenesis within the ovaries and spermatogenesis within the testes
The topic discussed here is the Process of fertilization, different stages of fertilization, Implantation, Gastrulation, Formation of foetal membranes, Development of Embryo, Labor & Parturition
The physiological processes that regulate parturition and the onset of labor continue to be defined. It is clear, however, that labor onset represents the culmination of a series of biochemical changes in the uterus and cervix. These result from endocrine and paracrine signals emanating from both mother and fetus.
This document summarizes key aspects of human conception, placental development, and fetal circulation. It describes how fertilization occurs through the union of an egg and sperm, forming a zygote. Implantation in the uterus follows cell division. The placenta then develops from the chorion and decidua, establishing the maternal-fetal interface through which nutrients and waste are exchanged. The umbilical arteries and veins connect the developing fetus and placenta in a circuit that allows for gas and nutrient transfer between mother and fetus without blood mixing.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 010 Second week of development embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
During the second week of embryonic development, important events occur as the blastocyst undergoes further differentiation and begins the process of implantation into the uterine lining.
The second week is characterized by the differentiation of cell types within the blastocyst and the initiation of implantation into the uterine lining. These processes set the stage for the subsequent stages of embryonic development, including gastrulation and the formation of the three germ layers. The establishment of early extraembryonic structures is crucial for supporting the developing embryo during its early stages of growth.
The document summarizes key events that occur during the first two weeks of human development. During the first week, fertilization occurs along with cleavage and blastocyst formation. The blastocyst undergoes implantation in the uterus. In the second week, implantation is completed and the bilaminar embryonic disc forms. Extraembryonic structures like the amniotic cavity and yolk sac also develop in the second week.
1. The document discusses the process of embryology from fertilization through the third week of development. It describes key stages including cleavage, blastocyst formation, implantation, gastrulation, and the formation of the three germ layers and early patterning centers.
2. During gastrulation, the bilaminar embryo is converted into a trilaminar embryo through the formation of the three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Signaling centers such as the node and prechordal plate pattern the developing embryo.
3. Left-right patterning of the embryo is established at gastrulation through nodal cilia breaking symmetry and establishing Nodal
The document summarizes fetal development from the 9th week of gestation through birth. It describes how the fetus grows in length and weight each month. It also discusses the development of organs and tissues like the brain, lungs, skin, and muscles. The document then covers the fetal membranes - the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois, and umbilical cord. It explains their roles in protecting the fetus and transporting nutrients. The placenta forms from the chorion and develops branched villi to facilitate nutrient exchange between mother and fetus.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 008 First week of development A embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The initial week of embryonic development is a vital period commencing with fertilization, leading to the creation of the zygote and early cell divisions. It's noteworthy that, throughout this week, the developing embryo remains in the pre-implantation stage, journeying from the fallopian tube toward the uterus. Key events such as fertilization, cleavage, and the formation of the blastocyst are crucial for the embryo's early development.
These events lay the foundation for subsequent processes in the following weeks. The successful implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus marks the transition from the first week to the second week of embryonic development.
Giving overview of human embryonic development including spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, extraembryonic layers and pregnancy
Oogenesis is the process by which ova (female gametes) are produced in the ovaries. It begins with primordial germ cells that migrate to the gonads and become oogonia. During fetal development, oogonia undergo mitosis and some become arrested in prophase I of meiosis to become primary oocytes. By birth, around 700,000 primary oocytes are present in the ovaries. At puberty, a few primary oocytes resume meiosis each month to become secondary oocytes. The secondary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division to form another cell and the first polar body. If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division to form the ovum and second polar
Labor management involves defining labor, listing the stages of labor, and discussing the management of each stage as well as abnormal labor. Labor begins with the onset of regular uterine contractions and ends with delivery of the newborn and placenta. It has four stages: 1) onset of labor to full cervical dilation; 2) full dilation to delivery of fetus; 3) delivery of fetus to delivery of placenta; 4) one to two hours after placenta delivery. The WHO partograph is a graphic record of labor that allows monitoring of labor progress and fetal/maternal condition to facilitate early detection and management of abnormalities.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS in pregnancy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) strategies. It describes the four prongs of PMTCT as primary prevention of HIV, prevention of unintended pregnancy, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and linkage to care and support. It provides details on option B+, a "test and treat" strategy in which all HIV-positive pregnant women receive antiretroviral treatment (ART) for life regardless of CD4 count or gestational age to prevent transmission and for their own health. The benefits of option B+ include improved treatment adherence, retention in care, and reduced transmission during breastfeeding.
Physiologic changes during pregnancy can be local, affecting the reproductive organs, or systemic. The reproductive organs like the uterus, cervix, vagina, and breasts undergo changes to accommodate fetal growth. Systemic changes include increased blood volume, heart rate, and respiration rate. Hormonal changes impact many body systems and help the body adapt to support the developing fetus. The physiologic changes during pregnancy are normal adaptations essential for a healthy pregnancy.
This document discusses antenatal care (ANC). It begins with the historical background of ANC, noting it was introduced in the US in the early 1900s by social reformers and nurses. It then outlines the organization, objectives, and models of ANC, including the traditional routine model and the focused ANC model recommended by WHO. The main activities covered in ANC are described, such as health screening, counseling, birth preparedness, and monitoring fetal well-being. Key interventions like immunizations and treatment for conditions like malaria and anemia are also highlighted.
- Diagnosis of pregnancy is confirmed through visualization of gestational sac, yolk sac, and fetal pole inside the uterus using ultrasound. Hormonal assays can also detect hCG.
- Common minor symptoms in early pregnancy include nausea and vomiting, backache, leg cramps, heartburn, and fatigue. These are usually managed with lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications.
- It is important to rule out other potential issues like ectopic pregnancy or molar pregnancy in patients with bleeding in the first trimester before attributing it to implantation bleeding. Minor symptoms should also not be assumed to be from pregnancy alone without ruling out other diseases.
Anatomy of female pelvis & genital organsEphremYohannes3
The document discusses the anatomy of the female pelvis and genital organs. It describes the external female genitalia which includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and prepuce. It also describes the internal female genitalia which includes the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Additionally, it discusses the bones that make up the pelvis and identifies four main maternal pelvic shapes (gynecoid, anthropoid, platypelloid, android) that can impact obstetric performance.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. Embryology
• Union of egg & sperm
• Takes place in the fallopian tube
• It must take place within a few hours,
and no more than a day after ovulation.
Fertilization:
• Is a mature ovum after fertilization
• A diploid cell with 46 chromosomes that
then undergoes cleavage into
blastomeres
Zygote:
12/2/2019 2
3. • Zygote undergoes slow cleavage for 3 days while
still within the fallopian tube.
• Blastomeres continues to divide a solid ball of
cells; the morula is produced.
• Morula:
Enters the uterine cavity about 3 days after
fertilization.
Accumulation of fluid b/n the cells of the
morula results in the formation of the early
blastocyst.
12/2/2019 3
5. • Blastocyst:
As early as 4 to 5 days after fertilization, the 58-cell
blastula differentiates into:
5 embryo-producing cells—the inner cell mass,
and
53 cells destined to form trophoblasts .
Blastocyst is released from the zona pellucida as a result
of secretion of specific proteases from the secretory-
phase endometrial glands.
Release from the zona pellucida allows blastocyst
produced cytokines and hormones to directly
influence endometrial receptivity.
12/2/2019 5
6. • Blastocyst Implantation:
It takes place 6 or 7 days after fertilization.
• Divided into three phases:
1. Apposition: Initial contact of the blastocyst to the
uterine wall
2. Adhesion: Increased physical contact b/n the
blastocyst & uterine epithelium; &
3. Invasion: penetration & invasion of
syncytiotrophoblast & cytotrophoblast into the:
Endometrium
Inner third of the myometrium and
Uterine vasculature.12/2/2019 6
7. • Successful implantation requires:
Receptive endometrium appropriately primed
with estrogen & progesterone.
Uterine receptivity is limited to 20 to 24 days of
the cycle .
• At the time of its interaction with the
endometrium, the blastocyst is composed of 100
to 250 cells.
12/2/2019 7
8. Biology of the trophoblast
• Trophoblast differentiation
By the 8th day post fertilization the trophoblast
differentiated to :
Outer: Syncytiotrophoblast
Inner: Cytotrophobasts
12/2/2019 8
9. Syncytiotrophoblast
• Outer multinucleated Syncytium
• Nuclei are multiple and diverse in size and shape
• The cytoplasm is amorphous, with out cell border
• No individual cells, only a continuous syncytial
lining-facilitate transport across the
syncytiotrophoblast
• Acts as the 1⁰ secretory component with in the
placenta
12/2/2019 9
10. Cytotrophobasts
• Inner layer, mononuclear
• Has well demarcated cell border, single nucleus
• Ability to undergo DNA synthesis and mitosis
• Are the germinal cells for the syncytium
12/2/2019 10
12. Trophoblast further differentiates
1.Villous trophoblast
Gives to chorionic villi of the placenta
Function-transport oxygen and
Nutrients between the fetus and mother
2. Extravillous trophoblast
Migrates into the decidua & myometrium and also
penetrates maternal vasculature.
12/2/2019 12
13. Development of Genital Ducts
• Both male and female embryos have two pairs of genital ducts
• The mesonephric ducts (wolffian ducts) play an important role
in the development of the male reproductive system
• The paramesonephric ducts (mullerian ducts) have a leading
role in the development of the female reproductive system
• Till the end of sixth week, the genital system is in an
indifferent state, when both pairs of genital ducts are present
12/2/2019 13
14. The mesonephric ducts, which drained urine
from the mesonephric kidneys play a major role
in the development of male reproductive system
The paramesonephric ducts play an essential role in
the development of the female reproductive system
The funnel shaped cranial ends of these ducts open
into the peritoneal cavity
The paramesonephric ducts
pass caudally, parallel to the
mesonephric ducts
12/2/2019 14
15. • Both the
paramesonephric
ducts pass caudally
and reach the future
pelvic region
• Cross ventral to the
mesonephric ducts
12/2/2019 15
16. Fuse to form a Y-shaped
uterovaginal primordium in
the midline
This tubular structure projects into
the dorsal wall of the urogenital
sinus and produces an elevation
called sinus (muller) tubercle
12/2/2019 16
17. Development of Female Genital Ducts &
Glands
• In female embryos, the mesonephric ducts regress
because of the absence of testosterone
• Paramesonephric ducts develop because of the
absence of mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)
• Female sexual development does not depend on the
presence of ovaries or hormones
• The paramesonephric ducts form most of the female
genital tract
12/2/2019 17
21. The caudal fused
portions of these ducts
form the uterovaginal
primordium
It gives rise to uterus and
superior part of vagina
The uterine tubes develop from the
unfused cranial part of the
paramesonephric ducts
The endometrial stroma and myometrium are
derived from splanchnic mesenchyme
12/2/2019 21
22. Development of Female Genital Ducts &
Glands
• Fusion of the paramesonephric ducts also
brings together a peritoneal fold that forms
the broad ligament
• Also forms two peritoneal compartments, the
rectouterine pouch and the vesicouterine
pouch(fig)
12/2/2019 22
23. • Development of the Uterus and Vagina
• The fibromuscular wall of the vagina develops from
the surrounding mesenchyme.
• Contact of the uterovaginal primordium with the
urogenital sinus, forming the sinus tubercle, induces
the formation of paired endodermal outgrowths,
the sinovaginal bulbs.(fig)
• They extend from the urogenital sinus to the caudal
end of the uterovaginal primordium. The sinovaginal
bulbs fuse to form a vaginal plate.
12/2/2019 23
24. • Later the central cells of this plate break down,
forming the lumen of the vagina.
• Until late fetal life, the lumen of the vagina is
separated from the cavity of the urogenital
sinus by a membrane, the hymen.
• The membrane is formed by invagination of
the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus,
resulting from expansion of the caudal end of
the vagina.
12/2/2019 24
25. • The hymen usually ruptures during the
prenatal period and remains as a thin fold of
mucous membrane just within the vaginal
orifice.
12/2/2019 25
26. Congenital malformation of female
genital tract
• Uterine anomalies occur in 2-4% of fertile
women with normal reproductive outcomes.
• DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS:
• There are three common developmental
defects of the müllerian system to consider:
Agenesis
Lateral fusion defects
Vertical fusion defects
12/2/2019 26
27. • The Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH)
syndrome refers to congenital absence of the
vagina with variable uterine development; it is
the result of müllerian agenesis.
Agenesis :
• Derived from incomplete degeneration of the
central portion of the hymen
• Include imperforate, microperforate, septate,
and cribriform hymen
ANOMALIES
OF THE
HYMEN :
12/2/2019 27
29. Imperforate hymen
Definition:
• One of the most common obstructive lesions of the female genital tract.
Clinical features:
• Periodic lower abdominal pain,
• Primary amenorrhea,
• Urinary symptoms,
• Abdominal swelling,
• Ultrasound findings
Treatment:
• Cruciate incision, use of antibiotics
12/2/2019 29Ephrem Y
30. Incomplete Hymenal fenestration:
Definition:
• Incomplete fenestration of the hymenal opening [microperforate, septate, or
cribiform ) is often asymptomatic.
Clinical feature: inability to
• Insert tampons,
• Douches, or
• Vaginal creams, or
• Difficulty with coitus.
• Retained blood may become infected & lead to bilateral tuboovarian abscesses.
Treatment:
• Resection of the excess hymenal tissue to create a functional hymenal ring.
12/2/2019 30
37. Uterus
• The uterus is a muscular organ that receives
the fertilized oocyte and provides an
appropriate environment for the developing
fetus.
• Before the first pregnancy, the uterus is about
the size and shape of a pear, with the narrow
portion directed inferiorly.
• After childbirth, the uterus is usually larger,
then regresses after menopause
38. Ovaries
• Female sex cells, or gametes, develop in the ovaries
by a form of meiosis called oogenesis.
• The sequence of events in oogenesis is similar to the
sequence in spermatogenesis, but the timing and
final result are different.
• Early in fetal development, primitive germ cells in the
ovaries differentiate into oogonia.
39. Ovaries
• Female sex cells, or gametes, develop in the ovaries by a form
of meiosis These divide rapidly to form thousands of cells, still
called oogonia, which have a full complement of 46 (23 pairs)
chromosomes.
• Oogonia then enter a growth phase, enlarge, and become
primary oocytes.
• Many of the primary oocytes degenerate before birth, but
even with this decline, the two ovaries together contain
approximately 700,000 oocytes at birth. This is the lifetime
supply, and no more will develop
44. Septate uterus
A septate uterus:
• Has a normal external surface but two endometrial
cavities.
• Develops from a defect in canalization or resorption
of the midline septum b/n the two müllerian ducts.
It can be:
• Partial
• complete
12/2/2019 44
46. Unicornuate uterus
• Is an example of an asymmetric lateral fusion
defect.
• One cavity is usually normal, with a fallopian
tube and cervix, while the failed müllerian
duct has various configurations
12/2/2019 46
49. Bicornuate uterus
• A uterus in which the fundus is indented
(arbitrarily ≥ 1 cm) & vagina is generally normal .
• Results from only partial fusion of the
müllerian ducts.
• It can be:
Partial
complete
12/2/2019 49
51. Uterine didelphys
Uterine didelphys:
• Occurs when the two müllerian ducts fail to fuse
• Duplication of the reproductive structures
Duplication is limited to the uterus & cervix although
duplication of the:
• Vulva
• Bladder
• Urethra
• Vagina and
• Anus may also occur.
12/2/2019 51
53. Obstetric complications
• risks of miscarriage,
• Prematurity,
• IUGR
• APH &PPH
• Cervical incompetence
• Malpresentation
• HDP
• Cesarean delivery
• Preterm delivery
• Uterine rupture
• obstetric complications
are most common in
women with a uterine
septum and least
common in those with
an arcuate uterus
12/2/2019 53
55. Physiology of Female Reproductive organ
• Egg cells or ova transported to a site where
they may be fertilized by sperm
• Implantation
• Gave birth and then produce the female sex
hormones.
• The female reproductive system includes the
ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
accessory glands, and external genital organs.
56. Physiology
• The female sexual response includes arousal and
orgasm, but there is no ejaculation.
• A woman may pregnant without having an
orgasm.
• FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone have major
role
• At puberty, the ovaries and uterus are mature
enough
• Then respond to hormonal stimulation, certain
stimuli cause the hypothalamus to start secreting
gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
57. Physiology
• Hormone blood AP FSH and
LH ovaries and uterus and the
monthly cycles begin.
• A woman's reproductive cycles starts
from menarche and ends at menopause.
58. Physiology
• Menopause occurs when a woman's
reproductive cycles stop.
• Decreased levels of ovarian hormones and
increased levels of pituitary FSH, LH
• The changing hormone levels are responsible
for the symptoms associated with menopause
59. Physiological Stages
• Neonatal period: birth---4 weeks
• Childhood: 4 weeks----12 years
• Puberty: 12 years---18 years
• Sexual maturation: 18 year---50 year
• Perimenopause: (40 years)----1 year post
menopause
• Postmenopause
60. Menstruation
Cyclic endometrium sheds and bleeds due to cyclic
ovulation
1. Endometrium is sloughed (progesterone withdrawal)
2. Nonclotting menstrual blood mainly comes from
artery (75%)
3. Interval: 24-35 days (28 days). duration: 2-6 days.
4. the first day of menstrual bleeding is consideredy by
day 1
5. Shedding: 30-50 ml
61. Central reproductive hormones
Neuroendocrine regulation
1.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH
2. Chemical structure
(pro)Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-
NH2
2)Synthesize and transport
63. Central reproductive hormones
2. Gonadotropins
1) Composition (glycoprotein): FSH, LH
2) Synthesize and transport
Gonadotrophin----Blood circulation----Ovary
64. The Ovarian cycle
Function of ovary
1.Reproduction
Development and maturation of follicle;
ovulation
2.Endocrine
Estrogens, progesterone, testosterone
65. The Ovarian cycle
1. The development and maturation of follicle
1)Primordial follicle: before meiosis
2)Preantral follicle: zona pellucida, granulosa cells
(FSH receptor)
3)Antral follicle: granulosa cells (LH receptor), E↑
4)Mature follicle: E↑,P↑
Theca externa, theca interna, granulosa, follicular
antrum, mound, radiate coronal
5)Follicular phase: day 1 to follicle mature (14 days)
66. The Ovarian cycle
2. Ovulation
1) First meiosis completed → collagen decomposed →
oocyte ovulated
1) Regulation
a) LH/FSH peak
E2↑(mature follicle) → GnRH ↑ (hypothalamus) →
LH/FSH peak (positive feedback)
b) P cooperation
LH ↑ → P ↑(follicle luteinized before ovulation)
→positive feedback
67. The Ovarian cycle
3. Corpus luteum
1) follicle luteinized after ovulation: luteal cells
2) LH → VEGF → corpus hemorrhagicum
3) Regression
non fertilized → corpus albicans
4) Luteal phase
Ovulation to day 1
68. The Ovarian cycle
Sex hormones secreted by ovary
1. Composition
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
2. Chemical structure
Steroid hormone
3. Synthesis
Cholesterol→pregnenolone→androstenedione→
testosterone→estradiol
69. The Ovarian cycle
4. Metabolism: liver
5. Cyclic change of E and P in ovary
1) Estrogen
a) E↑(day 7) → E peak (pre-ovulate) → E↓ →
E↑ (1 day after ovulate) →E peak (day 7-8)
→ E↓
b) theca interna cells (LH receptor) →
testosterone
c) Granulosa (FSH receptor) → estrogen
71. The endometral cycle
Proliferative phase
1.E↑(mitogen)→ stroma thickens and glands
become elongated → proliferative
endometrium
2.Duration: 2 weeks
3.Thickness: 0.5mm → 5mm
72. The endometrial cycle
Secretory phase
1. P↑(differentiation) → secretory endometrium
2. Features
stroma becomes loose and edematous
Blood vessels entering the endometrium become
thickened and twisted
Glands become tortuous and contain secretory
material within the lumina
3. Duration: 2 weeks
4. Thickness: 5-6mm
74. The menstrual cycle
phase
Name of phase Days
1. Menstrual -low level of EP 1-4
2. Follicular phase (also known as proliferative
phase)- High level of FSH, E
5-13
Ovulation (not a phase, but an event dividing
phases)- high level FSH, E,LH
14
3. Luteal phase (also known as secretory phase)-
high level of P , mild level E
15-26
4. Ischemic phase (some sources group this with
secretory phase)
27-28
75.
76. Summary
• The monthly ovarian cycle begins with the follicle
development during the follicular phase,
• Continues with ovulation during the ovulatory phase,
and conclude with the development and regression of
the corpus luteum during the luteal phase.
• The uterine cycle takes place simultaneously with the
ovarian cycle.
• The uterine cycle begins with menstruation during the
menstrual phase,
• Continues with repair of the endometrium during the
proliferative phase, and
• Ends with the growth of glands and blood vessels
during the secretory phase.